Nefermaat
Nefermaat I | |
|---|---|
 A stele from theUniversity of Chicago.The top layer depicts Nefermaat. The middle depicts his wife Itet seated, behind her an unknown child (top) and Ankherfenedjef (bottom). The bottom layer depicts four more of their children, from left to right, Wehemka, an unknown child, Ankhersheretef, and Nebkhenet. | |
| Resting place | mastaba 16,Meidum |
| Occupation(s) | vizier royal seal bearer prophet ofBastet |
| Spouse | Itet |
| Children | VizierHemiunu;several others |
| Parent(s) | Sneferuand unknown wife |
Nefermaat I(fl.c.2575–2551 B.C.) was anancient Egyptianprince, a son ofkingSneferu.He was avizierpossessing the titles of the king's eldest son,[2]royal seal bearer, and prophet ofBastet.His name means "Maatis beautiful "or" With perfect justice ".
Biography
[edit]Nefermaat was the eldest son ofSneferu,the king and founder of theFourth Dynasty of Egyptand his first wife. He was a half-brother ofKhufu.Nefermaat's wife wasItet,also spelled as Atet. Fifteen of Nefermaat's offspring are named in his tomb, sons Hemiunu, Isu, Teta, Khentimeresh and daughters Djefatsen and Isesu are depicted as adults, while sons Itisen, Inkaef, Serfka, Wehemka, Shepseska, Kakhent, Ankhersheretef, Ankherfenedjef, Buneb, Shepsesneb and Nebkhenet and daughter Pageti are shown as children. His son Hemiunu is probably identical with vizierHemiunu,who was believed to have helped plan the Great Pyramids.
One of Nefermaat's sisters,Nefertkauhad a son also calledNefermaat.[3]
Tomb
[edit]
Nefermaat was buried inmastaba16 atMeidum.He was one of several relatives of Pharaoh Sneferu, who was buried in Meidum. The tomb is known for the special technique used for drawing the scenes. Sculptors carved deeply incised images that then were filled with colored paste. This method was labor-intensive because the paste tended to dry, crack, and then fall out.[4]The technique results in vividly colored scenes. This tomb is the only one known to date showing this technique. The fact that later, the plaster cracked and resulted in the loss of the paste, likely led to craftsmen abandoning this type of decoration.[5]
Nefermaat's tomb is famous for the scene referred to as the "Meidum Geese" (now in theEgyptian Museum,JE 34571/ CG 1742). Discovered in 1871 byAuguste MarietteandLuigi Vassalli,the scene was executed in painted plaster. The painting was removed from the wall in order to be reassembled inside theBulaq Museum.The full scene depicts six geese (greylag,greater white-frontedandred-breasted geese,none of which call modern Egypt home); three pointing to the left and three pointing to the right. Each group of three geese consists of one goose shown with head bowed down, eating, and two geese with heads held up. Each group of three animals represents many geese, as three represents the plural in Egyptian imagery. There are differences in the plumage of the birds that breaks the overall symmetry of the scene. This example of Egyptian painting is considered a masterpiece.[5][6]A 2015 research paper by Francesco Tiradritti at theKore University of Enna,published onLiveScience,suggested that the painting could be a nineteenth-century forgery, possibly made by Vassalli.[7][6]Tiradritti's claims were promptly dismissed byZahi Hawassand other Egyptian authorities.[6][8]
A 2021 research paper[9]used a biodiversity indicator called the 'Tobias Criteria[10]' to assess the 'Meidum Geese[11]"to see if these geese match with the species they have been identified as depicting. While Greylag and Greater white-fronted geese were consistent with their respective images, Red-breasted geese was a mismatch according to the analysis. Reasons to account for these differences could be due to either: artistic/cultural license; the depiction being a blend of different animals; or is an accurate depiction of an animal that no longer exists. Of these reasons, the study considered other realistic animal art from the Chapel of Itet[12][13][14](waterfowl, dogs, jackal, leopard, antelope) that are also identifiable to species-level, and suggested it possible the geese painted with red-coloured breast regions may be an unknown extinct goose species.[15][16][17]A 2022 study found them to be within the plumage variation range and artistic licence for red-breasted geese.[18]
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The full scene -
Left section with agreylagand twowhite-fronted geese -
Right section with a greylag and twored-breasted geese -
Detail of red-breasted geese
References
[edit]- ^Hermann Ranke: Die ägyptischen Personennamen. Verlag von J. J. Augustin in Glückstadt, 1935., p. 196
- ^Nefermaatpage from digitalegypt (University College London)
- ^Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004.ISBN0-500-05128-3,pp.52-53, 56-61
- ^The Egyptian Museum in Cairo: a walk through the alleys of ancient Egypt, by Farid Atiya, Abeer El-Shahawy, Farid S. Atiya, page 71
- ^abTiradritti, F. (editor), Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Harry N. Abrams Inc. 1999, pp. 60-61,ISBN0-8109-3276-8
- ^abcEl-Aref, Nevine (9 April 2015)."Controversy over the Meidum Geese".Al-Ahram Weekly.Cairo. Archived fromthe originalon 18 February 2018.Retrieved28 September2015.
- ^Owen, Jarus (31 March 2015)."Shocking Discovery: Egypt's 'Mona Lisa' May Be a Fake".LiveScience.Retrieved28 September2015.
- ^Hawass, Zahi(9 April 2015)."The Meidum Geese Are Not A Fake".Dr. Zahi: The Man with the Hat.Retrieved15 July2018.
- ^Romilio, A. (1 April 2021)."Assessing 'Meidum Geese' species identification with the 'Tobias criteria'".Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.36:102834.Bibcode:2021JArSR..36j2834R.doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102834.ISSN2352-409X.S2CID233592524.
- ^Tobias, Joseph A.; Seddon, Nathalie; Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Pilgrim, John D.; Fishpool, Lincoln D. C.; Collar, Nigel J. (2010)."Quantitative criteria for species delimitation".Ibis.152(4): 724–746.doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01051.x.ISSN1474-919X.
- ^"Facsimile Painting of Geese, Tomb of Nefermaat and Itet".metmuseum.org.Archived fromthe originalon 26 July 2016.Retrieved2 March2021.
- ^Petrie, W. M. Flinders (William Matthew Flinders); Griffith, F. Ll (Francis Llewellyn) (1892).Medum.Cornell University Library. London, D. Nutt.
- ^"tomb-painting | British Museum".The British Museum.Retrieved2 March2021.
- ^"tomb-painting | British Museum".The British Museum.Retrieved2 March2021.
- ^Romilio, Anthony (2021).A guide to Extinct Animals of Ancient Egypt.South Carolina, US: Amazon. p. 43.ISBN9798706305130.
- ^GrrlScientist."The 'Mona Lisa' Of Ancient Egyptian Art Depicts Extinct Goose".Forbes.Retrieved2 March2021.
- ^"It Turns Out That an Ancient Painting Known as 'Egypt's Mona Lisa' Actually Depicts an Extinct Breed of Goose".Artnet News.25 February 2021.Retrieved2 March2021.
- ^Kirwan, Guy M.; Broughton, Richard K.; Lees, Alexander C.; Ottenburghs, Jente; Tobias, Joseph A. (2022)."The 'Meidum geese' revisited: Early historical art is not a suitable basis for taxonomic speculation"(PDF).Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.41:103322.Bibcode:2022JArSR..41j3322K.doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103322.hdl:10044/1/94631.