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New Australia

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Not to be confused withNew Australians,the term coined by Arthur Calwell to describe immigrants to Australia after World War II.

Map of Paraguay, drawn by John Lane, brother of William Lane. New Australia and Cosme were both southeast ofAsunción,the capital of Paraguay,Nueva Londres,just northwest ofCoronel Oviedoand Cosme, nearVillarrica.
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New Australiawas autopian socialistsettlement inParaguaycreated by theNew Australian Movement.The colony was officially founded on 28 September 1893 as Colonia Nueva Australia and comprised 238 people.[1]

History[edit]

New Australia settlement between 1892 and 1905

The New Australia Co-operative Settlement Association, known in short as the New Australia Movement, was founded byWilliam Lanein 1892. Lane was a prominent figure in theAustralian labour movementand had founded Australia's first labour newspaper—The Worker—in 1890. A split in the Australian labour movement between those who went on to form theAustralian Labor Partyspurred Lane's intent to found asocialist utopiaoutside Australia. Lane's ideal[2]was to build a society based on:

  1. A common-hold, rather than a common-wealth
  2. A brotherhood of English-speaking Whites
  3. Life marriage
  4. Preservation of the'Colour-Line'
  5. Teetotalism
  6. Communism

His concept of 'common-hold' was that each member of a society should be able to withdraw their proportion of the society's wealth if they chose to leave.

Lane's was not the only influence urging Australians at the time towards a socialist community: utopianEdward Bellamy'sLooking Backwardwas also popular with socialists and led many urban followers of Lane to expect that they would live in luxury in a socialist commune like that of Bellamy's fiction.

Paraguay was chosen as the site of the settlement. Lane recruited many, and the first ship left Sydney in July 1893 for Paraguay, where the government was keen to get white settlers and had offered the group a large area of good land. While it is generally agreed that there were some able settlers, there seems to be some dispute about the character of the New Australia settlers as a whole. It has been described as aCave of Adullamto misfits, failures, and malcontents of the left-wing of Australian democracy.[3]Notable Australian individuals who joined the colony includedMary Gilmore,Rose Summerfield,Gilbert Stephen Casey,andGeorge Birksand his family. But according to M. de C. Findlay, the Second Secretary of the Legation at Buenos Aires, who was sent to the colony by the British Consul atAsunción,they were, "a fine class of men".[4]Men were required to pay a minimum of £60 (but including all their assets) to join the colony, a sum large enough in 1893 Australia to usually require the selling of a home, so complete failures would have been necessarily excluded.

The founding of the settlement was of interest to left-wing thinkers worldwide: on the subject,Peter Kropotkinsaid,

The fact that men and women, who have made Australia what it is, are compelled to migrate from it, speaks volumes in itself. 'Make the land, be the dung which renders it productive, build the centres of civilisation which render it valuable — and go away!' That is the true picture of modern capitalist management. The same here, the same at the antipodes — always the same![5]

New Australia, Paraguay

One group of settlers came from the Union movement—John Naphthali "Jack" Dias (11 May 1861 – 13 August 1924) and a handful of followers, dispirited after the failure of the1890 Australian maritime dispute,1891 Australian shearers' strike,and the1892 Broken Hill miners' strike,were among those who decided there was no hope for workers in Australia, and under the influence of Lane's oratory joined the cooperative that purchased the shipRoyal Tarto take them to Paraguay and "New Australia".[6]According toVoltaire Molesworth,who was brought to the colony by his father as an infant, a farewell gathering was held at theSydney Domainprior to the departure ofRoyal Tar.The meeting was chaired by future prime ministerChris Watsonand also featured an address byWilliam Holman,with Watson reportedly speaking of "the workingman's paradise to be established in the hinterland of tropical America".[7]

There was conflict among the settlers from the beginning over prohibition of alcohol, relations with the locals, and Lane's leadership: "I can't help feeling that the movement cannot result in success if that incompetent man Lane continues to mismanage so utterly as he has done up to the present," wrote colonist Tom Westwood.[8]Problems intensified after a second group of colonists arrived in 1894. Dissension caused a rift in the colony, and in May 1894, Lane and 58 others left New Australia to found Cosme, a new colony 72 kilometres farther south. Eventually, New Australia was dissolved as a cooperative by the government of Paraguay, and each settler was given their own piece of land.[3]

Some colonists founded communes elsewhere in Paraguay, others went home to Australia or on to England; some 2,000 descendants of the New Australia colonists still live in Paraguay.[8][9][10]

The 1997 bookParadise Mislaidby Anne Whitehead is about the colonists and their descendants today.[11]There is also a fictional retelling of the story byMichael Wilding,calledThe Paraguayan Experiment.[12]The classic account is historianGavin Souter'sA Peculiar People,written in 1968.[13]

The town, only a few hours' bus ride fromIguazu Falls,had about 300 residents in 2007.[citation needed]

References in popular culture[edit]

The story of New Australia was dramatised in the 1947 stage playHail Tomorrow,byVance Palmer.

The title track to the 1980Redgumalbum,Virgin Ground,is about the New Australia colony.

Personalities[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Cosme and New Australia colonies".National Library of Australia.Retrieved27 July2006.
  2. ^Cosme Monthly,June 1895
  3. ^abAustralian Encyclopaedia.Vol. 2.Angus and RobertsonLimited. 1926. p. 191.
  4. ^Grahame, Stewart (1912).Where Socialism Failed: an Actual Experiment.London: John Murry. p. 106.ISBN978-1165791873.
  5. ^"Kropotkin, Peter (1892–1921)".
  6. ^"In the Cause of the Worker: The life of John Dias".Retrieved9 June2023.
  7. ^Molesworth, Voltaire (31 July 1926)."Leon Cadogan's plea to Australia".Smith's Weekly.
  8. ^ab"Trouble in Paraguay".ANUReporter.Spring 2004.
  9. ^Eric Campbell (26 September 2006)."Paraguay Aussies".Final Story, Series 16, Episode 12.ABC Television.Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2013.Retrieved18 December2009.
  10. ^Paraguay Aussies – Peru.Journeyman Pictures /ABC.26 September 2006.
  11. ^Whitehead, Anne (1997).Paradise Mislaid – in Search of the Australian Tribe of Paraguay.St. Lucia, Queensland:University of Queensland Press.ISBN0-7022-2651-3.
  12. ^Wilding, Michael (1984).The Paraguayan Experiment.Ringwood Victoria:Penguin Books.ISBN0-14-007360-4.
  13. ^Souter, Gavin (1968).A peculiar people: The Australians in Paraguay.Sydney:Angus and Robertson.ISBN0-207-95037-7.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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