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New Forest

Coordinates:50°51′47″N01°37′05″W/ 50.86306°N 1.61806°W/50.86306; -1.61806
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeNew Forest (disambiguation).

The New Forest National Park
IUCN categoryV (protected landscape/seascape)[1]
Beech trees in Mallard Wood, part of the New Forest
Nearest citySouthampton
Area566 km2(219 sq mi) National Park
New Forest: 380 km2(150 sq mi)
Established1079 (as Royal Forest), 1 March 2005 (as National Park)
Visitors14.75 million (est) (in 2009)
Governing bodyNew Forest National Park Authority
Websitehttps:// newforestnpa.gov.uk/
Map showing the location of New Forest
Map showing the location of New Forest
Location of The New Forest in southern England
Geography
LocationHampshireWiltshire,England
Coordinates50°51′47″N01°37′05″W/ 50.86306°N 1.61806°W/50.86306; -1.61806
Official nameThe New Forest
Designated22 September 1993
Reference no.622[2]
The New Forest
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Beaulieu Mill Pond
LocationHampshire
Wiltshire
Grid referenceSU 269 072[3]
InterestBiological
Geological
Area28,924.5 hectares (71,474 acres)[3]
Notification1996[3]
Location mapMagic Map
UK National Parks
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Parentheses denotes the year. An area with‡has similar status to a UK National Park. Areas marked†are proposed.

TheNew Forestis one of the largest remaining tracts of unenclosedpastureland,heathlandandforestinSouthern England,covering southwestHampshireand southeastWiltshire.It was proclaimed aroyal forestbyWilliam the Conqueror,featuring in theDomesday Book.

It is the home of theNew Forest Commoners,whose ancient rights of common pasture are still recognised and exercised, enforced by officialverderersandagisters.In the 18th century, the New Forest became a source of timber for theRoyal Navy.It remains a habitat for many rare birds andmammals.

The boundaries of the forest have varied over time and depend on the purpose of delimiting them.[4]It is a 28,924.5-hectare (71,474-acre) biological and geologicalSite of Special Scientific Interest.[3][5]Several areas areGeological Conservation Reviewsites, including Mark Ash Wood,[6]Shepherd’s Gutter,[7]Cranes Moor,[8]Studley Wood,[9]and Wood Green.[10]There are also a number ofNature Conservation Reviewsites.[11]It is aSpecial Area of Conservation,[12]aRamsar site[13][14]and aSpecial Protection Area.[15][16]Copythorne Commonis managed by theHampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust,[17]Kingston Great Common is anational nature reserve[18]and New Forest Northern Commons is managed by theNational Trust.[19]

The New Forest covers twoparliamentary constituencies;New Forest EastandNew Forest West.

Prehistory

[edit]

Like much of England, the site of the New Forest was oncedeciduouswoodland, recolonised bybirchand eventuallybeechandoakafter the withdrawal of the ice sheets starting around 12,000 years ago. Some areas were cleared for cultivation from theBronze Ageonwards; the poor quality of the soil in the New Forest meant that the cleared areas turned into heathland "waste", which may have been used even then as grazing land for horses.[20]

There was still a significant amount of woodland in this part of Britain, but this was gradually reduced, particularly towards the end of the MiddleIron Agearound 250–100 BC, and most importantly the12th and 13th centuries,and of this essentially all that remains today is the New Forest.[21]

There are around 250round barrows[22]within its boundaries, and scatteredboiling mounds,and it also includes about 150scheduled monuments.[23]One may be the only knowninhumationsite of the Early Iron Age and the only knownHallstatt cultureburial place in Britain, though any bodies are likely decomposed beyond detection by the acidic soil.[24]

History

[edit]
Royal Forests, 1327–1336

FollowingAnglo-Saxon settlementin Britain, according toFlorence of Worcester(d. 1118), the area became the site of theJutishkingdom ofYtene;this name was thegenitive pluralofYtmeaning "Jute", i.e. "of the Jutes".[25]TheJuteswere one of the earlyAnglo-Saxontribal groups who colonised this area of southern Hampshire.

Following theNorman Conquest,the New Forest was proclaimed aroyal forest,in about 1079, byWilliam the Conqueror.It was used for royal hunts, mainly ofdeer.[26]It was created at the expense of more than 20 smallhamletsand isolatedfarmsteads;hence it was then 'new' as a single compact area.[27]

The New Forest was first recorded asNova ForestainDomesday Bookin 1086, where a section devoted to it is interpolated between lands of the king'sthegnsand the town ofSouthampton;it is the only forest that the book describes in detail. Twelfth-century chroniclers alleged that William had created the forest by evicting the inhabitants of 36 parishes, reducing a flourishing district to a wasteland; this account is thought dubious by most historians, as the poor soil in much of the area is believed to have been incapable of supporting large-scale agriculture, and significant areas appear to have always been uninhabited.[28][29]

Two of William's sons died in the forest:Prince Richardsometime between 1069 and 1075, andKing William II (William Rufus)in 1100. Though many claim the latter is due to an inaccurate arrow shot from his hunting companion, localfolkloreasserted that this was punishment for the crimes committed by William when he created his New Forest; 17th-century writer Richard Blome provides detail:

In this County [Hantshire] is New-Forest, formerly called Ytene, being about 30 miles in compass; in which said tract William the Conqueror (for the making of the said Forest a harbour for Wild-beasts for his Game) caused 36 Parish Churches, with all the Houses thereto belonging, to be pulled down, and the poor Inhabitants left succourless of house or home. But this wicked act did not long go unpunished, for his Sons felt the smart thereof; Richard being blasted with a pestilent Air; Rufus shot through with an Arrow; and Henry his Grand-child, by Robert his eldest son, as he pursued his Game, was hanged among the boughs, and so dyed. This Forest at present affordeth great variety of Game, where his Majesty oft-times withdraws himself for his divertisement.[30]

The reputed spot of Rufus's death is marked with a stone known as theRufus Stone. John White,Bishop of Winchester,said of the forest:

From God and Saint King Rufus did Churches take, From Citizens town-court, and mercate place, From Farmer lands: New Forrest for to make, In Beaulew tract, where whiles the King in chase Pursues the hart, just vengeance comes apace, And King pursues. Tirrell him seing not, Unwares him flew with dint of arrow shot.[31]

Thecommonrights were confirmed by statute in 1698. The New Forest became a source of timber for theRoyal Navy,and plantations were created in the 18th century for this purpose. During theGreat Storm of 1703,about 4,000 oak trees were lost.

The naval plantations encroached on the rights of the Commoners, but the Forest gained new protection under the New Forest Act 1877, which confirmed the historic rights of the Commoners and entrenched that the total of enclosures was henceforth not to exceed 65 km2(25 sq mi) at any time. It also reconstituted the Court of Verderers as representatives of the Commoners (rather than the Crown).

As of 2005,roughly 90% of the New Forest is still owned by the Crown. The Crown lands have been managed byForestry Englandsince 1923 and most of the Crown lands now fall inside the new National Park.

Felling of broadleaved trees, and their replacement byconifers,began during the First World War to meet the wartime demand for wood. Further encroachments were made during the Second World War. This process is today being reversed in places, with some plantations being returned to heathland or broadleaved woodland.Rhododendronremains a problem.

During the Second World War, an area of the forest,Ashley Range,was used as a bombing range.[32]During 1941–1945, theBeaulieu, HampshireEstate of Lord Montagu in the New Forest was the site of group B finishing schools for agents[33]operated by theSpecial Operations Executive(SOE) between 1941 and 1945. (One of the trainers wasKim Philbywho was later found to be part of a spy ring passing information to the Soviets.) In 2005, a special exhibition was mounted at the Estate, with a video showing photographs from that era as well as voice recordings of former SOE trainers and agents.[34][35]

New Forest Act 1964
Act of Parliament
Long titleAn Act to alter the perambulation of the New Forest, to make further provision for the New Forest, to amend the New Forest Acts 1877 to 1949 and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.
Citation1964c. 83
Dates
Royal assent31 July 1964
Status: Current legislation
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the New Forest Act 1964as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, fromlegislation.gov.uk.

Further New Forest Acts followed in 1949, 1964 and 1970. The New Forest became aSite of Special Scientific Interestin 1971, and was granted special status as the New Forest Heritage Area in 1985, with additional planning controls added in 1992. The New Forest was proposed as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitein June 1999, but UNESCO did not take up the nomination.[36]It became aNational Parkon 1 March 2005,[37]transferring a wide variety of planning and control decisions to the New Forest National Park Authority, who work alongside the local authorities, land owners and crown estates in managing the New Forest.[38]

A report in 2023 stated that the region will face hotter, drier summers and wetter winters. In 2019, the carbon dioxide emissions of the New Forest District Council area were recorded as 928,000 tonnes.[39]

  • Death of William Rufus
    Death ofWilliam Rufus
  • The Rufus Stone Memorial
    The Rufus Stone Memorial
  • WW2 remains at Ibsley
    WW2 remains at Ibsley

Common rights

[edit]
Main article:New Forest Commoner
Cow eating winter feed, Longdown Inclosure

Forest lawswere enacted to preserve the New Forest as a location for royaldeer hunting,and interference with the king's deer and its forage was punished. The inhabitants of the area (commoners) had pre-existingrights of common:to turn horses and cattle (but only rarely sheep) out into the Forest to graze (common pasture), to gather fuel wood (estovers), to cut peat for fuel (turbary), to dig clay (marl), and to turn out pigs between September and November to eat fallenacornsand beechnuts (pannageormast). There were also licences granted to gatherbrackenafterMichaelmas Day(29 September) as litter for animals (fern).

Along with grazing, pannage is still an important part of the Forest's ecology. Pigs can eat acorns without problem, but for ponies and cattle, large quantities of acorns can be poisonous. Pannage always lasts at least 60 days, but the start date varies according to the weather – and when the acorns fall. Theverderersdecide when pannage will start each year. At other times the pigs must be taken in and kept on the owner's land, with the exception that pregnant sows, known asprivileged sows,are always allowed out providing they are not a nuisance and return to the Commoner's holding at night (they must not be "levantandcouchant"in the Forest, that is, they may not consecutively feedandsleep there). This last is an established practice rather than a formal right.

The principle of levancy and couchancy applies generally to the right of pasture.[40][41]Commoners must have backup land, outside the Forest, to accommodate these depastured animals when necessary, for example during afoot-and-mouth diseaseepidemic.

Commons rights are attached to particular plots of land (or in the case of turbary, to particularhearths), and different land has different rights – and some of this land is some distance from the Forest itself. Rights to graze ponies and cattle are not for a fixed number of animals, as is often the case on other commons. Instead a "marking fee" is paid for each animal each year by the owner. The marked animal's tail is trimmed by the local agister (verderers' official), with each of the four or five forest agisters using a different trimming pattern. Ponies are branded with the owner's brand mark; cattle may be branded, or nowadays may have the brand mark on an ear tag. Grazing of Commoners' ponies and cattle is an essential part of the management of the forest, helping to maintain the heathland, bog, grassland and wood-pasture habitats and their associated wildlife.

Recently this ancient practice has come under pressure as benefitting houses pass to owners with no interest in commoning. Existing families with a new generation heavily rely on inheritance of, rather than mostly the expensive purchase of, a benefitting house with paddock or farm.

The Verderers and Commoners' Defence Association has fought back against these allied economic threats. The EUBasic Payment Scheme(BPS) helped some Commoners significantly. Commoners marking animals for grazing can claim about £200 per cow per year, and about £160 for a pony, and if participating in the stewardship scheme, more. With 10 cattle and 40 ponies, a Commoner qualifying for both schemes would receive over £8,000 a year, and more if they put out pigs: net of marking fees, feed and veterinary costs this part-time level of involvement across a family is calculated to give annual income in the thousands of pounds in most years. Whether those subsidies will surviveBrexitis unclear. The BPS payment is based on the number of animals marked for the Forest, whether or not these are actually turned out. The livestock actually grazing the Forest are therefore considerably fewer than those marked.

Geography

[edit]
See also:Geology of the New Forest
Alder trees by theBeaulieu riverat Fawley Ford, north of Beaulieu

The New Forest National Park area covers 566 km2(219 sq mi),[42]and the New ForestSSSIcovers almost 300 km2(120 sq mi), making it the largest contiguous area of unsown vegetation in lowland Britain. It includes roughly:

  • 146 km2(56 sq mi) of broadleaved woodland
  • 118 km2(46 sq mi) of heathland and grassland
  • 33 km2(13 sq mi) of wet heathland
  • 84 km2(32 sq mi) of tree plantations (woodland inclosures) established since the 18th century, including 80 km2(31 sq mi) planted by Forestry England since the 1920s.

The New Forest has also been classed asNational Character AreaNo. 131 byNatural England.The NCA covers an area of 738 km2(285 sq mi) and is bounded by theDorset HeathsandDorset Downsto the west, theWest Wiltshire Downsto the north and theSouth Hampshire LowlandsandSouth Coast Plainto the east.[43]

The New Forest is drained to the south by three rivers,Lymington River,Beaulieu RiverandAvon Water,and to the west by theLatchmore Brook,Dockens Water, Linford Brook and other streams.

The highest point in the New Forest is Pipers Wait, nearNomansland.Its summit is 129 metres (423 feet)above sea level.[44][45]

TheGeology of the New Forestconsists mainly of sedimentary rock, in the centre of a sedimentary basin known as the Hampshire Basin.

Wildlife

[edit]

The ecological value of the New Forest is enhanced by the relatively large areas of lowland habitats, lost elsewhere, which have survived. There are several kinds of important lowland habitat includingvalley bogs,alder carr,wetheaths,dry heaths and deciduouswoodland.The area contains a profusion of rare wildlife, including the New ForestcicadaCicadetta montana,the only cicada native to Great Britain, although the last unconfirmed sighting was in 2000.[46]The wet heaths are important for rare plants, such as marsh gentian (Gentiana pneumonanthe) and marsh clubmoss (Lycopodiella inundata) and other important species include the wild gladiolus (Gladiolus illyricus).[47]

Several species ofsundeware found, as well as many unusual insect species, including the southern damselfly (Coenagrion mercuriale), large marsh grasshopper (Stethophyma grossum) and the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), all rare in Britain. In 2009, 500 adult southern damselflies were captured and released in the Venn Ottery nature reserve inDevon,which is owned and managed by theDevon Wildlife Trust.[48]The Forest is an important stronghold for a rich variety offungi,and although these have been heavily gathered in the past, there are control measures now in place to manage this.

Birds

[edit]

Specialist heathland birds are widespread, includingDartford warbler(Curruca undata),woodlark(Lullula arborea),northern lapwing(Vanellus vanellus),Eurasian curlew(Numenius arquata),European nightjar(Caprimulgus europaeus),Eurasian hobby(Falco subbuteo),European stonechat(Saxicola rubecola),common redstart(Phoenicurus phoenicurus) andtree pipit(Anthus sylvestris). As in much of Britaincommon snipe(Gallinago gallinago) andmeadow pipit(Anthus trivialis) are common as wintering birds, but in the Forest they still also breed in many of the bogs and heaths respectively.

Woodland birds includewood warbler(Phylloscopus sibilatrix),stock dove(Columba oenas),European honey buzzard(Pernis apivorus) andnorthern goshawk(Accipiter gentilis).Common buzzard(Buteo buteo) is very common andcommon raven(Corvus corax) is spreading. Birds seen more rarely includered kite(Milvus milvus), winteringgreat grey shrike(Lanius exubitor) andhen harrier(Circus cyaneus) and migratingring ouzel(Turdus torquatus) andnorthern wheatear(Oenanthe oenanthe).

Reptiles and amphibians

[edit]
Enclosures at the New Forest Reptile Centre

All three British native species of snake inhabit the Forest. The adder (Vipera berus) is the most common, being found on open heath and grassland. Thegrass snake(Natrix natrix) prefers the damper environment of the valley mires. The rare smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) occurs on sandy hillsides withheatherandgorse.It was mainly adders which were caught byBrusher Mills(1840–1905), the "New Forest Snake Catcher". He caught many thousands in his lifetime, sending some toLondon Zooas food for their animals.[49][50]ApubinBrockenhurstis namedThe Snakecatcherin his memory. All British snakes are nowlegally protected,and so the New Forest snakes are no longer caught.

A programme to reintroduce thesand lizard(Lacerta agilis) started in 1989[51]and thegreat crested newt(Triturus cristatus) already breeds in many locations.

Sand lizards in a captive breeding and reintroduction programme[52]together with adders, grass snakes,smooth snakes,frogsandtoadscan be seen at The New ForestReptile Centreabout two miles east ofLyndhurst.The centre was established in 1969 by Derek ThomsonMBE,a Forestry England keeper, who was also involved in establishing the deer viewing platform at nearbyBolderwood.[53]

Ponies, cattle, donkeys, pigs

[edit]
Shetland pony with foal in New Forest District, Hampshire

Commoners' cattle, ponies and donkeys roam throughout the open heath and much of the woodland, and it is largely their grazing that maintains the open character of the Forest. They are also frequently seen in the Forest villages, where home and shop owners must take care to keep them out of gardens and shops. TheNew Forest ponyis one of the indigenous horse breeds of the British Isles, and is one of the New Forest's most famous attractions – most of the Forest ponies are of this breed, but there are also someShetlandsand theircrossbreeds.

Cattle are of various breeds, most commonlyGallowaysand their crossbreeds, but also various other hardy types such asHighlands,Herefords,Dexters,KerriesandBritish whites.The pigs used forpannage,during the autumn months, are now of various breeds, but the New Forest was the original home of theWessex Saddleback,now extinct in Britain.

Deer

[edit]

Numerous deer live in the Forest; they are usually rather shy and tend to stay out of sight when people are around, but are surprisingly bold at night, even when a car drives past.Fallow deer(Dama dama) are the most common, followed byroe deer(Capreolus capreolus) andred deer(Cervus elaphus). There are also smaller populations of the introducedsika deer(Cervus nippon) andmuntjac(Muntiacus reevesii).

Other mammals

[edit]

Thered squirrel(Sciurus vulgaris) survived in the Forest until the 1970s – longer than most places in lowland Britain (though it still occurs on the Isle of Wight and the nearbyBrownsea Island). It is now fully supplanted in the Forest by the introduced North Americangrey squirrel(Sciurus carolinensis). TheEuropean polecat(Mustela putorius) has recolonised the western edge of the Forest in recent years.European otter(Lutra lutra) occurs along watercourses, as well as the introducedAmerican mink(Neogale vison). In 2021 a population ofPine Martenswas confirmed to be present.[54]

Conservation measures

[edit]

The New Forest is designated as aSite of Special Scientific Interest(SSSI), an EUSpecial Area of Conservation(SAC),[55]aSpecial Protection Areafor birds (SPA),[56]and aRamsar Site;[57]it also has its ownBiodiversity Action Plan(BAP).[58]

Settlements

[edit]
Lyndhurst,the "capital" of the New Forest, in 2020
Ponies walking the streets inBurley

The New Forest itself gives its name to theNew Forest districtofHampshire,and the National Park area, of which it forms the core.

The Forest itself is dominated by four larger 'defined' villages,Sway,Brockenhurst,LyndhurstandAshurst,with several smaller villages such asBurley,Beaulieu,Godshill,Fritham,Nomansland,andMinsteadalso lying within or immediately adjacent. Outside of the National Park Area in New Forest District, several clusters of larger towns frame the area –Tottonand the Waterside settlements (Marchwood,Dibden,Hythe,Fawley) to the East,Christchurch,New Milton,Milford on Sea,andLymingtonto the South, andFordingbridgeandRingwoodto the West.

Further information:List of locations in the New Forest

New Forest National Park

[edit]
Location of the National Park

Consultations on the possible designation of aNational Parkin the New Forest were commenced by theCountryside Agencyin 1999. An order to create the park was made by the Agency on 24 January 2002 and submitted to theSecretary of Statefor confirmation in February 2002. Following objections from seven local authorities and others, apublic inquirywas held from 8 October 2002 to 10 April 2003, and concluded by endorsing the proposal with some detailed changes to the boundary of the area to be designated.[citation needed]

On 28 June 2004, Rural Affairs MinisterAlun Michaelconfirmed the government's intention to designate the area as a National Park, with further detailed boundary adjustments. The area was formally designated as such on 1 March 2005. Anational park authorityfor the New Forest was established on 1 April 2005 and assumed its full statutory powers on 1 April 2006.[59]

Forestry Englandretain their powers to manage the Crown land within the Park. The Verderers under the New Forest Acts also retain their responsibilities, and the park authority is expected to co-operate with these bodies, the local authorities,English Natureand other interested parties. The designated area of the National Park covers 566 km2(219 sq mi)[42]and includes many existingSSSIs.It has a population of about 38,000 (it excludes most of the 170,256 people who live in theNew Forestlocal government district). As well as most of theNew Forest districtofHampshire,it takes in theSouth Hampshire CoastArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty,a small corner ofTest Valleydistrict around the village ofCanadaand part ofWiltshiresouth-east ofRedlynch.

The area covered by the park excludes two of the areas initially proposed: most of the valley of theRiver Avonto the west of the Forest andDibden Bayto the east. Two challenges were made to the designation order, by Meyrick Estate Management Ltd in relation to the inclusion ofHinton Admiral Park,and byRWENPowerPlc in relation to the inclusion ofFawley Power Station.The second challenge was settled out of court, with the power station being excluded.[60]TheHigh Courtupheld the first challenge;[61]but an appeal against the decision was then heard by theCourt of Appealin Autumn 2006. The final ruling, published on 15 February 2007, found in favour of the challenge by Meyrick Estate Management Ltd,[62]and the land at Hinton Admiral Park is therefore excluded from the New Forest National Park. The total area of land initially proposed for inclusion but ultimately left out of the Park is around 120 km2(46 sq mi).

Visitor attractions and places

[edit]
Picnic area inBolderwood
The New Forest offers many miles of bicycle paths

Politics

[edit]

The New Forest is represented by twoMembers of Parliament;inNew Forest EastandNew Forest West.

Cultural references

[edit]

There is an allusion to the foundation of the New Forest in an end-rhyming poem found in thePeterborough Chronicle's entry for 1087,The Rime of King William.

The Forest forms a backdrop to numerous books.The Children of the New Forestis a children's novel published in 1847 by Frederick Marryat, set in the time of theEnglish Civil War.Charles Kingsley'sA New Forest Ballad(1847) mentions several New Forest locations, including Ocknell Plain, Bradley [Bratley] Water, Burley Walk and Lyndhurst churchyard.[63]Edward Rutherfurd's work ofhistorical fiction,The Forestis based in the New Forest in the period from 1099 to 2000. The Forest is also a setting of theWarriorsnovel series, in which the 'Forest Territories' was initially based on New Forest.[64]

The New Forest and southeast England, around the 12th century, is a prominent setting inKen Follett's novelThe Pillars of the Earth.It is also a prominent setting inElizabeth George's novelThis Body of Death.Oberon, Titania and the other Shakespearean fairies live in a rapidly diminishing Sherwood Forest whittled away by urban development in the fantasy novelA Midsummer's Nightmareby Garry Kilworth. On Midsummer's Eve, a most auspicious day, the fairies embark on the long journey to the New Forest in Hampshire where the fairies' magic will be restored to its former glory.

The path and view acrossAcres Downin the New Forest, one of the few places in which it is possible to see aEuropean honey buzzard.

Notable residents

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"The IUCN categories".National Parks Portal. Archived fromthe originalon 1 October 2012.Retrieved28 February2021.Even though the IUCN call category II 'National Parks', the UK's National Parks are actually in category V.
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Further reading

[edit]

The following out-of-copyright books can be read online or downloaded:

Extracts from the above texts have been brought together by the New Forest author and cultural historianIan McKayin his anthologies:

  • McKay, Ian, ed. (2011).A New Forest Reader: A Companion Guide to the New Forest, its History and Landscape.Hatchet Green Publishing.ISBN978-0956837202.
  • McKay, Ian, ed. (2012).The New Forest: A Pocket Companion to the New Forest, Its History and Landscape.Hatchet Green Publishing.ISBN978-0956837288.

These anthologies also include writings byWilliam Cobbett,Daniel Defoe,William Gilpin,William Howitt,W. H. Hudson,andHeywood Sumner.

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toNew Forest.
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Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "New Forest".
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