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New Acropolis

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International Organization New Acropolis
FoundedJuly 15, 1957(1957-07-15)
FounderJorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
TypeNon-governmental organization
FocusPhilosophy,esotericism,philanthropy
Location
OriginsArgentina
Area served
Worldwide
MethodCulture,volunteerism
Key people
Delia Steinberg Guzmán, honorary president. Carlos Adelantado Puchal, president.
Websitewww.acropolis.org

New Acropolis(NA;Spanish:Organización Internacional Nueva Acrópolis;OINA;French:Organisation Internationale Nouvelle Acropole, association internationale sans but lucratif) is anon-profitorganisation originally founded in 1957 byJorge Ángel Livraga RizziinArgentinapositioning itself as a school ofphilosophy,although various researchers characterize it as anesoteric[1][2][3]andpost-theosophical[4]new religious movement,[5][6]a designatedcultaccording to the French government.[7][8]As of 2010, it claimed branches in more than forty countries.[4]As of 2020, its president is Carlos Adelantado Puchal.[9]

New Acropolis has received criticisms for several decades, in particular about its alleged use ofparamilitarystructure and symbols and the apparent influence offascistmodels on them.[4][10]

Aims

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New Acropolis describes its founding principles as follows:[11]

1. To promote an ideal of universal fraternity, based on respect for human dignity, beyond racial, sexual, cultural, religious, social and other differences.

2. To encourage the love of wisdom through the comparative study of philosophies, religions, sciences, and arts, to promote the knowledge of the human being, the laws of Nature, and the Universe.

3. To develop the best of the human potential, by promoting the realization of the human being as an individual and his or her integration as an active and conscious part of society and nature, to improve the world.

According to the organization's 2018 assembly resolution, New Acropolis has "three lines of action": philosophy, culture and volunteering.[12]

Teachings

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The organization describes itself as a school of philosophy, which it defines as "a way of life [and] as a means of access to spiritual knowledge and collective and individual realization."[13]According to the organization's webpage, its official introduction program includes the philosophies of Buddhism, Tibet, China, Greece, and Rome among others. The school also offers advanced studies in courses such as psychology, history of philosophy, andsymbology.[13]An article published by the organization inThe Parliamentary Reviewdescribes NA as an educational charity promoting the renewal of philosophy in the "classical tradition".[14]

Scholar ofWestern esotericismAntoine Faivreasserts that Jorge A. Livraga Rizzi wanted to create an "eclectic and rational approach" to Eastern and Western thought. In addition to the study of ancient sources, New Acropolis also tries to promote modern authors such asCG Jung,Mircea Eliade,Joseph Campbell,Gilbert Durand,Henry Corbin,Paul Ricœur,Dane Rudhyar,Jean Chevalier,Jacob Boehme,Helena Petrovna Blavatsky,andEdgar Morin.Some ancient authors it promotes in its literature arePythagorasandPlato;it draws on Livraga's understanding ofneoplatonism,Alexandrinehermeticism,renaissance philosophy,eastern philosophy(HinduismandTibetan Buddhism) as well.[15]

French writer Jean-Pierre Bayard describes New Acropolis as a school of philosophy focused on esotericism and symbolism.[16]It is described by Clifton L. Holland as "a post-theosophical movement that combines elements from many sources:Theosophy,Esoteric thought,alchemy,astrology,and Eastern andGreek philosophy".[4]

According toPeter B. Clarke,NA teaches a certainesotericapocalypticismregarding the imminentAge of Aquariuswhich according to the group "will give rise to great pain and suffering at the outset".[5]It has also been described as anspiritistgroup.[5]

Activities

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The organization reported in 2010 having around 10,000 members around the world in more than forty countries.[4]According to the organization, the governing board of the association is composed of a representative of each of its member associations and it functions through a decentralized financial system.[17]

The organization's music competitions attract many participants, such as one in Peru which in 2018 attracted more than 6,000.[18]The organization's 2018 commemoration of the 150th birth anniversary ofMahatma Gandhi,which took place inMumbai, India,was endorsed byright-wingIndian Prime ministerNarendra Modi,theDalai Lama,andDevendra Fadnavis.[19]

New Acropolis has been promotingWorld Philosophy Dayseminars around the world; its India branch was supported in this effort byUNESCO.[20]

In 2020, the Peruvian branch of the organization was awarded the Congressional Diploma of Honor by congresswomanMaria Teresa Cabrera,for its educational work promoting culture, philosophy and volunteering.[21][22]

Organization and structure

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According to 1976'sManual del Dirigente(Leader's Handbook) the organization's structure is pyramidal and hierarchical.[23][8]The highest level is the World Command, an office that once belonged to Livraga.[23]Under the World Command is the Guardian of Seals, followed by the Continental Commands, the Central Commands, the National or Federal Councilors, the Unified Zone Commands, and Branch Chiefs in descending order.[23]

The "Golden Ax" is used as a symbol given only to an elite of members known as "hachados"[23](ax holders) and this honor could only be given and taken away by the World Command.[23]These hachados are proposed by the Central Commands due to their merits and are supposed to refrain from owning a fortune beyond their basic needs.[23]The hachados can request retirement for reasons like age or health, and the organization should be responsible for their living in their final years.[23]A person who retires as a hachado can keep the honors but returns the ax; if the person's status as a hachado is revoked, then the ax is returned and destroyed.[23]

The handbook itself expresses in its page 3 that its contents should be kept secret not only from the public but from every non-directive members of the organization.[23]It also establishes that it is valid for the leaders to hide their Acropolitan ideas, beliefs, and concepts when speaking in public or adapt them to the listener's wishes,[23]and that most of the symbols, salutes, and customs of the organization should be kept secret as other political movements have used them in the past staining its image in the public eye.[23]

TheReglamento para miembros(Members’bylaws) of the organization establishes a series of norms for the participants including the obligation of at least 12 hours per month of voluntary work (although this can be increased if the person is sanctioned or if they can't afford the monthly payments),[24]the prohibition of any kind of critique to the leaders and fellow members "to the former in any sense, to the later in their personal affairs",[24]the requirement of the students to stand up anytime the teacher enters the room,[24]the mandatory use of tie and jacket for men and skirts for women in all official events,[24]and to refrain from any kind of so-called "immorality",[24]among others.

Within a branch there could exist several corps: besides the "hachados" (or "ax holders" ) there could be "male brigades" who perform manual works, repairs, parades, among other tasks, and also perform defense and mind-control exercises. The "female brigades" are in charge of social relationships and keeping the "beauty" of the venues. On the other hand, the "security corps" could be identified by their uniform that resembles the NaziSS black uniformwith a red armband featuring a S and an arrow; sometimes they carry weapons, depending on the country.[25]

According to a former member inMexicointerviewed in 2014 byVice,homosexuals are not allowed to be members of NA.[26]

New Acropolis in Medellín, Colombia.

Political ideology

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New Acropolis officially condemnsNazism,racism,and politicalextremism,[27][28][4]but the organization has been accused of supportingneo-fascismandneo-Nazism.[4][29]ProfessorNicholas Goodrick-Clarkestated in 2003 that "the structure, organization, and symbolism of the Nouvelle Acropole [New Acropolis] is clearly indebted to fascist models."[10]According toJean-Marie Abgrall,"New Acropolis has borrowed elitist andAryanistsymbols and ideas. "[8]

As stated in 2010 byReligions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices:"The alleged use ofparamilitarylanguage, symbols, and forms of organization, along with more recent charges ofbrainwashing,have led to many criticisms of the New Acropolis inEurope,especially inFrance,since the mid-1970s.”[4]

TheTheosophical Society,of which Livraga was a member before founding New Acropolis, officially denies any links to New Acropolis,[30]saying that Livraga was expelled from the organization due to his connection with "extremism of the ultra right and Nazism".[31]

Cult status

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TheFrench Commission on Cults(1995) as well as a Belgian parliamentary commission have, as of 1997, registered it as acultin their respective countries in an annexedblacklistto their report, along with 171 other associations. On May 27, 2005, the public cult blacklists were abandoned by the French government.[32]However,Serge Blisko,director of the French Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Cultic Deviances (MIVILUDES) said toVicemagazine in 2014 that "the French government still considers New Acropolis a cult and it remains under surveillance".[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Moraleda, José (1992). "Movimientos esotéricos".Las sectas hoy: nuevos movimientos religiosos(in Spanish). Editorial SAL TERRAE. p. 16.ISBN9788429310726.Incluimos en este grupo [movimientos esotéricos] los movimientos religiosos o pararreligiosos de inspiración ocultista o gnóstica; se presentan como asociaciones culturales y científicas: Antroposofía, Rosacruz, Fraternidad Blanca Universal, Nueva Acrópolis, Iglesia de la Cienciología
  2. ^Dawson, Andrew (2016).New Era – New Religions: Religious Transformation in Contemporary Brazil.Routledge. p. 3.ISBN978-1317088486.In one of the few typologies offered of new religious movements in Brazil Guerriero lists four major types. (...) The 'fourth type' is of an 'occultist or esoteric' nature and is the most diverse of all. This type is constituted by two subgroups which Guerriero orders relative to organizational cohesion. Made up of the 'most organized groups', the first, and 'practically inexhaustible', subgroup comprises: (...) the New Acropolis
  3. ^Bale, Jeffrey M. (2017).The Darkest Sides of Politics, II: State Terrorism, "Weapons of Mass Destruction," Religious Extremism, and Organized Crime.Routledge. p. 233.ISBN978-1317659433.Other cult-like right-wing religious groups include (...) the esoteric group Nueva Acrópolis (New Acropolis)
  4. ^abcdefghHolland, Clifton L. (2010). "New Acropolis Cultural Association". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.).Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 2066–2067.ISBN978-1598842036.
  5. ^abcClarke, Peter B.(2006). "Spiritist and esoteric NRMs in Brazil and Argentina".New Religions in Global Perspective: A study of religious change in the modern world.Routledge. p. 188.A more recent Spiritist movement of Argentinian origin is the New Acropolis movement founded in 1957, also in Buenos Aires, by Jorge Angel Livraga Rizzi (1886–1951). This politically conservative movement describes itself as a school of classical philosophy. New Acropolis teachings are based on such diverse sources as the Greek philosophy of Plato (428/27–347 BC), the Theosophical ideas developed by Madame Blavatsky (1831–91) (see Chapter 5) and those of René Guenon (1886–1951) on the theme of the philosophia perennis. One of this movement's main beliefs is in the advent of the Age of Aquarius, which, it warns, will give rise to great pain and suffering at the outset. Like the Escuela Cientifica Basilio the New Acropolis has also become an international movement with a presence in some fifty countries.
  6. ^Curbelo, Juana Berges (2006).Los llamados nuevos movimientos religiosos en el Gran Caribe: reflexiones sobre un problema contemporáneo(in Spanish). Ediciones CEA. p. 122.ISBN978-9597186052.
  7. ^Gómez, Manuel Guerra (2003).Las sectas y su invasión del mundo hispano: una guía(in Spanish). EUNSA, Ediciones Universidad de Navarra. p. 184.ISBN978-8431320836.
  8. ^abcAbgrall, Jean-Marie(2007).Soul Snatchers: The Mechanics of Cults.Algora Publishing. pp. 24, 66–67.ISBN978-1892941381.
  9. ^Dordi, Kurush (2020-06-08)."Appointment of the New International President – New Acropolis Cultural Organization".Retrieved2020-08-02.
  10. ^abGoodrick-Clarke, Nicholas(2003).Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity.New York University Press. p. 86.ISBN978-0814731550.A recent example of the neo-fascist potential in Theosophy is provided by Nouvelle Acropole movement of Jorge Angel Livraga (b. 1930), the charismatic Argentinian Theosophist who by the 1980s had built up an argent youth following in more than thirty countries. The structure, organization and symbolism of the Nouvelle Acropole is clearly indebted to fascist models.
  11. ^"What is New Acropolis?".New Acropolis Official Website.Retrieved2019-01-29.
  12. ^"Assembly Resolutions".New Acropolis Official Website.Retrieved2019-01-26.
  13. ^ab"School of Philosophy".New Acropolis Official Website.Retrieved2019-01-28.
  14. ^"New Acropolis".The Parliamentary Review.Retrieved2020-02-18.
  15. ^"Nouvelle Acropole vue par les specialistes: Antoine Faivre".mapage.noos.fr.Retrieved2018-09-07.
  16. ^Bayard, Jean-Pierre; Olejnik-Sarkissian, Natacha (2004).Guide des sociétés secrètes et des sectes([Nouv. éd. actualisée] ed.). Paris: Oxus.ISBN2848980397.OCLC470330547.
  17. ^"Organization".Nueva Acropolis Official Website.Retrieved2020-01-04.
  18. ^"Más de 6.000 escolares participan en uno de los eventos musicales más grandes del país"(in Spanish). 2018-09-05.Retrieved2018-09-12.
  19. ^"Endorsements".Empowering Real Change.Retrieved2019-01-26.
  20. ^""Philosophy: The Greatest of All Journeys" – A "New Acropolis" Seminar Supported by UNESCO New Delhi ".United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.Retrieved2020-01-08.
  21. ^"Empresario Luis Barsallo fue condecorado con un diploma por el Congreso".larepublica.pe(in Spanish). 2020-08-30.Retrieved2021-01-05.
  22. ^"Congreso reconoce compromiso del" Ángel del oxígeno "durante pandemia".Comunicaciones.Retrieved2021-01-05.
  23. ^abcdefghijkJorge Angel Livraga Rizzi (1976-09-01),Manual del Dirigente
  24. ^abcdeLivraga, Jorge Ángel."Reglamento interno de Nueva Acrópolis"(PDF).Redune.Retrieved29 January2019.
  25. ^Cabrera, Sebastián (17 December 2022)."Denuncian" secta paramilitar y esotérica "en Pocitos pero sus directores dicen que es escuela de filosofía".El País(in Spanish). Montevideo.Retrieved17 December2022.
  26. ^abLegrand, Diego; Lee, Silvia (February 18, 2014)."El hombre que escapó de Nueva Acrópolis"[The man who escaped from New Acropolis].Vice(in Spanish).
  27. ^"New Acropolis – Frequently Asked Questions".acropolis.org.Retrieved2019-01-29.
  28. ^"New Acropolis – Assembly Resolutions".acropolis.org.Retrieved2019-01-29.
  29. ^Martínez, Jan."Un profesor de instituto enseña teorías racistas a menores".El País.Retrieved29 January2019.
  30. ^"The Theosophical Society's Position on New Acropolis".International Secretary Office The Theosophical Society Adyar. 2004-06-09. Archived fromthe originalon 2020-02-05.Retrieved2020-05-25– via Centre for the Study of New Religions.
  31. ^Palmeri, Juan Carlos (1998-02-22)."Letter to the Vice-Chairman of the European Council from Theosophical Society Secretary General".Retrieved2020-05-25– via Theos Talk.1. Livraga's theosophical devotion was a strong attachment expressly to H.P.B. with the exclusion of the leaders who followed her. 2. New Acropolis was established as an academy of theosophical and philosophical studies with definite subject matter and grades. 3. He and his wife acquired from the beginning a character, a temper of "instructors" assuming a strong "spiritual authority". 4. There are many evidences about the real nature of that institution which wasinternally connected with extremism of the ultra-right and Nazism.5. Those and many others evidence that we omit show that he was never suitable to the structure of the Theosophical Society which never could support such disposition.
  32. ^magazine, Le Point."Le Point – Actualité Politique, Monde, France, Économie, High-Tech, Culture".Le Point.fr.

Bibliography

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  • Gallego, Fernando (2003)."Asociación Cultural Nueva Acrópolis".In Forni, Floreal H.; Cárdenas, Luis A.; Mallimaci, Fortunato (eds.).Guía de la diversidad religiosa de Buenos Aires(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos. pp. 402–404.ISBN978-9507863899.
  • Holland, Clifton L. (2010). "New Acropolis Cultural Association". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.).Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 2066–2067.ISBN978-1598842036.
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