New Order (Nazism)

TheNew Order(German:Neuordnung) of Europe refers to a group of concepts for a political and social system that the regime ofNazi Germanywanted to impose on theareas of Europe that it conquered and occupied.

Planning for theNeuordnunghad already begun long before the start ofWorld War II,butAdolf Hitlerproclaimed a "European New Order" publicly on 30 January 1941: "The year 1941 will be, I am convinced, the historical year of a great European New Order!"^[1]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Among other things, the New Order envisaged the formation of apan-German racial state,structured according toNazi ideology,to ensure the existence of a perceivedAryan-Nordic master race,to consolidate a massive territorial expansion intoCentral and Eastern Europethroughcolonizationby German settlers, to achieve thephysical annihilationofJews,Slavs(especiallyPolesandRussians),Roma( "gypsies" ), and other people who were considered "unworthy of life",as well as to implement theextermination, expulsion or enslavementof most of the Slavic peoples and other people whom Nazi ideology considered "racially inferior".^[2]Nazi Germany's aggressive desire for territorialexpansion(Lebensraum) ranks as a majorcause of World War II.^[3]

Historiansremain dividedas to the ultimate New Order goals – some believe that the New Order was to be limited to Nazi German domination of Europe, while others see it as a springboard for eventual world conquest and the establishment of aworld governmentunder German control.^[4]

Origin of the term

The termNeuordnungoriginally^[when?]had a more limited meaning than it did later.^[when?]It is typically translated as "New Order",^{[by whom?]}but a more correct translation would be more akin to "reorganization".^[5]^{[better source needed]}When it was used in Germany during the Third Reich era, it referred specifically to the desire of the Nazis to redraw thestate borderswithinEurope,thereby transforming the existing geopolitical structures.^{[citation needed]}In the same sense, it has also been used, now and in the past, to denote similar re-orderings of the international political order such as those following thePeace of Westphaliain 1648, theCongress of Viennain 1815, and theAlliedvictory in 1945.^{[citation needed]}The complete phrase used by the Nazi establishment was actuallydie Neuordnung Europas(the New Order of Europe), for whichNeuordnungwas merely a shorthand.^{[citation needed]}^[a]

According to theNazi government,that principle was pursued by Germany to secure a fair rearrangement of territory for the common benefit ofa new, economically integrated Europe,^[8]which in Nazi terminology meant the continent of Europe with the exception of the "Asiatic"Soviet Union.^[9]Nazi racial views regarded the "Judeo-Bolshevist"Soviet state as both a criminal institution which needed to be destroyed, and as a barbarian place lacking any culture that would give it a" European "character.^[10]Therefore,Neuordnungwas rarely used in reference to Soviet Russia, because the Nazis believed it did not feature any elements that could be re-organized along Nazi lines.^{[citation needed]}

The objective was to ensure a state of total post-war continentalhegemonyforNazi Germany.^[11]That was to be achieved by theexpansionof the territorial base of the German state itself, combined with the political and economic subjugation of the rest of Europe to Germany. Eventual extensions of the project to areas beyond Europe, as well as on an ultimately global scale, were anticipated for the future period in which Germany would have secured unchallenged control over her own continent, butNeuordnungdid not carry that extra-European meaning at the time.^{[citation needed]}

Through its wide use inNazi propaganda,the phrase quickly gained resonance in Western media. In English-language academic circles especially, it eventually carried a much more inclusive definition, and was increasingly used to refer to the foreign and domestic policies, and the war aims, of the Nazi state, and of itsdictatorialleaderAdolf Hitler.Therefore, the phrase had approximately the same connotations as the termco-prosperity spheredid inJapanesecircles, in reference to their planned imperial domain. Nowadays, it is generally used to refer to all the post-war plans and policies, both in and outside of Europe, that the Nazis expected to implement after the anticipated victory of Germany and the otherAxis powersinWorld War II.^{[citation needed]}

Ideological background

Nazi bio-politics

TheNazisclaimed to scientifically measure a stricthierarchyof humanrace.The "master race"was said to comprise the purest stock of theAryan race,which was narrowly defined by the Nazis as being identical to theNordic race,followed by other sub-Aryan races.^[12]The Nazis believed that becauseWestern civilization,mostly created and maintained by Nordics, was obviously superior to othercivilizations,the "Nordic" peoples were superior to all other races and as a result, they were entitled to dominate the world, a concept which is known asNordicism.^[13]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Polish academicRaphael Lemkinwrote the following in 1944:

"...according to the doctrine ofNational Socialism,the nation, not the state, is the predominant factor. In this German conception the nation provides the biological element for the state. Consequently, in enforcing the New Order, the Germans prepared, waged, and continued a war not merely against states and their armies but against peoples. For the German occupying authorities war thus appears to offer the most appropriate occasion for carrying out their policy ofgenocide.... Even before the warHitlerenvisaged genocide as a means of changing the biological interrelations inEuropein favor ofGermany.Hitler's conception of genocide is based not upon cultural but uponbiological patterns.He believes that "Germanizationcan only be carried out with thesoiland never withmen."^[14]
— Raphael Lemkin,"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe",Chapter IX: Genocide, pp. 80, 81

Geopolitical strategy

Hitler's ideas about the eastward expansion that he promulgated inMein Kampfwere greatly influenced during his 1924 imprisonment by his contact with hisgeopolitical mentor Karl Haushofer.^[15]One of Haushofer's primary geopolitical concepts was the necessity for Germany to get control of theEurasian Heartlandin order for it to attain eventual world domination.^[16]Also relevant was the idea that an alliance withItalyandJapanwould further augment German strategic control of Eurasia, transforming those states as the naval arms protecting Germany's insular position.^[17]

In Mein Kampf he had envisioned a league withItalyandGreat Britain,andGermanyshould take its position as a great power, replacingFrance.After that, he would devote himself to increasing the habitat of Germans to the east. Areich of all Germanswas to be created, far beyond the 1914 borders, in the center of Europe. In 1934 Hitler spoke of a "steel core" consisting ofAustria,Czechoslovakiaand westernPoland.He also established several alliances of blocks formally allied, but not equal. He called these the Eastern Confederation (Baltic States,Balkan States,Ukraine,Volgaland,andGeorgia), the Western Confederation (Netherlands,Flanders,and northernFrance), and the Northern Confederation (Denmark,Sweden,andNorway).^[18]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Anticipated territorial extent of Nazi imperialism

In a subsequently published speech given atErlangen Universityin November 1930, Hitler explained to his audience that no other people had more of a right to fight for and attain "control" of the globe (Weltherrschaft,i.e. "world leadership", "world rule" ) than theGermans.He realized that an extremely ambitious goal could never be achieved without significant military effort.^[19]Hitler had alluded to future German world dominance even earlier in his political career. In a letter written byRudolf HesstoWalter Hewelin 1927, Hess paraphrases Hitler's vision: "World peaceis certainly an ideal worth striving for; in Hitler's opinion it will be realizable only when one power, the racially best one has attained complete and uncontested supremacy. That [power] can then provide a sort of world police, seeing to it at the same time that the most valuable race is guaranteed the necessary living space. And if no other way is open to them, the lower races will have to restrict themselves accordingly ".^[20]

Alfred Rosenbergsaw the future structure of Europe in 1934 as the result of afour-power pactformed by the nationalist movements of Italy, France, England, and Germany. TheBaltic Sea states(Finland,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania) and theDanube region(Hungary,Czechoslovakia,Romania,Yugoslavia,andBulgaria) should also be included to form an "organicMitteleuropa".^[21]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Heinrich Himmlerdiscussed the territorial aspirations of Germany during his firstPosen speechin 1943. He commented on the goals of the warring nations involved in the conflict and stated that Germany was fighting for new territories and a global power status.^[b]^{[non-primary source needed]}Joseph Goebbelsin his diaries was convinced in the formula "Whoever dominates Europe will thereby assume the leadership of the world" and that was the main objective of the Führer.^[c]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Implementation in Europe

Pre-War

Initially, Hitler believed that he wouldn't live sufficent enough to see the establishment of aGreater Germanic Reich.^{[citation needed]}Therefore, he temporarily practiced a moderate approach to the potential enemies of the Reich (which included some concessions to the Jews in theHaavara Agreement,to theHoly SeeinReichskonkordat,to the Poles inPolish-German Declaration of Non-Aggression,to the British inAnglo-German Naval Agreement,to theAustriansin theJuliabkommen,to theSpanish Republicin theNon-Intervention Comiteeetc) while focusing to lead Germany into anautarkyand get rid of the economic problems that precluded a more aggressive approach.^{[citation needed]}However, after^[when?]theNazi economyfailed to achieve that and was near to a state of crisis,^[when?]Hitler developed a policy of aggression, as he felt it was urgent to provide Germany itsLebensraum,starting by seizingAustriaandCzechoslovakia.^{[citation needed]}So, the first steps to execute Nazi New Order were theRemilitarisation of the Rhineland,theAnschlußof Austria and the restoration of German hegemony overCentral Europe.^{[citation needed]}Its military power would be increased by anne xing territories inhabited by Germans while dominating the economy of its neighbours, while Hitler defied the status quo established in thePeace of Versaillesby abolishing the restrictions for German military expansion and theCordon sanitairesystem (especially theFranco-Polish alliance).^[24]^{[page needed]}^[25]^{[page needed]}^[26]^{[page needed]}

With that in mind,Anschlussof Austria had to be done as a priority byempowering Austrian NazisagainstAustro-fascists,finally realizing thePan-Germanistcause, while also encirclingCzechoslovakiafor a future expansionist movement against Slavic states. Succeeding in that, this would led shortly after to thePartition of Czechoslovakia,anne xing to the Reich theSudetenlandand establishing aProtectorate of Bohemia and Moraviato forcibly integrateCzechsin the German Nation, while turningSlovakiain a German Puppet-State and attractingHungaryandPoland(dissatisfied with the Western powersand threatened by Soviet expansionism) to German sphere of influence by giving them some territorial concessions in theFirst Vienna Awardthrough the leftovers of Czech lands.^[27]

Territorial evolution of Germany(beforeDanzig crisis), based onHossbach Memorandumdefinition of Lebensraum for the shor-term.

After consolidating German domination over Central Europe, the next phase was the implementation of the Ostpolitik, which in the short term involved the development of a barrier of GermanClient statesfromFinlandtoRomania,containing Soviet expansionism in a cooperative front against theCominternwhile also carry out conspiracy and sabotage actions againstSoviet sphere of influence(which included some contradictory objectives, like the total or partial secession ofSoviet Ukraine,while at the same time instigate a Polish expansionism to theBlack Sea).^[28]^[26]All of this would serve to weak the eastern neighbours of Germany to be economically subordinate (speciallyBaltic statesandPoland,whose territories inhabited byGerman settlementswere considered to be annexed soon, even if Germany had to intervene or balkanize those states to achieve this by force) and reverse the post-1918 territorial losses.^[29]

Based on thoseNeocolonialistplans, the Reich established theGerman–Romanian Treaty,the1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania,and the expansion ofAnti-Comintern Pact.However, after the Reich was incapable to subdue thePolesin theDanzig crisis,Hitler was convinced that Polish nation should have to be punished for its lack of cooperation with Germany's interest in thePolish CorridorthroughBerlinka,although initially was willingly to avoid war and conform to annexFree City of Danzig,but theAnti-Polish sentimentwas radicalized after Hitler getting intensely angry and offended with the establishment of anAnglo-Polish alliance(menacing Germany to aTwo-front warand isolation if it fused with theFranco-Soviet Pact).^[30]So, Nazi become convinced that the existence of Poland as a country was no longer geopolitically viable in the New Order due to its status as an Anglo-Frenchbuffer stateagainst the Ostpolitik, and that it alsohad to offer some concessions to the Sovietsto keep them away from the Western Powers, securing Germany and postponing the conquest of all the Lebensraum until France and British weren't a menace.^[31]

On the other hand, the Reich take advantage of aNazi–Soviet Pactby putting an end to Stalin policy of the anti-fascistPopular front(restoring the interleft-wingconflicts andStalinisthostility towards non-Marxist-Leninist Socialistsfor being "Social-fascist") and specially an opportunity of partitioningEastern Europewith Soviet consent and its desperation for "secure borders" if they were isolated of Western aid (resigning to the German agenda and maybe develop a Fascist-Communist anti-Capitalist block as a lesser evil), being an important step to prepare the New Order. The Nazi-Soviet agreetment tacitly wanted to restoreRussian EmpireandGerman EmpirewithAustro-Hungarian empireformer spheres of influence from theBaltic Seato theBalkans,coinciding inPartitioning Poland-Lithuania againwhileRomania,Hungary,Slovakia,Czeck protectorateandLithuaniawere recogniz

ed to be German projected puppet states, meanwhileFinland,Estonia,LatviaandBessarabia(Moldavia) was temporary given to Soviets in the Nazi new order. Although shortly after Lithuania (except forKlaipėdaandMarijampolėwest toŠešupė river) was given to Soviets in exchange of Germany gainingLublinandLesser Poland(as originally was stipulated that Germany only would getpost-Napoleonic AustrianandPrussian Poland,but not formerRussian Poland), and Stalin put pressure against the creation of a residual pro-German Poland puppet state, leading to theirGeneral Government.^[32]^[33]^[34]

However, the Nazis were never satisfied with this concessions to the Soviets and still made efforts to stab the Soviets in the back by making deals with non-Soviet agents interested in their asigned sphere of influence inEastern Poland,like trying to turn Lithuania into a puppet state^[35](promising theVilnius Regionif they helped in theInvasion of Poland),^[36]^[37]proposeHungaryterritorial expansion^[38](receivingTurkaandSambircities) and theUkrainian Nationaliststo realize a uprising inWestern UkrainebeforeSoviet occupation of Eastern Poland(creating a pro-Nazi Ukrainepuppet stateagainstSoviet Ukraine)^[39]and searching for potentiall collaborators withinFascist Polesto turn Central Poland in a German Protectorate (with the possibility of recovering their eastern territories in the long term).^[40]OnlySlovak intervention in Polandhad success and Stalin got ahead of the Nazis by developing theGerman–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement.^{[citation needed]}

Military campaigns in Poland and Western Europe

The initial phase of the establishment of the New Order was:

First, the signing of theGerman–Soviet non-aggression agreementon 23 August 1939 prior to theinvasion of Polandto secure the new eastern border with theSoviet Union,prevent the emergence of atwo-front war,and to circumvent a shortage ofraw materialsdue to an expected Britishnaval blockade.
Second, theBlitzkriegattacks in northern and western Europe (Operation Weserübungand theBattle of Francerespectively) to neutralize opposition from the west. This resulted in the conquest of Denmark, Norway,Luxembourg,Belgium, theNetherlands,and France, all of which were under German rule by the early summer of 1940.^{[citation needed]}

Had the British been defeated by Germany, the political re-ordering of Western Europe would have been accomplished. There was to be no post-war generalpeace conferencein the manner of theone held in Parisafter theFirst World War,merelybilateral negotiationsbetween Germany and her defeated enemies.^[41]All still existinginternational organizationssuch as theInternational Labour Organizationwere to be dismantled or replaced by German-controlled equivalents.^{[citation needed]}

Plans for Great Britain

One of the primary German foreign policy aims throughout the 1930s had been to establish a military alliance with the United Kingdom, and despite anti-British policies having been adopted as this proved impossible, hope remained that the UK would in time yet become a reliable German ally.^[42]Hitler professed an admiration for theBritish Empireand preferred to see it preserved as a world power, mostly because itsbreak-upwould benefit other countries far more than it would Germany, particularly theUnited StatesandJapan.^[42]^[43]Britain's situation was likened to the historical situation of theAustrian Empireafter its defeat by theKingdom of Prussia in 1866,after which Austria was formally excluded from German affairs but would prove to become a loyal ally of theGerman Empirein the pre-World War I power alignmentsin Europe. It was hoped that a defeated Britain would fulfill a similar role, being excluded fromcontinental affairs,but maintaining its Empire and becoming an allied seafaring partner of the Germans.^[44]^[42]

William L. Shirer,however, claims that the British male population between 17 and 45 would have been forcibly transferred to the continent to be used as industrialslave labour(although possibly with better treatment than similar forced labor from Eastern Europe) and the remaining British females were to be impregnated by German soldiers ensuring that Britain would be fully Germanised within one or two subsequent generations.^[45]

The remaining population would have been terrorized, including civilian hostages being taken and the death penalty immediately imposed for even the most trivial acts of resistance, with the UK being plundered for anything of financial, military, industrial or cultural value, being established a military occupation.^[46]German workers would be sent to England, with the British industrial production being directed towards the Eastern front. The Germans would extract agricultural goods, raw ore, and timber, and would produce war materiel.^[47]Also, theEinsatzgruppen,led by Dr.Franz Six,were to be unleashed to round up and execute all political, intellectual and public figures who had previously spoken out against the Nazis and other people who might in the future cause problems for the occupying forces.^[48]

After the war,Otto Bräutigamof theReich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territoriesclaimed in his book that in February 1943 he had the opportunity to read a personal report by Wagner regarding a discussion withHeinrich Himmler,in which Himmler had expressed the intention to exterminate about 80% of the populations of France and England by special forces of theSDafter the German victory.^[49]

During the proposed invasion of Great Britain throughOperation Sea Lion,there were plans to invade neutral Ireland throughOperation Green.^[50]By anne xing largeterritories in northeastern France,Hitler hoped to marginalize the country to prevent any further continental challenges to Germany's hegemony.^[51]

Evidence suggests the monarchy was to survive.^[48]There were proposals to giveNorthern Irelandto theRepublic of Irelandand support aCeltic union,in search of the help of theIrish Republican Army(which proposedPlan Kathleen).^[52]^[53]There were also proposals to establish anindependentandrepublicanScotland with asocialist-nationalistideology against the capitalisticEnglish monarchy.^[54]There were some supporters from theScottish National Party.^[55]

Plans for France and Netherlands

Nazi Germanyconsidered thatFrancewas meant to be punished due to theFrench–German enmitythat caused danger to the German nation through the historical French beligerence sinceFrench–Habsburg rivalrythat culminated in the German humiliation ofWorld War I(along another national traumas, likeThirty Years' WarorNapoleonic Wars). So,Hitler,who initially not expected a total victory (and so, wanted a fast end of the war without greater social rearrangements to Western countries and return quickly to itsOstpolitik), started to develop plans to make France asubordinate statewith territorial and political changes to maintain that situation for a long-time. During late May 1940, Hitler gave instructions toWilhelm Stuckart,State Secretary at theMinistry of the Interior,to make proposals for a new western border and precise plans for the "relocation" of the French-speaking population, that concluded in a memorandum written on June 14, 1940, in which the Ministry of the Interior analyzes the annexation of certain territories in Eastern France that had been part of the historicHoly Roman Empire,ending in the control of the "Westraum"region for the Reich. In the short-term would consist of integrateInner Rhineland border areasandRuhrwith annexedAlsace-Lorraine Eupen-Malmedy,Saarland,Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,Netherlands,Belgiumand northeastern and eastern France (like modernSaarLorLuxandMeuse–Rhine Euroregion). In the long-term would includeSwitzerland,Burgundy,Savoy(reaching theRhôneandMediterranean,like formerLotharingia), and finally establishing an annexation of the "Westland" to Nazi Germany inGau Westmark.^[56]^[57]^[58]

To accomplish the plan, firstly Germany occupiedGreater Netherlands(impeding France to useBeneluxasBuffer stateor theRhineas aNatural frontiers,while preparing to reunifyDutch peoplewith its GermanVolkgeistto annex them), next to it was planned to include Northern France (modernNordandPas-de-Calais), then was re-annexed Alsace,Moselleand Lorraine, after that Nazi developed plans for the colonization of theZone interditeinSomme,AisneyArdenas(trying to re-Germanize "Romanized GermansofAustrasia"to establish a GermanicThioiscountry,like formerKingdom of ArlesandBurgundian Circle,that would be abuffer zonein West Germany),^[59]and finally theArmistice of 22 June 1940established conditions for the economical domination of France (while also developing the collaborationist regime ofVichy France) and anOccupation Zoneto construct theAtlantic WallagainstBritish naval supremacy(and for future expansion of German influence in Western Europe).^[60]^[56]Also it was considered to reward the Italians withthe occupationofCorsica,Nice,Savoyand other French territories claimed byItalian irredentiststhat wanted the frontier onMonaco.In a large-scale, theLatin nationsof Western and Southern Europe (Portugal,Spainand Italy) were to be eventually brought into a state of total German dependency and control from the OccupiedGreater France.^[51]

However, Nazi geopoliticians recognized the role of France as an historicalGreat powerof Europe sinceMiddle ages,believing that the total collapse of France could have catastrophic consequences for the totality of Europe, and also that both countries joining forces would be an imparable force to seize the domination of the continent (like didCarolingian Empire) after the eliminating Britain and Russia. Moreover, dominating France would serve to achieve aPhilosophicalandCulturaldomination ofWestern civilizationby taking advantage of theFrench philosophyandPolitical sciencepreponderance in Academical enviroments sinceAge of Enlightenment,which would serve to expand a Cultural and Fascist Revolution in a global scale in the future, wanting to make a superation of theModernityand theFrench Revolution(conserving itsClassical radicalismandJacobinproto-totalitariansocial-nationalism,but condemning itsConstitutionalistandBourgeois liberalelements that socavated and degenerated it).^[61]Although, Hitler in a pragmatic course of action, also was interested to take advantage ofReactionarymovements, likeAction Française,that were against theFrench Third Republic'sLiberal-Democraticvalues and so a powerful disidency without being instrumets of SovietCominternor Anglo-AmericanCapitalist Think tank,despiteNazi thinkersregretting to empowerTraditionalist conservatistthat were "clericalandaristocratic"bad elements with theirFederalist Custumalvalues which were against therevolutionaryandtotalitariancharacter of nazism and fascism (but recognising that, like inNational Catholic Francoist SpainwithCarlists TraditionalistsovercomingFalangists,there wasn't orthodox fascistFrench movementsthat were powerful or popular enough, being forced to make concessions to defenders of theAncien régimeagainstBourgeois status-quo), Nazi Germanys had hopes that in the future they could appropriate of the Vichy France'sRévolution nationale,purging theIntegral nationalismof those "Medieval" (Ultra-royalist,Ultramontanism),Legitimists/OrléanistandSocial Catholic Integralistelements, trying to introduceNazi ideologyby usingReactionary modernistandCrypto-fascistmovements and figures likeRevolutionary Social Movement,Jacques Doriotof theFrench Popular Party^[62]orMarcel Déatof theNational Popular Rally.^[63]The role of France in the New Order would be of aMagisterium of EuropetoFascistizeall Western countries (includyingAmericas).^[61]

Also Hitler had interest in the separatist movements that were resentful towardcentralism,anti-Catholicism/Anti-clericalismand coerciveFrancization(although Nazi supported those programs forPolitical modernizationof France, believing that it would empower them against the Allies), serving as a mean to menace French politicians with a possible punishment byFragmentingthe country, abolishing its right to be a modernnation stateand restoringFeudalismin France if they weren't collaborative to the German masters. Some of those were theBreton nationalism on World War II,giving some hopes to the establishment of aBreton national-state,usingBrittanyto domainVichy Franceand maybeNormandyin the future.^[64]

Concerning theDutch peopleandWalloonsofBenelux,Nazi Germany considered themAssimilable.^[65]So in the short-term was tolerated to give concessions to local fascist groups (likeVlaamsch Nationaal VerbondorNederlandsche Unie) that defended the independence of their countries within the New Order and sometimes desired German support for its own irredentist and imperialist claims (likeBelgian RexistsorNSM in the Dutch East Indies), seeing themselves asAssociated states.However, in the long-term Nazi Germany wanted the complete anexation of theDietsland(which was accelerated on late 1944 by creating theReichsgaue FlandernandWallonien)^[66]and so started theFlamenpolitik,which consisted in the dissolution of national identities by developing or supporting Germanist and radical groups (like theDeVlagorNational Socialist Movement of Netherlands) which seen theDutch peopleandFlemish peoplenot as independent nations, but as different regions that were part of the German race with only a particularGerman dialect[theDutch language]. Also those Germanist groups should beenAnti-clericalistand Revolutionary, instead ofClero-fascismand Conservatives (having 2 functions, to spread "orthodox fascism" that was anti-Reactionary,SecularandSindical,and to diminish their national identities associated withCatholicorCalvinisttradition), being promised those groups to be thesole partyrepresenting the Nazi unity in their regions.^[67]So, in the New Order,DutchandFlemish nationalismshould have to be turned into a mereprovincialism,don't allowing an independent Dutch way to National Socialism, just their forced incorporation into the Nazi German political structure.^[68]^[66]^[69]

Plans for Southern Europe

Iberian Peninsula

Spanish dictator GeneralFrancisco Francocontemplated joining the war on the German side. The SpanishFalangistsmade numerous border claims. Franco claimed French Basque departments,Catalan-speaking Roussillon,CerdagneandAndorra.^[70]Spain also wanted to reclaimGibraltarfrom the United Kingdom because of the symbolic and strategic value. Franco also called for the reunification ofMoroccoas a Spanish protectorate, the annexation of theOran districtfromFrench Algeria(this both belonged to Spain'sLebensraumin falangist circles)^[71]and large-scale expansion ofSpanish GuineathroughFrench Cameroon.This last project was especially unfeasible because it overlapped German territorial ambition to reclaimGerman Cameroon(which angered Hitler the Spanish dare, because he was planning on taking it back)^[72]and Spain would most likely be forced to give up Guinea entirely.^[73]Spain also sought federation withPortugalon common cultural and historical grounds (such as theIberian Union),^[74]even some Spanish nationalists claimed that "Geographically speaking, Portugal has no right to exist".^[71]

About a hypotheticalGreater Cataloniaindependent country proposed byAnarchistsonSpanish Civil War,the Nazis viewed that as an unacceptable possibility, because it would only help to secure French power in Mediterranean Sea, being a French policy sinceCharlemagneto establish a Catalan State as abuffer stateagainst the menace of the Iberian Peninsula. So, the Nazis, and especially Italians, were tolerable with the possibility of aGreater Spainin a strategic encirclement of France, considering Spain as Germany's natural ally once again (in reference toHabsburg SpainandHabsburg monarchyalliance) and that their rise of both powers depended on France's downfall. Nazis hoped to make Spain strong enough to be in an equal position like Mussolini's Italy and avoid the status of a Franco-British condominium in geopolitics, hoping that it would be unable to remain neutral in the new order, having to choose between the Italo-German coalition or a french coalition in the future.^[75]

During the summer of 1940, Hitler considered the possibility of occupying the Portuguese territories ofAzores,Cape Verde,andMadeiraand the SpanishCanary Islands,all of them in the Atlantic Ocean, in an effort to deny the British a staging ground for military actions against Nazi-controlled Europe.^[76]^[77]In September 1940, Hitler further raised the issue in a discussion with the Spanish Foreign MinisterSerrano Súñer,offering now Spain to transfer one of the Canary islands to German usage for the price ofFrench Morocco.^[77]Although Hitler's interest in the Atlantic islands must be understood from a framework imposed by the military situation of 1940, he ultimately had no plans of ever releasing these important naval bases from German control.^[77]Also, in the same month, Serrano Suñer visited Berlin to meet the German Foreign MinisterJoachim von Ribbentropto discuss how Spain might best enter the war on the Axis side. However, Serrano Suñer and Ribbentrop did not get along and they shortly after developed a big mutual hatred for each other. Then, Ribbentrop told Serrano Suñer that, in return for the Nazi military and economic aid, and theirallowingto Spain of the return of Gibraltar, the German Reich have to annex at least one of theCanary Islands(Ribbentrop stated that ideally Germans should have all of the Canaries, but was prepared to be magnanimous by taking only one). Also was stated that Nazis had to be allowed air and naval bases in Spanish Morocco with extraterritorial rights, the German companies receiving control of the Spanish mines and an economic treaty that would have turned Spain into aneconomic colonyof Germany. Serrano Suñer was shocked that Germans viewed Spain as a potentialsatellite stateinstead of an equal.^[71]

After the Spanish refusal to join the war afterMeeting at Hendaye(in which Hitler threatened Franco with a possible annexation of Spanish territory by Vichy France), Spain and Portugal were expected to beinvadedand become puppet states. They were to turn over coastal cities and islands in the Atlantic to Germany as part of theAtlantic Walland to serve as German naval facilities. Portugal was to cedePortuguese MozambiqueandPortuguese Angolaas part of the intendedMittelafrikacolonial project.^[78]

Mediterranean Europe

Also, Nazis supported with propaganda theLatin Blocproposed byMussoliniand approved byFrancisco Francoto create a "Rome-Madrid axis" withVichy FrenchleaderPetain.^[79]Their main objective was to defy Britain domain in theMediterranean region,expelling them fromGibraltar(to Spain),Malta(to Italy) andCyprus(to Italy or theHellenic State).^[80]However, Mussolini and Franco hoped to balance the power between Latin countries to avoid aGermanpreponderance.^[81]Mihai AntonescuinFascist Romaniashowed his support to the initiative in the summer of 1941, proposing an alliance between Romania with France, Italy, Spain and Portugal, which offered the expansion of Latin Block influence to theBlack SeaandDanubianthrough theCroatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship(restoring the FrenchCordon sanitaire,replacing UK and USA with Latingreat powers) while also developing a block powerful enough to stand up to Hitler and negotiate an armistice with the Western Allies in case Nazi Germany lost his projected war against the Soviets (in the long term it would serve to save from Soviet expansionism all the minor partners of the Nazis inEastern Europe,likeHungary,Croatia,Finland,etc), avoiding to being forced by Western Allies to restoreliberalismand maybe the collapse of Nazi Germany in a total defeat (although, being free of German influence).^[82]António de Oliveira Salazar,a personal friend of Petain, showed interest to the incorporation ofPortugalafter being invited by Vichy France, as Salazar was convinced that the Latin countries should play a full role and still join forces in the New Order after the Allies were defeated, not only for the development of anAnti-communistandAnti-Britishblock based in their common ideologies (founded onCorporatism,Clerical fascismand elements ofCatholic social teachingwithSyndicalism), but also for the inevitable conflict betweenPan-Latinism-MediterraneanismandPan-Germanism-Nordicismgeopolitical vision for theWestern civilisation.These very long-term intentions caused Nazi Germany to distrust the French state and tiedy to undermine the project by taking advantage of the amateurism of Vichy diplomacy.^[83]Also Vichy France tried to inviteVatican Cityin the Latin Bloc by arguing that in the long-term it would serve as anAnti-ProtestantandAnti-Jewishwhile also helpingTraditionalist Catholicismagainst the menace ofLiberal democracyfromNorthern Europeand the legacy ofFrench Revolution(as itsromanticizationwas beingacademically questionedin theRévolution nationalethat sought to found a post-republican France reconciled with theCatholic counterrevolution movement), butPope Pius XIIrefused to provide support to regimes that were openlyauthoritarian,caesaristand practiced "statolatry" (asCatholic ChurchcondemnedFascismin theNon abbiamo bisogno encyclical) while militarly actively collaborated withanti-SemiticNazi Germany and itsTotalitarianideologies (asNationalsocialismhas been condemned in theMit brennender Sorgeencyclical), not being able theHoly Seeto fully legitimize Vichy France, and its equivalentnationalcatholicclerical regimes, until thosereactionary modernistregimes practiced theCatholic integrismof itssocial doctrine,which involved their detachment fromnationalist ideologiesandpolitical modernism(and so, get out of the collaboration with the Axis Powers).^[84]

Plans for Northern Europe

Projects concerning Nordic Countries

Nazi philosophers had a greater esteem towardNordic countries,considering them obviousAryansdue to beingGermanic peoplesand also having a cultural brotherhood with the Reich since the times of theGermanic tribes,eulogizing theViking expansionandNordic colonialismas an example for Germans ofCentral Europe,being defined as "racially suitable". Even someones considered thatDanes,SwedesandNorwegianswere more racially and culturally pure thanSouthern GermanssinceProtestant reformation,due to being free ofHabsburg Austrian,Bavarian WittelsbachandCatholic teachingpromotion ofMiscegenationandPluriculturalism,moreover there were beliefs that Germany has a debt towardGothalandfor being the homeland ofGermanic race.Therefore, it was established that they deserved the most chivalrous and gentle treatment from the rest of the occupied countries, but without hesitating to deal with a firm hand any attempt of opposition or rivalry to the German domination.^[85]^[86]A key role to achieve its "logical absorbtion" to the Germanic Reich were theGermanic SS,having the responsibility to prepare the bases for a pro-Germanic elite withinScandinavian peoplesandDutch peoples.^[87]

Before the start of the war, Nazi Germany desired to establishNon-aggression pactswithFinland,Sweden,NorwayandDenmark(like theGerman–EstonianandGerman–Latvianones), althoughonly Denmark accepted.^[88]^[89]AfterGerman invasion of Denmarkandof Norway,the Reich claimed that it will "respect Danish sovereignty and territorial integrity, and neutrality" and that they were forced to do it to avoid theBlockade of Germany.Denmark was the only occupied country that mantained the continuity in the functions of its domestic institutions, being intact theFolketingand theDanish monarchyheaded byChristian X of Denmark,but carried a big pressure over Danish to be collaborative against Nazi enemies (like repressingDanish Communist Party), punishing them in theOperation Safariof 1943 for their resistance, which led to a German Putsch of their government and the disarming of the Danish defense.^[90]^[91]During German indirect rule of Denmark, they put pressure over them to turn it into an economically subordinate state, transfering industrial capital and the unemployed population of Denmark to Germany to help in the racial and economic necessities of the Reich. Nazi Germany was waiting for the opportunity to crackdown Danish state through represing civil unrests in the future.^[92]^[93]

In occupied Norway, Nazi Germany originally wanted to negotiate with the Norwegian government leaded byHaakon VII.However, then Germans established theQuisling regimeas a puppet state under the nominal leadership of thenorwegian fascistcollaborator,Vidkun Quisling(wanting a pan-European union led, but not dominated, by Germany), although the real power was in the hands of theReichskommissariat Norwegen,headed byJosef Terboven(who disliked the idea of sharing the power with Norwegians, but Hitler make pressure in favour of a shared domain in the short-term).^[94]However, the Nazi had never seen Norwegian fascists as equal, giving them the role of an occupying authority, but using them to bring false hopes of a possible independence of Norway, as Germans would hand over the sovereignty of Norway in the future as their northest province (although sometimes was considered to give a political independence if it could be useful temporarly).^[95]^[96]Also it was considered from theGermanic SSto supportNorwegian irredentist claimsto annex theFaroes,Orkney,Shetland,Outer Hebrides,Iceland(after a proposed invasion namedOperation Ikarus) and maybeGreenlandor at leastErik the Red's Land(although Hitler see it unrealistic in the short-term);^[97]most of them conditioned in the degree of collaboration of the Danes and the possibility to punish them by threatening theDanish colonial empireor in the level of militar contribution of Norwegians against a possible invasion ofScotland.^[98]^[99]Even were propossals to restore aNorwegian Colonial Empirein theNorth PoleandSouth Poleto defyRussian ArcticandBritish Antarctic claims,based in Norway prestigee onpolar expedition.^[100]Moreover, Nazi Germany was interested to support Norwegian expansionism overNorthern Russia,being reserved a territory namedAustrveg(based in theBjarmaland) which would be probably theKola Peninsula,while also Norway would contribuit with Norwegian settlers to assist the German ones in theLebensraum.^[101]^[102]^[103]Another possibilites were the expansion over Swedish territory in caseSweden in World War IIjoined the Allies and needed to be punished by the Germanic Reich, being considered the annexation ofJämtland,HärjedalenandBohuslänto Norway (rather as a puppet state or as a German province).^[104]^[105]In the future, it was planned to construct in Norway theNordstern city,inhabited mostly by Germans and serving for the global projection of naval power of the reich as a "German Singapore" over theNorth Atlanticarea, being inevitable a Germanexclavefor a future war against Atlantic Powers likeUnited Statesand the remains ofBritish Empire.^[106]

Concerning Sweden, it was considered through the war the possibility of a German invasion if Swedish neutrality wasn't useful and also to integrate Swedes to the Germanic Reich. In the long-term, Nazi plans for Sweden involucrated the exportation ofThe Holocaust,establishing concentration camps inSjöboandStora Karlsöand empower theNational Socialist Workers' Party.^[107]

Plans for Finland

Initially, the Reich respect the Finnish autonomy in the New Order, being useful to mantain them docile. However, when Fines considered to cut-off its alliance with Germany, the reich started to push pressure to make Finland aClient statecompletely dependent to Germany and avoiding the possibility of make a separate peace with the Allies and be a vassal state for the Reich in the New Order.^[108] Since theFinnish War of Liberation,theFinnish nationalistcodiciated^{[clarification needed]}the annexation ofEast Kareliainto theFinnish nation,and in theContinuation Warsome Finnish politicians suggested that they had the mission of not only recoverKarelian territories,but to liberate thetribal peoples of Finnicorigin from the tyranny of the Bolsheviks and the Russians, while also having a more defensive frontier with the expansion overKarelian IsthmustoKola Peninsula.Nazi Germany and racial investigators supported theFinnish irredentists(specially thePatriotic People's MovementandAcademic Karelia Society) as they could be useful to weaken the Soviet-Russian control (also due to wanting the German conquest ofNorthern RussiauntilArkhangelsk) and even helped Finnish ethnologists to find out what part of the Russian-speaking population was of the Finnish national population (Russified Karelians), and what part was of the non-national population (Russian settlers), taking the latter toconcentration campsfor their future expulsion (although Finnish government wasn't aware of the particular brutality ofNazi concentration camps,andthose administered by Finesprovided more humane treatment).^[109]^[110]In the short-term, a process offinlandizationandde-stalinizationhad to take place by organizing programs inVepsä,LydyandKarelian languagesonAunus Radio,bringing educators from Finland to teach them againstSoviet propaganda,make population exchanges in which the Germans transported 62,000Ingrian Finns,IzhoriansandVotiansto Finland (most of them voluntarly, escaping ofSoviet Genocide of the Ingrian Finns), and the development of aFinnish military administrationthat ironically developed a very effectivehealth care system(better than pre-war Soviet one, being less levels ofInfant mortalityandDisease). However, the areas were not legally annexed to Finland (despite German pressure), the parliament declared that only the areas lost in the Winter War belonged to Finland, while the "new provinces" were to wait until a peace treaty was concluded and also the investigation of theState Scientific Committee of Eastern Karelia.^[111]^[112]^[113]

"We don't dream of Novgorod or Moscow, the coasts of Syväri, Ääninen and Vienna are enough for us"
— Ilkka (Finnish newspaper)

Establishment of a Greater Germanic Reich

One of the most elaborate Nazi projects initiated in the newly conquered territories during this period of the war was the planned establishment of a "Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation" (Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation).^[115]This future empire was to consist of, in addition to Greater Germany, virtually all of historically Germanic Europe (exceptGreat Britain),whose inhabitantsthe Nazis believed to be "Aryan"in nature. The consolidation of these countries as mere provinces of the Third Reich, in the same manner in which Austria was reduced to the"Ostmark",was to be carried out through a rapidly enforced process ofGleichschaltung(synchronization). The ultimate intent of this was to eradicate all traces of national rather thanracialconsciousness, althoughtheir native languageswere to remain in existence.^[116]^[117]

Establishment of German domination in Southeast Europe

Immediately prior to Germany's invasion of theSoviet Union,five countries,Slovakia,Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria,andCroatiawere alreadyclient statesof Nazi Germany.Serbiawas under direct German military occupation andMontenegroandAlbaniawere under the occupation ofItaly.Greece was under directGerman-Italian military occupationbecause of the growingresistance movement.Although technically in the Italian sphere of influence,Croatiawas, in reality, acondominiumpuppet state of the two Axis powers, with Italy controlling the southwestern half, and Germany the northeastern half.^{[citation needed]}

Hitler observed that permanent German bases might be established inBelgrade(possibly to be renamed toPrinz-Eugen-Stadt) andThessaloniki.^[118]TheReichfestung Belgradhad been referred to in a "great secret memorandum" by Secretary of State and SS Brigade ChiefWilhelm Stuckartin 1941, being about the situation and future fate of Germany in the territories of the formerYugoslavia,based on scripts of 1939 fromWerner Lorenzand theHauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle.^[119]^[120]Names such asPrinz-Eugen-Gau, Reichsgau Banat, Donauprotektorat, Schwabenland, DonaudeutschlandorAutonomes Siebenbürgenwere proposed to designate said territory. This buffer state ofGermans of Serbiawould have been for the purpose of ensuring permanent German supremacy over the Danube basin, and then, to plan an economic reorganization of the Balkans. The resettlement of Germans in this administrative division was planned to be the logical consequence.^[121]^[122]^[123]

Even without the annexation of the Banat to theGreater Germanic Reich,theSoutheast Europeanstates would have remained only formally independent, while in reality their economic and military domination would have gravitated as satellites in the German hegemonic orbit, in a similar dependency like theMitteleuropaplans of World War I.^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Lebensraum in Eastern Europe

And so we National Socialists consciously draw a line beneath the foreign policy tendency of our pre-War period. We take up where we broke offsix hundred years ago.We stop the endless German movement to the south and west, and turn our gaze toward the land in the east. At long last we break off the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-War period and shift to the soil policy of the future. If we speak of soil in Europe today, we can primarily have in mind only Russia and hervassal border states.
— Adolf Hitler inMein KampfonLebensraumin the East.^[124]

Adolf Hitler inMein Kampfargued in the chapter "Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy" that the Germans neededLebensraumin the East and described it as a "historic destiny" which would properly nurture the future generations of Germans. Hitler believed that "the organization of a Russian state formation was not the result of the political abilities of the Slavs in Russia, but only a wonderful example of the state-forming efficacity of the German element in an inferior race." Hitler spoke on 3 February 1933 to the staff of the army and declared that Germany's problems could be solved by "the conquest of new living space in the east and its ruthless Germanization".^[125]His earlier invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland can be directly connected to his desire for Lebensraum inMein Kampf.^{[citation needed]}

Implementation of the long-term plan for the New Order was begun on June 22, 1941 withOperation Barbarossa,the invasion of the Soviet Union. The goal of the campaign was not merely the destruction of the Soviet regime—which the Nazis considered illegitimate and criminal—but also the racial reorganization ofEuropean Russia,outlined for the Nazi elite in theGeneralplan Ost( "General Plan for the East" ).^[126]Nazi party philosopherAlfred Rosenberg(who, incidentally, protested against the inhumane policy shown toward theSlavs^[127]) was theMinister for the Eastern Territories,the person nominally in charge of the project, andHeinrich Himmler,head of the SS, was assigned to implement the General Plan for the East which detailed the enslavement, expulsion, andexterminationof the Baltic peoples and Slavic peoples.^{[citation needed]}

Furthermore, Hitler hoped to turn Germany into a total blockade-proofautarkyby exploiting the vast resources lying in Soviet territories: Ukraine was to provide grain, vegetable oil, fodder,iron ore,nickel,manganese,coal,molybdenum;Crimeanatural rubber,citrus fruit,cotton; the Black Sea fish, and the Caucasus crude oil.^[128]

By 1942, the quasi-colonial regimes called theGeneral GovernmentinPoland,theReichskommissariat Ostlandin theBaltic statesandBelarus,and theReichskommissariat UkraineinUkrainehad been established. Three more administrative divisions were envisaged: aReichskommissariat Moskowienthat would include the majority ofEuropean Russia,aReichskommissariat Kaukasienin theCaucasus,and aReichskommissariat Turkestanin Soviet Central Asia. This policy was accompanied by theannihilationof the entireJewishpopulation (theFinal Solution), as well as the enslavement of their Slavic inhabitants, who it was planned, would be made slave laborers on the estates be granted to SS soldiers after the conquest of European Russia. Each of these SS "soldier peasants"was expected to father at least seven children.^[129]However, about the threat in the short-term for the Anti-Soviet indigenous population (Balts,Eastern Slavs,Finno-Ugric,Caucasian peoples,Turkic peoples,Kalmyksand others) there were inner conflicts between Rossenberg'sMinister for the Eastern Territoriesand Hitler'sReichskommissariatswith Himmler'sSS.The first ones supported aPragmaticmoderation and being a bit gentle with the inferior races, trying to take advantage ofAnti-Soviet sentimentbetween the oppressed peoples byStalinandBolshevistregime (proposingland reformofdecollectivizationand a degree of autonomy only at municipal level), so theUntermenschwould see Germans as their liberators and would make easier the conquest, postponing their annihilation and enslavement until German control was consolidated. The second ones supported a radical and brutal approach, disdaining the idea of giving social and political concessions to pro-German collaborators, assuming that the conquest would be an easy and fast victory, soUntermenschshould had to get used to servitude to their new Aryan masters instead of deluding them into the idea of being partners of the Reich, seeing them only as object of exploitation.^[130]

German women were encouraged to have as many children as possible to populate the newly acquired Eastern territories. To encourage this fertility policy, theLebensbornprogram was expanded and the state decoration known as theGold Honor Cross of the German Motherwas instituted, which was awarded to German women who bore at least eight children for the Third Reich. There was also an effort byMartin Bormannand Himmler to introduce new marriage legislation to facilitate population growth, which would have allowed decorated war heroes to marry an additional wife.^[131]Himmler envisaged a German population of 300,000,000 by 2000.^{[citation needed]}

Plans for Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine

Rosenberg viewed the political goal of Operation Barbarossa as not merely the destruction of the Bolshevik regime, but the "reversing of Russian dynamism" towards the east (Siberia) and the freeing of the Reich of the "eastern nightmare for centuries to come" by eliminating the Russian state, regardless of its political ideology.^[132]The continued existence of Russia as a potential instigator ofpan-Slavismand its suggestive power over other Slavic peoples in the fight between "Germandom" and "Slavism" was seen as a major threat, so Russian nation should be dissolved.^[133]This was to be solved by exploiting ethnic centrifugal forces and limiting the influence of "Greater Russiandom" (Großrussentum) by promoting segmentation in the manner ofdivide and conquer.^{[citation needed]}

In a memorandum sent to Rosenberg in March 1942, Nazi anthropologistOtto Recheargued for the disappearance of 'Russia' both as an ethnic and political concept, and the promotion of a new plethora of ethnicities based onmedieval Slavictribes such as theVyatichsandSeverians.^[133]EvenWhite Ruthenia,and in particular Ukraine ( "in its present extent" ) he deemed to be dangerously large.^[133]TheBelarusianswere perceived by Alfred Rosenberg as "the most harmless and because of this the least dangerous for us of all the peoples in the Eastern Space ",which implied that were the easiest one to exploit and dissolve, using their territory to agglomerate undesirable ethnics and traitorous Aryans (anti-Nazi), and finally turnBelarus territoryin aNature reserve,serving as natural barrier to protect the projeceted Germanized Baltic Region from the non-assimilable peoples.^[134]

Heinrich Himmlerhad already advocated for such a general policy towards Eastern Europe in 1940.^[135]A top-secret memorandum in 1940 from Himmler entitled "Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Peoples in the East" expressed that the Germans must splinter as many ethnic splinter groups inGerman-occupied Europeas possible, includingUkrainians,"White Russians" (Belarusians),Gorals(seeGoralenvolk),Lemkos,andKashubiansand to find all "racially valuable" people and assimilate them in Germany.^[135]The Eastern Ministry responded that Reche's emphasis on the plurality of ethnic groups in the Soviet Union was correct "in itself", but was skeptical about his proposal to resurrect obscure and extinct nationalities.^[133]He defended his proposal by arguing that "[sic] in the area of ethnicity much has already been successfully brought back to life!", but inquired as to whether names connected with the main towns in each area might serve this role instead.^[133]A memo date written byErhard Wetzelfrom theNSDAP Office of Racial Policyadministration, in April 1942 details the splitting up ofReichskommissariat Moskowieninto very loosely tied Generalkommissariats.^[2]The objective was to undermine the national cohesion of the Russians by promoting regional identification; a Russian from the Gorki Generalkommissariat was to feel that he was different from a Russian in the Tula Generalkommissariat.^[2]In July 1944, Himmler orderedErnst Kaltenbrunner,the head of theRSHA,to begin the exporting of the faith of theJehovah's Witnessesto the occupied east.^[136]Himmler considered the Jehovah's Witnesses to be frugal, hard-working, honest and fanatic in theirpacifism,and he believed that these traits were extremely desirable for the suppressed nations in the east^[136]– despite some 2,500 and 5,000 Jehovah's Witnessesbecoming victims of the Holocaust.^{[citation needed]}

Also, a source of discussion in the Nazi circles was the replacement of theCyrillic letterswith theGerman Alpha bet.^[137]Also was planned to rename Russian places with German names, likeNovgorodasHolmgard(trying to justify with the cultural influence of medievalHanseatic Leagueon North Russia).^[138]A series of "semantic guidelines" published by theGerman Interior Ministryin 1942 declared that it was permissible to use the word 'Russia' only in a reference to the "Petersburg empire"ofPeter the Greatand its follow-ups until theRevolution of 1917.^[133]The period from 1300 to Peter the Great (theGrand Duchy of Moscowand theTsardom of Russia) was to be called the "Muscovite state", while post-1917 Russia was not to be referred to as an empire or a state at all; the preferred terms for this period were "bolshevik chaos" or "communist elements".^[133]Furthermore, historic expressions such asLittle Russia(Ukraine),White Russia(Belarus/White Ruthenia),Russian Sea(for theBlack Sea), andRussian Asia(forSiberiaandCentral Asia) were to be absolutely avoided as terminology of the "Muscovite imperialism".^[133]"Tatars"was described as a pejorative Russian term for theVolga,Crimean,andAzerbaijan Turkswhich was preferably to be avoided, and respectively replaced with the concepts "Idel (Volga)-Uralian","Crimean Turks ", andAzerbaijanis.^[133]

Plans for Baltic Region

Baltic peoples(Estonians,LatviansandLithuanians) were seen as mostly assimilable in a long-term by the Nazi anthropologists^[139]and were considered to have a process of Germanization in a future, inspired in theOstsiedlungandGermanization of PrussiawithinOld Prussians,and then being turned into racially valuable settlers. In the short-term, those peoples would have a bit level of local government under a "National Director" (Reichskomissar) in Estonia, a "General Director" in Latvia, and a "General Adviser" in Lithuania. Also it was seen that Germans fromTeutonic StateandHanseatic League(sinceNorthern CrusadestoPolish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War), along with the Germanic brothers ofSwedishandDanish(untilGreat Northern War), were the masters ofBaltic regionduring 700 years, until they were gradually overrun bySlavswithPolonizationandRussificationon theBaltic GovernoratesofCourland-Semigallia,LivoniaandEstland,so it gave an historical right for theGreater Germanic Reichto restore its influence and get theDominium maris baltici,in whichBaltic Germanswould had a key role in that plans, restoring them as political elites in aGermanized protectorateprior to union with propper Germany in a near future (being considered the most easy region of the USSR to be turned in a permanent form of administration).^[140]^[141]

Originally theReichskommissariat Ostlandwas going to be called "Reichskommissariat Baltenland"to secure the support of native Baltics to Germany, but due to the inclusion ofWest Belarus(withIngria,Smolensk,Pskov,andNovgorod) as a planned hinterland for the occupied Baltic region, it was considered inapropiate to give false hopes to slavicuntersmenschto be considered assimilable as most of them weren'tBalto-Slavs,and also serving as a message against baltic nationalists that wanted the restoration of their national independences or the respect of their own terminology (although Rossenger andGeorg Leibbrandtprotested these decisions, as the sympathy from the Baltics will be lost).^[142]DuringGerman Occupation of the Baltic states,after the Baltic collaborators stopped to being useful, Nazi disarmed nationalist groups like theLithuanian Activist Front,Latvian PērkonkrustsorEstonian Defence League,while also (after a brief toleration) influenced to dismantle their attempts to develop their own political structures as pro-German states, like theProvisional Government of Lithuania,theLatvian diplomatic service in exileorJüri Uluots's Estonian cabinet.^[143]^[144]Finally were divided into fourGeneralbezirke(General Districts) ruled by German civil administrators that repressed bothSoviet partisansand Baltic independentists (like theLithuanian partisansof theSupreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania,Latvian Central CouncilorNational Committee of the Republic of Estonia).^{[citation needed]}

Plans for the Caucasus

Some of the priorities for Hitler in the conquest of the Lebensraum was to conquer theCaucasusregion, as it was economically important for itsoil refineries(specially onBaku) and would help theeconomy of Nazi Germanythat lacked prime resources (and also depriving theSoviet Unionof a vital one like oil),^[145]but also was a strategical territory to seizure of the domain ofSouthern Russiaand establishing a German presence in theGreater Middle East(planning a future Nazi intervention ofMiddle EastandCentral Asiato reachBritish Rajand the Japanese Allies). So, Nazi Germany was open to give concessions to some non-slavic Untermenschnations (such asChechens,DaghestaniorAzerbaijanis) that wereanti-Russian,so facilitating the establishment of a German Sphere of Influence in Asia from theReichskommissariat Kaukasien(which would had a territory fromVolga-DontoIran-Turkeyborders).^[146]That concessions to thePeople of Caucasuswould involve the creation of sub-national entities as "autonomous" units in the German Reich (giving some privileges to the members of theNational Socialist Party of the North Caucasian Brothers) unlike the rest of the Reichskomimisariats,^[147]^[148]and maybe the restoration of theSouth Caucasusstates under German Protectorate, avoiding intimidation to Iran and Turkey.^[149]^[150]

AboutArmenia:Armenian nationalistshighly supported Germans due toAnti-Sovietism,seeing them as their liberators againstBolsheviks.^[151]^[152]The Nazis made vague promises to restoreGreater Armenia,but were attracted to establish a pro-Axis Armenian puppet state against Russian resistance and tomenace Turkeyin case they joined theAllies,so was recognized anArmenisches Nationales Gremium(Armenian National Council) leaded by formerARFleaderDrastamat Kanayan.^[153]^[154]However, Hitler preferred to supportKemalist Turkish nationalists(even defending theArmenian genocide) andIslamistrather than a weak and small country that was condemed toPolitical instabilityfor being a Christian nation surrounded by Muslims, criticizing Nazis who idealized Armenians due to its formerimperial glory,being classified asAryan race(although with suspicion and distrust towards them), or for Christian friendship sentimentalism, while also Hitler saw Armenians as "Levantine traitors" due to being traders andHebraizated.^[155]After noticing that Germans were another opressor and also having dislike toward fascism since the start (excepting some superficial resemblances withTseghakronism), the Armenian support start to decline afterBattle of Stalingrad,and also German plans to give them an space in the New Order too, being settled that Armenians would be main commissariats (Hauptbezirke) of comparably little importance in theReichskommissariat Kaukasien.^[151]^[156]^[157]
Though the Armenian prisoners of war and refugees were somewhat discriminated against, the ultimate status of Armenia remained an academic problem because the Germans never reached it.
— Alexander Dallin
AboutGeorgia:The most interested inGeorgian nationalismwasFascist Italy,which wanted to turn a restoredGeorgian Monarchy(like the proposed byUnion of Georgian Traditionalists) in an Italian Protectorate like theAlbanian one,being part of a plan to establish a Sphere of Influence there to restore the Italian power of theMaritime republicsin theBlack Seaand linking it toMediterranean Seageopolitics to a future domination of Turkey andEastern Mediterranean.^[158]However, Nazi Germany also gave them influence on the Nazi cabinet asTbilisiwas the capital of the Reichskommissariat, although their intentions to convince Germans for a Caucasia dominated by Georgians wasn't effective, but convinced Nazi to consider them Aryans (but Hitler always doubted of it) and being promised to have a privileged possition in the New Order (sometimes with promises of having an independent national state, but by the condition to nazify national organizations likeTetri Giorgi).^[156]^[157]^[159]
AboutAzerbaijan:Hitler personally wanted to give it andDagestantoPahlavi Iran(but withExtraterritorial rightsto maintain the economical control of Baku's Oil with permission to had military bases for a German Fleet in the Caspian Sea), however most of Nazi leaders wanted to fully conquer it and be the jewel of the Lebensraum (expelling theTurkic peoplestoCentral AsiaorIranian Azerbaijan), but were willingly to also made it a pro-Axis client state if it was necessary (but impeding the possibility to be given to a possible pro-AxisTurkey). Proposals to develop aNational Committee of Azerbaijanwere rejected and Nazi Germany was against any Azerbaijani national state in the New Order (but finally recognized a nominal Azerbaijani state in 1945 to instigate theOstlegionenagainst Stalin).^[160]

Re-settlement efforts

By 1942, Hitler's empire encompassed much of Europe, but the territories annexed lacked population desired by the Nazis.^[161]After Germany had acquired herLebensraum,she now needed to populate these lands according to Nazi ideology and racial principles.^[161]This was to be accomplished before the end of the war by a "reordering of ethnographical relations".^[161]The initial step of this project had already been taken by Hitler on 7 October 1939, when Himmler was named the Reich Commissar for the Consolidation of Germandom (Reichskommissarfür die Festigung deutschen Volkstums) (RKFDV) (see alsoHauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle,VoMi)^[161]This position authorized Himmler to repatriate ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) living abroad tooccupied Poland.^[161]Himmler's jurisdiction as the guardian of theVolksdeutschere-settlement efforts was increased to other occupied territories to be Germanized as the war continued. To make room for the German settlers, hundreds of thousands of Poles and French living in these lands were transferred across borders.^[162]The great majority of Himmler'sVolksdeutschewere acquired from the Soviet sphere of interest under theGerman–Soviet "population exchange" treaty.^[162]

At the end of 1942 a total of 629,000Volksdeutschehad been re-settled, and preparations for the transfer of 393,000 others were underway.^[162]The long-term goal of the VoMi was the resettlement of a further 5.4 millionVolksdeutsche,mainly fromTransylvania,Banat,France,HungaryandRomania.^[162]The immigrants were classified either as racially or politically unreliable (settled inAltreich), of high quality (settled in theannexed eastern territories) or suitable for transit camps.^[162]Himmler encountered considerable difficulties with theVolksdeutscheof France and Luxembourg, who often wished to retain their former status as citizens of their respective countries.^[162]Moreover, it was considered to have help from otherGermanic peoplesoutsideGermans,likeDanes,Swedes,Norwegians,DutchandBritishcollaborators. An example was theNederlandsche Oost-Compagnie(a German-Dutch organization) that send Dutch settlers toPskovto help in the Germanic re-settlement of Lebensraum.^[140]

Settlement/resettlement figures on 1 June 1944^[163]
Territory of origin	Total	Re-settled in annexed eastern territories
Estonia and Latvia	76,895	57,249
Lithuania	51,076	30,315
Volhynia,Galicia, Narew	136,958	109,482
Eastern Government-General	32,960	25,956
Bessarabia	93,342	89,201
NorthernBukovina	43,670	24,203
Southern Bukovina	52,149	40,804
Dobruja	15,454	11,812
Romania, Regat	10,115	1,129
GottscheeandLjubljana	15,008	13,143
Bulgaria	1,945	226
Residual Serbia	2,900	350
Russia	350,000	177,146
Greece	250
Bosnia	18,437	3,698
Slovakia	98
South Tyrol	88,630	Reich, Protectorate, Luxembourg: 68,162
France	19,226	Alsace, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Reich, Protectorate: 9,572
Total	1,009,113	662,448

Plans outside Europe

Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany had two mean of operations to extend itsSphere of influenceoutside Europe, consisting on intergovernmental diplomacy from theForeign Ministriesof each country with theirConsulates,while also developing propaganda and subversive through unofficial agencies linked to Axis Powers, like theFascist League of North Americaor theAusland-Organization(foreign organisations) branch of the Nazi Party. Serving to establish the political and economic hegemony of the Axis Powers in selected countries, using them to expand Axis Powers influence through theirContinents.^[164]

Plans for Africa

Hitler's geopolitical thoughts aboutAfricaalways occupied a secondary position to his expansionist aims in Europe itself. His public announcements prior to outbreak of the war that Germany'sformer coloniesbe returned to it served primarily as bargaining chips to further territorial goals in Europe itself. Africa was nevertheless expected to fall under German control in some way or another after Germany had first achieved supremacy over its own continent.^[165]However, Hitler's interest in African colonies were mostly for reasons of international prestige by pressure from the German elites, but he himself was indifferent and ever opposed the to the creation a German colonial policy in Africa while it wasn't fulfilling theDrang nach Osten(a colonial policy overEastern Europe), being convinced that African affairs would be a distraction from Germany's real economic needs in secure theLebensraum,railing againstWilhelmine Germanyfor its lack of long-term vision in wanting to imitate BritishThalassocracyand gaining a lot of enemies through all theWorld,as he believed that the German Reich was determined by history and geography to practice aContinentalist Geopolitics(praising the imperialist vision ofOtto Von BismarckorFrederick the Great,both opposed to the development ofoverseas empiresand closer to the "authentic Germanic imperial character" that existed in theHoly Roman EmpireunderHohenstaufenandOttomans,or in theGermanic invasions) unlikeWestern Europeanstates that were conditioned to cross theAtlantic Ocean.^[166]

"We are stopping the eternal Germanic migration to southern and western Europe and are turning our attention to the lands of the east. We are finally putting an end to the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-war period and moving towards the agrarian policy of the future"
— Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (1926)

"On the question of colonial policy, he agreed with my point of view: worthy commemorations, but not to the extent that they can be seen as the 'beginning of a new colonial policy'."
— Alfred Rosenberg, his Diary on May 15, 1934^{[non-primary source needed]}

Plans for the establishment of an African colonial dominion

However, in a global perspective, Hitler's overall intentions for the future organization of Africa divided the continent into three overall. The northern third was to be assigned to itsItalian ally(believing that his natural geopolitics pointed towards theMediterranean-Red Searegion, alikeRoman Empire,and that Germany should respect that as long as Italy didn't betray them), while the central part would fall under German rule, based in restoring formerMittelafrikaprojects. The remaining southern sector would be controlled by a pro-NaziAfrikanerstate built on racial grounds.^[165]In March 30 of 1933, on a reunion with the president of theGerman Colonial Society,Heinrich Schnee,Hitler promised support to the Germans abroad in the former colonies (specially in formerTogolandandKamerun).^[167]

"As for our overseas colonies, we have by no means abandoned colonial aspirations; this problem must also be resolved fairly. There are many things that Germany must get from the colonies, and we need colonies as much as any other country"
— Adolf Hitler, British newspaper "Sunday Express" of January 30, 1933

In the Long-Term, Nazi Germany was planning to create a system ofKolonialkanonenboot(Colonial gunboat) with the aim of parking them in the restored oversea colonies, that would serve to restore theStationsdienstof theGerman Empire,which was a system of German ports in foreign territory [Auslandsstationen] for tasks in foreign waters to protect German commercial and colonial interests, and thus securingsea routesaround the world for military and economical reasons on a larger ang global geopolitical scale against the naval power of othergreat powerslikeBritish Empire,French EmpireandUnited States(alsoItalian EmpireandJapanese empirein the future).^[168]^[169]^[170]It is theorized that was complementary to thePlan Zof theKriegsmarineand its efforts to be a fleet worthy of a world power, alikeBritish Royal Navy.^[171]^[172]

In the Short-Term, Nazi Germany wanted only to gain international prestige, satisfy the nationalists demands of theKolonialrevisionismusmovement,the economical necessities of an expansiveBourgeoisie,and the political ones of former German Colonial Classes, both German ex-Colonial rulers and the ex-subjectedAfro-Germansthat maintained his loyalty to the Reich (Nazis desired to return them to Africa, so that they would not contaminate German culture and racial purity, while also achieving a propaganda effect of the benevolence ofNazi racial policiestoward Black Peoples). March 1935 was the first time that the return of former German colonies were put into official negotiations by Nazi Germany to the representatives of the British government, and so the "colonial question" remained a constant (while relatively minor) topic of negotiation between the German and British governments.^[173]On February 4, 1936, Hitler publicly demanded the cession of two colonies in exchange for continued "active German friendship" with Great Britain.^[167]^[174]Great Britain urged Germany to "come to terms" first with parts of theBelgian,PortugueseandDutch colonial empires,trying to avoid the claims.^[175]After pressures, England would only agree to the return of the colonies to Germany if they were declaredmandates of the League of Nations(avoiding arming the natives) and demanding economic compensations. However, Hitler wanted the return of the colonies without compensation of any kind, because the German colonies had also been expropriated from Germany without compensation. On March 3, 1938, British ambassadorNevile Hendersonpresented Adolf Hitler a colonial offer on behalf of his Prime MinisterNeville Chamberlain,consisting in the redistribution of all ofCentral Africa(below the 5° parallel and above theZambezi) in an international administration of Africa on the basis of common economic and humanitarian principles. British offered that, in addition to some of its former colonies, Germany was also to receive part of Portuguese and Belgian colonial possessions, compensating also the loss of other colonies. However, Nazi Germany wasn't interested in a shared domain and much less to loss its original colonies that still hadGermanvolkisch,Hitler personally asked whether it would not be easier to return Germany its former colonies instead to make Belgium and Portugal believe that Germany was eager for other people's property.^[175]TheGerman Civil Service Federationbegan training courses for colonial officials in 1938 and in October 1938 was founded the first colonial policy training center of the Reich as theNSDAP Office of Colonial Policy (KPA)opened a see inLadenburg,near Berlin. The KPA since September 1936 was developing courses to"form a team of colonial experts who will pass on their knowledge to others",with the main goal to train administrative personnel for the former colonies that were expected to return sooner to German rule since the start of negotiations with the British. Also theReich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propagandastarted to use the term "German Colonies" instead of "Lost Colonies" or "Former Colonies" since February 14, 1939. Beside, in March 9, 1939, Hitler commissioned the head of the NSDAP's Office for Colonial Policy,Franz Ritter von Epp,to re-stablish aReich Colonial Officeto the management of the colonies in Africa, which would later become aReich Colonial Ministrythat would be located in theNeuer Marstallunder Hitler's order in March 1941. Also, by decree of Heinrich Himmler on 14 January 1941, aColonial Police Officewas established under the command ofKarl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch,while in March 1941 afirst colonial police school(withHelbert Jilskias his commander) was inaugurated on theOranienburg Palace(near Berlin), and in January 1942 was opened the second one in Vienna. Moreover was founded aTechnical school of foreign trade and colonial merchantsin Bremen on November 1942, with the goal to imitateHanseatic Leaguein a colonial scale. Finally, Hitler stated that he wanted to develop special forces in Africa like theSchutzstaffelor former, preferring to just moving personnel directly from theWehrmachtto develop a German Colonial Army.^[173]^[170]

Concerning the partition of the Africancoloniesfrom theAllied Powers(TheFrench colonial empireandBelgian colonial empire,in which branches of theNazi colonial officeswere established) that were defeated on theFall of France,it was expected that it would be a territory bigger than the formerGerman colonial empire.In that ideal,Franz Haldertold directly to Hitler himself (on July 13, 1940) that:"TheFrenchandBelgian Congowill be claimed for us. "Also, when a fast victory againstBritish Empirewas a possibility,Joachim von Ribbentroptraveled to Italy in September 1940 with the mission to start negotiations about the division of Africa after a victorious end to the war with Great Britain. According to those conversations, was agreed that all ofCentralandSouthern Africawould go to GermanySphere of influence,whileWestandNorth Africato Italy's one, with the exception ofGreater Morocco,which was considered to be given toFrancoist Spain's one or restore its independence as aBuffer state.^[170]

North Africa

The Nazis consided that to rule North Africa, first, they needed to collaborate with the fascists fromItaly,SpainandFrance,and then, use the localMaghrebpopulations andIslamic nationalistas bargaining chips, spreading the idea that Germany was their savior from the other empires and thus have a meaning to put pressure on their partners (in the long term, potential rivals to dominate alike theirArabsubjects).^[176]Nazi Germany was fine to giveItalian Empirethe primacy onNorth Africaand also the complete control ofEast Africa(except formerGerman East Africa), being a contiguous Empire from the coasts ofTunisiato the ones inGreater Somalia,fulfillingMussolini's imperial ambitions.This was due to an old German-Italian exchange on colonial projects in Africa, provocating that German military plans during the Nazi era were more oriented towards Italian Africa than towards the formerGerman Africa.^[177]^[169]Even courses for German colonial officers were being held by the Italian colonial police school inTivoli.^[178]Moreover, Mussolini codiciated to gain control overSpanish Morocco,Ceutaand theBalearic Islands,without having opposition from Nazi Germany.^[179]^[180]

On the division of French African colonies, between the Spanish and Italian governments, Hitler refused to provide any official promises during the war, fearful of losing the support ofVichy France.However, the cession ofFrench TunisiaandFrench Djiboutito the Italians was considered inevitable in the future. Also, in theMeeting at Hendaye,Hitler personally and secretly promised toFrancisco FrancothatSpanish Empirein Africa would gain territories over the remnants ofFrench West Africa,only in the condition ofSpain entry in World War 2,^[181]^[182]but showing his displeasure with the exaggerated demands of theSpanish Africanists(Spain wantedMorocco,North West Algeria,MauritaniaandCameroon)^[183]and trying to be the most ambiguous possible in the hypothetical compromises over Spain to avoid infuriate Mussolini andPétain's ambition overNorth Africa(Germans even believed that Vichy France was better able to defend itself from a British attack thanFrancoist Spain), and also maintaining in secret that Nazi Germany wanted to expel Spaniards fromEquatorial Guineaor theCanary Islands,as Hitler wanted to conquer both for Germany in a future Atlantic Policy againstNorth Americaafter winning the War (considering to compensate Spain withBritish Sierra Leone,WestBritish Nigeriaor pro-AlliesLiberia). However, Hitler recognized Spain's Moroccan ambitions and considered to giveFrench MoroccotoSpanish Moroccoin theOperation Felix,as legally France wasn't owner of Morocco according toTreaty of Fes,which recognized the nominal sovereignty of theMoroccan sultan/who granted powers to the French occupiers by his concession), but it was considered that eventuality only if Spain was militarily competent in theMediterranean Theatreto deserve be awarded by Germany, and also by Spain giving privileges to Germans for military bases onAgadirandMogador^[183]and the trade control of Morocco (in a relation ofEconomic colonialism,something that Vichy France, neither an Independent Moroccan Sultanate, wouldn't accept, as it was a preliminary step towards a total German conquest).^[184]^[185]Also Francoist Spain was developing theOperation Cisnerosto instigate arab-berber insurrections againstFrench Algeriato restore the domain ofSpanish Oran,trying to convince Germany or at least Italy, but both rejected to support it.^[186]Although the German despise for Spain in the plans of New Order,Vichy Francemade important concessions to Spain and made efforts to maintain cordial relations with Madrid to prevent Germany from changing its mind and dismantling the French colonial empire in order to incorporate Francoist Spain into the Axis and then partition the rest of French Oversea territories with Italy.^[187]

"Hitler's colonial ambitions for a vast Central African empire with bases in the Canary Islands and Spanish Morocco as staging posts were more important to him than good relations with Franco"
— Paul Preston

Central Africa

In 1940 thegeneral staffof theKriegsmarine(navy) produced a much more detailed plan accompanied by a map showing a proposed Germancolonial empiredelineated in blue (the traditional color used in German cartography to indicate the German sphere of influence as opposed to the red or pink that represented theBritish Empire) insub-Saharan Africa,extending from theAtlantic Oceanto theIndian Ocean.^[188]Those plans were inspired by the publications of the nazi juristWilhelm Crohnein the "Deutscher Colonial Service"(based on theMittelafrikaexpansionist goals of theSecond reich), in which he also warned of the dangers of "racial mi xing" that occurred under the influence of the Christian Churches in the colonies.^[189]The proposed domain was supposed to fulfill the long-sought territorial German goal ofMittelafrika,and even further beyond. It would provide a base from which Germany would achieve a pre-eminent position on the African continent just as the conquest of Eastern Europe was to achieve a similar status over the continent of Europe. This Nazi Germany "Kolonialreich nach Plänen" consisted of establishing aSphere of influencein a territory from theAtlanticto theIndian Ocean,being the modern:Ghana(Gold Coast),Benin(Dahomey),Togo,westernNigeria,southernNiger,Cameroon,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Rwanda,Urundi,Chad,Central African Republic,Uganda,southernKenya,Tanzania,Zambia,MalawiandNamibia.^[176]Portuguese Africa (AngolaandMozambique) was meant to be partitioned in a future, after being consolidated the German Colonial power in Namibia and Tanzania.

In contrast to territories that were to be acquired in Europe itself (specificallyEuropean Russia), these areas were not envisaged as targets for extensive German population settlement. The establishment of a vast colonial empire was to serve primarily economic purposes, for it would provide Germany with most natural resources that it would not be able to find in its continental possessions, as well as an additional nearly unlimited supply of labor.Racialist policieswould nevertheless be strictly enforced on all inhabitants (meaning segregation of Europeans and blacks and punishing of interracial relationships) to maintain "Aryan"purity, while natives would live on black men's camp. The"Reich Colonial Law"of July 10, 1940 defined the expected German colonies as"territory of theGerman Reich"and stated that"are economic components of the German economy as a whole."The colonial population was to be classified into"Germans, Natives and Strangers."The Germans were automatically considered"German citizens and citizens of the Reich",the Natives were legally defined as"warded persons of the Reich",and the Strangers were further subdivided into"strangers of related [German] blood, strangers of unrelated blood, andmixed-race people."^[190]

However, also Nazi Germany wanted to develop aPaternaliststrategy towards theAfricaninhabitants, trying to transform them in "loyal pupils" by a culturalGermanizationand economically developing them to the extent that it was useful to the white Germans, based in the threatment thatAfro-Germanshad in theGerman Africa Show(aNazi Propagandaprogram that emphasize the connection between the former African neighborhoods and the German colonial rulers while at the same time their inferiority). For example, Nazis praised the Africanaskarisoldiers who had fought for Germany in theWorld War I,which deserved to be awarded according to his contribution to the Reich (providing colonial immigrants, who were declared stateless, a solution to their difficulty in finding work), while also being without basic rights and living on a "strictly closed community" that was part of aHuman zoosystem (in which they could still practise their native customs while serving also as an spectacle for theAryansby witnessing folklore festivals ofsubhumans), and also being punished the Inter-Racial Marriages and Sexual Relationships with White Germans.^[191]The main goal was to giveBlack people,which would beApatridand without legal protection, the opportunity toSocial climbingand earn money while at the same time keep them under state control, forcing the Africans to serve Nazi Germany if they wanted to be treated in a civilized manner by their Aryan masters, or be disposable and expelled ofWestern civilization,so return to live in the uncivilized natural condition of their race, asNazi Philosophersthought thaturbanizationwas against thenomadicnature of black race and that explained the apparent lack ofAfrican civilizationsinSub-Saharan Africa.Nazi Thinkers believed that so Germany could fight againstAnti-German prejudicesof colonialdespotismin the formerGerman Africaby proving to be capable of managing colonies and its natives (considering that it would be an act of philanthropy and mercy of theWhite manto inferior peoples whom should be living in their naturalbarbarist tribalismon theAfrican jungle,instead of being included in whiteurbanism) without contradicting itsracial theories,while also gaininghuman capitalfor the Reich from inferior races, instead of just expel them and not take advantage of their workforce, with an strict control againstMiscegenationorCultural exchangeto avoid a cultural contamination of undesirable black elements among the ideal Germans.^[192]Unlike theGeneralplan Ost,Nazi Germany wanted Africa to be aStützpunktkolonien(a colony for economical exploitation from a few and strategic Germanurban areas), notSiedlungskolonien(a colony for complete national occupation and German settlement) like theLebensraum,so Black People weren't needed to be extinguished and expelled of their lands unlike theEast Slavsor theEuropean Jews.^{[citation needed]}

The area included all pre-1914German colonial territories in Africa(at the time,British Tanganyika,Belgian Ruanda-Urundi,British South West Africa), as well as additional parts of the French, Belgian and British colonial holdings in Africa. These included theFrenchandBelgian Congos,NorthernandSouthern Rhodesia(the latter going perhaps to South Africa),Nyasaland,southernKenyawithNairobi(northern Kenya was to be given to Italy),Uganda,Gabon,Ubangui-Chari,Nigeria,Dahomey,theGold Coast,Zanzibar,nearly all ofNigerand Chad, as well as the naval bases ofDakarandBathurst.^[193]A second part of the plan entailed the construction of a huge string of fortified naval and air bases for future operations against the Western hemisphere, spanning much of the Atlantic coastline of Europe and Africa fromTrondheimin Norway all the way down to the Belgian Congo, as well as many off-lying islands such asCape Verdeand theAzores.A less extensive but similar initiative was intended for the east coast of Africa.Bernhard Ruberggot the mission to prepare the transfer of sovereignty ofFrench Cameroonto Germany (with plans of projecting future expansion overFrench Equatorial AfricaandBritish Nigeria), whilePhilipp Bouhlerwas responsible for the one inTanganyika Territory(projecting future expansion overBelgian Congo), while by July 1942, preliminary organizational plans had been completed for German economic control of Cameroon, Nigeria, French Equatorial Africa, the Belgian Congo and Tanganyika, in addition to examining applicants for these colonial administrations on a technical basis^[194]

"Some time ago, the Sisal Organization and the Banana Organization were set up in the field of colonial planning. These two names are camouflages for the East Africa Task Force (Sisal) and the West Africa Task Force (Banana). Reichsleiter SS-Obergruppenführer Bouhler, who is later to become Governor General of East Africa, is to be the head of the Sisal Organization. The head of the Banana Organization is the head of Gauleiter Bohle's staff office in the AO [foreign organization of the NSDAP], SS-Brigadeführer Ruberg. The task forces have already begun their preparatory work. - It is assumed in authoritative circles that Bouhler will not remain Governor General of East Africa, but that after he has gained practical experience out in the colonies, he will replace General Ritter von Epp as Colonial Minister."
— Otto Ohlendorf,Letter to Himmler dated June 17, 1942

Southern Africa

Even beforeAdolf Hitler's rise to power,there were foundedGerman nationalistgroups in theSouth African Unionthat attracted a large number ofGerman Namibians,being developed numerous offices in the area ofSouth West Africa mandate.The Nazi organizations there had a comparatively similar number of followers among Namibians of German ancestry and started to conquer those German Nationalists institutions, like theUnion of German Scouts in South West Africa(which in 1934 became part of theHitler Youth). This expansion of theNazi Foreign Organizationamong Namibians forced the South African state to ban them as early as 1934, because of the fear that they would serve for a future German reconquest ofNamibia.It is known that in November 1940 theforeign organization of the NSDAPwas commissioned by the Reich to make all preparations for the (re-establishment) of party organizations in the former African colonies.^[167]TheGerman Confederation for South West Africawas the only German group that survived, as it was a non-partisan mobilization movement that Nazi Germany belittled.^{[citation needed]}

After an hypothetical victory overUnited Kingdom,the Nazis hoped to establish a friendly power-sharing agreement between Nazi Germany andBritish Monarchyby establishing a fascistAfrikanergovernment in theUnion of South Africa,which would remain as part of theCommonwealth realm,but also being a pro-AxisClient statewith German influence from a restoredGerman Namibia.^[176]In case British weren't willingly to be co-operative after their projected defeat, there were another proposals to instead give more influence to theDutch Nazisin theReichskommissariat Niederlande,due to their former influence on theDutch Cape Colonyand the projected total annexation of Netherlands into the German Reich (inheriting German all theDutch colonialism).^[56]

In early 1940 Foreign MinisterRibbentrophad communicated with South African leaders thought to be sympathetic to the Nazi cause, informing them that Germany was to reclaim its former colony ofGerman South-West Africa,then a mandate of theUnion of South Africa.^[195]South Africa was to be compensated by the territorial acquisitions of theBritish protectoratesofSwaziland,BasutolandandBechuanalandand the colony ofSouthern Rhodesia.^[195]

Plans for Asia and the Pacific

Division of Asia between the Axis powers

Ironically, during early stages of the War, there were someGerman–Soviet Axis talks,promoted byJoachim von RibbentropandFriedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburgon 1940-1941 (having someStrasseristandNational Bolshevistelements), to temporarly includeSoviet Unionin the Axis Powers (until theWehrmachtwere fully prepared for the conquer ofLebensraum) to develop an EurasianKontinentalblockagainstBritish Empireand theUnited States,trying to menace or even liquidate the globalThalassocracyof theAnglosphere,while also convincing SovietCominternto abandonCommunist world revolutionprojects and threatening the existence ofcapitalist democratic systemin the "socialist" New Order (Nazi Germany main goal was to finally conclude theWestern Frontand be free to start anEastern Frontwithout the risks of a temibleTwo-front war,while replacingUKas 1° WorldSuperpower). So, theSoviet sphere of influencewould be focused on the partition of Asia (and so distracting Stalin of European affairs), receiving Russians in the New Order the non-ArabianMiddle East,fromAnatoliatoPersian Gulf,andIndian subcontinenttowardsArabian Sea.^[196]^[197]However, there were some conflicts of interests, like a Soviet-Japanese one concerningSakhalin,Eastern India,Chinese Xin gian g(occupied by the Soviets) andMongolia-Manchukuo(due toSoviet–Japanese border conflictsonNorth China); and a Soviet-Germans one concerning the destiny overTurkeyand its role in controllingBosporus Straitsfor entry into theBlack Sea(and also other disagreements concerning EuropeanBulgaria,RomaniaandFinland) that frustrated Hitler and intensify his anti-Russian sentiments, which lead to the restoration ofOperation Barbarossa's planification and the exclusion of Soviets in Partitioning Asia in the New Order.^[198]^[199]

"After the conquest of England, the British Empire would be apportioned as a gigantic world-wide estate in bankruptcy of forty million square kilometres. In this bankrupt estate there would be for Russia access to the ice-free and really open ocean. Thus far, a minority of forty-five million Englishmen had ruled six hundred million inhabitants of the British Empire. He was about to crush this minority.... Under these circumstances there arose world-wide perspectives.... All the countries which could possibly be interested in the bankrupt estate would have to stop all controversies among themselves and concern themselves exclusively with the partition of the British Empire. This applied to Germany, France, Italy, Russia and Japan."
— Adolf Hitler

TheYenisey RiverinSiberiawas the agreed division point ofEurasiabetween Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan^[200]

In 1942, a secret diplomatic conference was held between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in which they agreed to divideAsiaalong a line that followed theYenisey Riverto the border of China, and then along the border of China and the Soviet Union, the northern and western borders ofAfghanistan,and the border betweenIranandBritish India(which included what is nowPakistan).^[200]This treaty, of which a draft was presented to the Germans by ambassadorHiroshi Ōshima,was rejected by theGerman Foreign Officeand theKriegsmarine,as it allocated India to Japan and limitedKriegsmarineoperations in theIndian Ocean.^[201]Hitler, however, found the treaty acceptable, leading to its signing on 18 January 1942.^[201]

The treaty proved to be detrimental for Axis strategic cooperation in the Indian Ocean, as crossing the boundary line required tedious prior consultation.^[201]This made any joint German-Japanese offensive against British positions in the Middle East impossible.^[201]Japanese operations against Allied shipping lines during theIndian Ocean raidhad been highly successful along with theattack against Ceylon,but these were not followed due to the non-existent German-Japanese strategic cooperation.^[202]The Germans vigorously maintained watch on the demarcation line and objected to any Japanese incursion to the "German sphere" of the Axis-divided world.^[202]Thus the Japanese were forced to cancel a planned massive attack against Madagascar, as the island had been delegated to Germany in the treaty.^[202]

Plans for East Asia and Southeast Asia

Nazi Germany policy towards the Far East was based in the Nazi party's use of German communities inChina,Japan,India,Australia,and theDutch East Indiesas pawns of German asiatic policy (starting first by removing anti-Nazi representativity in those communities). The leadership of the party's members in China and East Asia was given toFranz Hasenöhrl,who tried to exploit theAnti-communistandAnti-Russian sentimentsamong Chinese (however, Hitler initially ordered him to avoid provoking theSoviet Union). Also the Nazi Branch of the Far East defended the possibility of marriage of Germans between Eurasians, Siameses or Japaneses due to their "superior culture". However, theNazi racial theoriesaccommodated the German Foreign Ministry due to damage its efforts at diplomacy in Asia (theNazi leadersanswered by hating that institution and his highly educated, sophisticated, and cautious officials).^[164]

Originally, Nazi Germany saw theRepublic of Chinaas its strategic partner in East Asia, believing that theKuomintang regimewould be a natural ally againstSoviet Union Cominternand theWestern powers in Asiathat were enemies of Germany. Also, initially, Nazi German wanted to restore the formerGerman colonial empirein Asia, having some revanchism againstJapanese actions in World War I(as they conqueredGerman New GuineaandGerman Tsingtao), which generated Germany's preference over China, reinforced with the sympathy overChinese humiliationfor being betrayed by British and French in theParis Peace Conference (1919–1920),alike Germans withTreaty of Versailles.^[203]So the cooperation fromWeimar Germanywith China was continued afterNazi accession to power,and the Nazi geopoliticals initially desired to conciliate Chinese and Japanese nationalists with the common enemy of theCommunistsand Russian expansionism in theFar East,believing that Germany had a mission to liderate both Asiangreat powersas a demonstration of the superiority of "White Race" over "Yellow Race" lack of long-term vision and barbarism.^[204]Nazi Germans initially were favourable forChinese irredentistclaims overOuter Manchuriaas that would blockSoviet Far Eastand alsoJapanese Manchukuo(initially unrecognized by Nazi Germany),^[164]as theMinister of War,Werner von Blomberg,and even the Foreign Minister of the time,Konstantin von Neurath,mistrusted theEmpire of Japan(but considered to compensate Japanese with no German opposition for the total annexation ofSakhalinand maybeKamchatka), desiring to avoid a German intervention in an hypothetical war between Japan and the USSR, as theWehrmachtwasn't prepared for a war against United Kingdom and France in case they supported Soviets to maintainBalance of power.^[205]^[206]Although, Nazi didn't wanted to supportChinese nationalistgoals to restoreGreater China,and they didn't want to end theUnequal treatiesfrom Western Powers, just an economical and industrial cooperation thatHans von Seecktand the Hapro seizured on 1933-34 (even sending militar advisers such asAlexander von Falkenhausen), but only temporal and until it was no longer military useful to German plans, which envisioned the continuation of European dominance in Asia, but without British colonial leadership and without any presence of Russians.^[207]AlsoJoachim von Ribbentrop,sponsored by Hitler, started to develop a different aproachment that strongly preferred an alliance with Japan due to its economical superiority, something that was taken advantage byKintomo MushanokōjiandHiroshi Ōshimato offer theAnti-Komintern(which started Nazi shift away from China and towards Japan).^[203]TheChinese diplomacyresponded by sendingH. H. Kungto a mission inBerlinon June 1937, trying to convince Nazi leaders, likeHans Georg von Mackensen,Hermann Göringand evenHitler,that Japan was not a reliable ally for Germany and they were only flaunting themselves and that they were a "Far East Italy" (an analogy of how Japan would broken its alliance and declare war against Germany, likeItaly in World War I). The Chinese mission only gets support fromHjalmar Schachtand Konstantin von Neurath, while Hitler only stated that Germany didn't want political or territorial demands in Asia and that he would mediate between Japan and China.^[208]^[209]However, Germans considered themselves betrayed by China after theSecond Sino-Japanese War,which showed the weakness of theChinese National Army,which provoked theSecond United Front(an alliance of Kuomintang withChinese Communist Party), and then theSino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact.All of those rapprochement with the communists infuriated the Nazi leaders, whom began to replace theSino-German cooperationwith an empowerment of theGerman-Japanese Pact,believing that Japan was demonstrating his economical superiority (not racial, as Hitler believed thatMongoloid peoplewere inferior) and had gained his right in the New Order by proving his will to impose and concretize its interests.^[210]

With the replacement of Neurath by Ribbentrop as German Foreign Minister on 1938, the aproachments with Imperial Japan intensified^[203]and were consolidated with theTripartite Pact,in which Nazi German concedeEast Asia,Southeast Asiaand EasternIndian Oceanto Japan, recognizingManchukuoand conceding Japanese itsPan-Asianistgoals to establish theGreater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,fromCeylontoPacific Oceanand fromRussian Far EasttoOceania,^[211]regardless off the protests of theNazi Foreign Organizationin China represented bySegfried Lahrmann.^[164]Also German diplomats hidden from the general public, and even to spheres of the Berlin government, this renunciation of the recovery ofGerman New Guinea,SamoaandNauruin the short-term,^[212]althoug Japanese offered to purchase those territories, but Nazi Germany mantained reserved (showing a colonial conflict of interests for the long-term).^[164]However, discussions over how to deal with theIndo-Iranian land territorieswere attempted to be avoided and only areas of military operation were delimited in the line at 70° E. It is pretty known that ultra-nationalist Japanese were developing plans to reach thePersian Gulf,Afghanistan,India,formerChinese Western Regions(Central Asia) and formerMongol Domainsin theEurasian Steppe,as they considered rightful heirs of AsianNomadic empiresand theEastern civilizationas a whole, whileorientalistsof theAhnenerbeNazi proposed to expand German Sphere of influence overTurkestan(includingXin gian g),TibetandNorthern-Western Indiaas the rightful heirs ofRussian and British imperialism in Central Asia,desiring to develop aNeopagansolidarity withHinduist,BuddhistandTaoist(considered remnants ofAryan racelegacy in Asia before being lost withMiscegenation,and spiritually more near to the authentic "Germanic religion"before being infected by" Jewish Christianity "and itsSlave morality).^[211]

"The alliance (which was reconfirmed by the Tripartite Pact of September 1940 that included Italy) was a 'marriage of convenience' and an 'alliance without a backbone', as the partners quarrelled over control of the Dutch East Indies and French Indochina, Germany's invasion of Russia, Japanese diplomatic talks with the United States in April 1941, German demands that Japan attack Singapore in early 1941, and the exchange of strategic wartime resources. Such serious differences notwithstanding, neither side (and particularly Germany) needed this additional bone of contention that centred around the Nazi party's silly insistence that it still be permitted to operate in Japan. (...) The activities of the Nazi party in the Orient reflected several things about Hitler's foreign policy, namely its highly racial orientation, its heavy reliance on propaganda and subversion, its efforts to mobilize German communities abroad for Nazi aims, its disdain for the regular channels of diplomacy, and its ignoring of fundamental interests of Germany's allies. In particular, the party's work had a far more negative than positive impact on Germany's efforts in the Far East and on her relations with Japan. Regarding the latter, the party revealed its dearth of diplomatic sense and its stubborn view that all Germans outside the Reich must be united into a world-wideVolksgemeinschaft[racial community]; it was willing even to undermine Germany's agreement with Japan with its political agitation and propaganda in the country. "
— Donald M. McKale, The Nazi Party in the Fast East, 1931-45

Moreover, during the initial phases of the WWII, betweenFall of France(on June 25, 1940) and the start ofSouth-East Asian theatre of World War II(on December 5, 1941), theNazi Party Foreign Organizationwas planning to expand theReichskolonialbundarea of operation onGerman-occupied Netherlands(aperturingNSDAP Office of Colonial PolicyinAmsterdamandBatavia),^[170]which implicated the interest to conquer theDutch East Indies(or at least secure it for German Sphere of Influence) before aJapanese invasion of Indonesia.TheNational Socialist Movement of Netherlands(pro-Axis) had the support of significativeDutch colonists,which were attracted by genuine sympathy forWhite nationalismand convinced that fascism would unify the nation under a strong central authority, while also pragmatic ones, as they knew of the weak Dutch defense and desired the militar or at least diplomatic support of Nazi Germany to avoid an invasion from both the Allies inAustraliaor the Axis in Japan (or in the worst case, to have a threat like in theJapanese invasion of French Indochina,in which French colonialists still ruledFrench Vietnam).^[213]^[214]

Plans for Tibet and Indosphere

An example of those German interests in the assigned Japanese Sphere of Influence was theOperation Tibet,developed by theSS-Sturmbannführe Ernst Schäfer,^[215]which consisted to instigate an anti-British rebellion within theTibetan peopleafter an hypothetical German occupation ofEurasian SteppeandGreater Middle East(the success ofOperation Barbarossaor at leastFall Blauto make aSoviet Uniontotal collapse was assumed, and also the simultaneous execution ofOperation OrientandOperation Amanullah) to undermineAlliesinfluence overHimalayas,being part of a large-scale plan to invade theAkhand Bharatterritories (Greater IndiaandAfghanistan) before Japan, so ensuring White Man's dominance in theHindustanregion for a long time, although the total collapse ofBritish Empire(and even achieving theBritish Empire in IndiaorRussian Empire in Central Asiafrustrated desires to conquerTibet), while also avoiding Japanese possible expansion overCentral Asiafrom Tibet andXin gian g.^[216]The German interest in Tibet wasn't only for the establishment of military bases and instigation of Guerrilla warfare against British or Communists, it had an ideological content, asNazi racial theoriesproposed that a group of pure-blooded Aryans had settled inAncient Tibetand was responsible for giving theTibetan cultureto barbaricMongoloids[native Tibetan].^[217]A key figure on Nazi plans over Tibet was the employer of theKempeitaiandBlack Dragon Society,Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln(a Hungarian scammer and formerOrthodox Jewthat converted toBuddhismand developed his own monastery inShanghai), as he was proposed to be a pro-AxisDalai Lama,after the death of the13th Dalai Lama [Thubten Gyatso].He joined to theAbwehrand proposed to theSSColonelJosef Meisinger(chief of theGestapoin theFar East) that he could raise up all the Buddhists of Asia against any remaining Western influence in the area (specially the British from India and Soviets fromMongolia) while also helping Japanese war effort against China and India by generating a new war front on theTibetan Plateau,^[218]but being accompanied by German agents (likeFranz HuberandFrederick Anton Wiehl) to protect the projected Tibetan puppet state from being a Japanese colony. He also tried to convince theNazi occultiststhat he receivedDivine revelationspredicting the ascension of anIndo-AryanCivilization with aSuperhumanclergy that will haveMysticalpowers and would make impotent the Allies military efforts, claiming that Hitler was an instrument of theDevasfor a new age of prosperity (this was interesting forHeinrich Himmlerand convinced him to give his support).^[219]However, the political and religious leaders of theTibet staterecognized the14th Dalai Lama as Tenzin Gyatso,frustrating the scheme which needed the support ofTibetan Buddhists.Another impediments was the lack of interst of Ribbentrop (as he didn't trust a project from a Jew)^[220]arrest ofRudolf Hess(someone interest in the plan) and finally being canceled by the death of Trebitsch-Lincoln in October 1943.^[221]^[222]

Concession of Oceania to Japan

Germany'sformer colonial possessionsin the Pacific (German New GuineaandGerman Samoa), which had been allocated to Australia and New Zealand afterWorld War IasC-Class Mandatesaccording to theTreaty of Versailles,were to be sold to Japan (bothWeimarand Nazi-era Germany never relinquished claims to their pre-war colonial territories) at least temporarily in the interest of theTripartite Pact,its alliance with that country.^[223]

However, initially there were some projects to restore the property ofGerman Samoa,like the one fromAlfred Matthesby establishing in 1934 aSamoan branch of the Nazi Partywith a large-scale goal to re-annex it,^[224]even developing plans to seize control of Samoa and make radio broadcasts across the Pacific duringSudetenland crisis,^[225]but theNazi leadershipdecline his help due to being ironically strongest the support ofGerman nationalismamong mixed-race settlers of German descent withPolynesians Samoans(as they see Nazi Germany as a possible liberator againstNew ZealandandBritish Commonwealth's colonialism),^[226]^[225]rather than white German settlers in the territory (whom supported the Concordia Club that was pro-British).^[227]^[228]The Samoan Nazis, having the only recorded black Nazi party members, make a lot of effort to convinceNazi racial theoristto classify thePolynesian peopleas members of theAryan race,but they were rejected by the German Consul,Walter Hellenthal.^[229]^[227]Alfred Matthes claimed that he had the support of Adolf Hitler on 1938.^[226]Also there was a Nazi interest to gain some influence over formerGerman New GuineaduringWorld War II,like theFar East Associationand itsGerman attacks on Nauru(that generated diplomatical conflicts with Japanese Empire due to conflict of interests) in which the German flag briefly flew on the uninhabited BritishHenderson Islandin the south-east Pacific, trying to announce with a note that the island was now owned by the Greater German Empire.^[230]Moreover, someSamoan people of German descentwere recruited to fight in theEuropean theatre of World War II.^[231]

Concerning the otherEuropeans territories in Oceania,likeAustraliaandNew Zealandwere designated as futureJapanese territories,although Hitler lamented his belief that the white race would disappear from those regions.^[232]He nevertheless made it clear to his officials that "the descendants of theconvicts in Australia"were not Germany's concern and that their lands would be colonized by Japanese settlers in the immediate future, an opinion also shared byJoseph Goebbels,who expressed his conviction inhis diarythat the Japanese had always desired "the fifth continent" for emigration purposes.^[233]^{[better source needed]}Hitler loathed New Zealanders as a "lower form of human being".^[234]At a speech given on 15 July 1925 - his only recorded lengthy discussion on New Zealand - he argued that New Zealanders lived in trees and "clambered around on all fours" having not yet learned to walk upright.^[235]The speech was later reprinted as a pamphlet.^[234]Historian Norman Rich stated that it can be assumed that Hitler would have attempted to recruit theAnglo-Saxonsof these two countries as colonists for the conquered east; some of the English were to share the same fate.^[232]^[236]

Plans for West and Central Asia

After the projected fall of the Soviet Union, Hitler planned to intensify thewar in the Mediterranean.^[237]TheOKWproduced studies concerning an attack against theSuez CanalthroughTurkey,an offensive towards Baghdad-Basra from theCaucasus(most of which was already under German occupation as a result ofFall Blau) in support ofrevolting Arab nationalists,and operations inAfghanistanandIrandirected againstBritish India.^[238]Specially Nazi Germany was planning to foment Islamic uprisings fromNorth Africato theFertile Crescentregion to ensure the domain of theIslamic world,taking advantage ofanti-Western colonialism,anti-Marxismandanti-Jewishsentiments amongArab nationalist.^[239]The Axis plans to support Arab nationalists in theKingdom of Iraqwere considered a priority after theFührer Directive No. 30,andVichy Francewith theParis Protocolswas interested to expand the territory (or at least the influence) ofFrench Syria-Lebanon,^[240]while Germany was interested in empowerPahlavi Iranand transformingGreater Persiain a pro-Germanclient stateto counter Soviet and British influence in the region.^[241]Hitler did not envision German colonization of the region (unlike the2nd Reichwith theIntelligence Bureau for the East), and was most likely to allow Italian dominance at least over theLevant,South ArabiaandBahrain.^[242]^[243]^[244]TheJews of the Middle Eastwere to be murdered, as Hitler had promised to theGrand Mufti of Jerusalemin November 1941 (seeEinsatzgruppe Egypt).^[243]

Asia Minor

Turkeywas favored as a potential ally by Hitler because of its importantstrategic locationon the boundaries of Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well asits extensive historyas a state hostile to theRussian Empireand the laterSoviet Union.^[245]During 1941 and 1942,Franz von Papen(asAmbassador to Turkey) reunited with retired pro-German Turkish generals of WWI (likeNuri Killigil,Hüseyin Hüsnü Emir ErkiletandAli Fuad Erden) to negotiate the entry of Turkey in the Axis Powers by pushing on Turkish political affairs, holding parties at the German embassy which should attract leading Turkish politicians, even considering to use "special funds" to bribe Turks into following a pro-Axis line.^[246]^[247]To assure them that Germany wanted to cooperate with them on a long-range basis, the Turks were guaranteed an equal status in the German-dominated order, and were promised anumber of territories which they might desirefor reasons of security. These encompassedEdirne(Adrianople) and an expansion of Turkish frontiers at the expense of Greece, the creation ofbuffer statesin theCaucasusunder Turkishinfluence,a revision of the Turkish-Syrian frontier (theBaghdad Railwayand theState of Aleppo) and the Turkish-Iraqi frontier (theMosul region), as well as a settlement of "theAegeanquestion "to provide Turkey with suitable protection against encroachments fromItaly.^[245]TheBlack Sea(which Hitler derided as "a mere frog-pond" )^[248]^{[clarification needed]}was also to be conceded to Turkey as part of its sphere of influence, for this would negate the need of stationing a German navy in the region to replace theSoviet Black Sea Fleet.^[245]Crimea(tentatively dubbedGotenlandby the Nazis) was nevertheless to be fortified to ensure permanent German possession of the peninsula, and the Black Sea exploited as an "unlimited" resource of seafood.^[249]

However, according to documents found in theReich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories,Nazis sawpan-Turkismas a threat to the control of Asia between Aryans against Non Aryans (likeTurkic peoples), and there were plans, likeGertrude operations,that considered the split of Turkey (between Bulgaria, Greece, Vichy France, Iraq and the proposed puppet states of Great Armenia and Georgia) if they did not cooperate with the Axis new order and their goals of controlAnatoliaand support to theIraqi coup d'etat.Turkey would be reduced to a similar territory like in theTreaty of Sèvresin that consequence of events if Turkey wents against theGerman–Turkish Treaty of Friendshipor even joined theAllies.^[250]Also, some Nazi leaders were convinced of the necessity of restoringArmeniaas an independent country (with German protection) against the menace of the Soviet Union, so theArmenian Legionbeing promised the restoration ofGreater Armenia.This project could have been a balancing idea against Turkish aspirations in the Caucasus about an unification withAzerbaijanunder the name of "Büyük Turan" [GreatTuran], which would pose a threat to Germany and their aspirations.^[251]^[252]However, Hitler did not trust to Armenian aspirations, considering as very risky the formation of purely Caucasian battalions or making these kinds of promises to theOstlegionen,preferring instead to support Muslims.^[253]Beside, Franz Von Papen menaced Turkey to send them economic sanctions and disarm the country if they weren't collaborative with the New Order,^[254]while supporting at the same time theBulgarian claims to Thraceand the possibility of an Axis destruction ofIstanbulandIzmirwithBombardments,which ended in theGerman–Turkish Treaty of Friendship.^[255]Also make efforts to place Turkey in the German economic sphere of influence instead of the Italian one.^[255]

The Levant and Mesopotamia

Ironically, although having anantisemiticposition, and with the main goal to make Germanyjudenrein(free of Jews), Hitler initially was not opposed to establish aJewish statein theHoly Landand even supportedZionistsince theHaavara AgreementuntilInvasion of Poland,considering to locate the Jews there as a lesser evil solution to theJewish question,being preferable to expel them rather than havingJews in Europeand still being vulnerable to their influence (like in the1933 anti-Nazi boycott), while also was economically easier to instigatevoluntary emigrationthan spend resources in persecute, exile orkilling them.^[256]In a large-scale, Nazis likeLeopold von Mildensteinbelieved that foreign diplomatic policy and containment of the Jews would become simpler if they were concentrated in a specific territory rather than adyaspora,while also avoiding the menace ofJewish assimilationin the German nation.^[257]Moreover,Fascist Italy,having theLevantin their sphere of influence in the New Order, was interested in bringing support toRevisionist Zionism,specially thoseRevisionist Maximalismfactions, like formerBrit HaBirionimor the activesLehiandIrgun,that wanted to develop aJewish fascismand were admirers ofBenito Mussolini(some of them, likeZe'ev JabotinskyorAbba Ahimeir,believed thatItalian Empirewould be their only ally against the oppression onBritish Palestine).^[258]^[259]^[260]However, due to the lentitude of the jewish migrations into Palestine, and also the radicalization of anti-Jewish sentiment during the war, there was a change of plans and now Nazi Germany develop anAnti-Zionistforeign policy based on the worries about the dangers of a strong Jewish state in the Middle East that could be a pro-Alliesand a potential menace for a Nazi global geopolitic after winning the war, so now theArab nationalismwas preferred to support, specially after theFall of the Fascist regime in Italy(as now the Middle East would have to be completely dominated by Germany without sharing it with other European Powers), being favorable to bring concessions toAnti-colonialmovements that were not only anti-European, but also anti-Jewish.^[261]

After the Nazis adopted theFinal Solutionand radicalized itsantisemitism,Axis Powers developed ananti-Zionistforeign policy and started to supportPalestinian nationalism.So, Nazi Germany prefered to supportAmin al-Husseiniand thePalestine Arab Party,planning to establishAl-Husayni familyin the government of a pro-Axis puppet Palestine. After Fascist Italy (which had Eastern Mediterranean in their Sphere of Influence) and Vichy France defeat, Nazi Germany intensify its support to anti-colonial movements amongPalestinians,developing in 1944 theOperation Atlasto instigate an Islamic insurgency inBritish Palestine,trying to devestate Allied forces of theWestern Frontthere while also sabotage theJewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine,in the long-term thePalestinian Germanswould supervise the operations to check Muslims' loyalty due to possible conflicts of loyalty amongArab tribes(while also had a strong control of the German interests in the region).^[262]

Plans for Arabian Peninsula

TheThird Saudi StateunderIbn Saudwas seen as a natural ally, and was to be given territorial concessions in south-westArabiaandTransjordan.^[263]Also, a post-war satelliteGreater Arab Unionwas discussed.^[242]Although initially intending to concede Italy control of the region (Jordan,Palestine,Saudi Arabia,Iraq,Yemen,Aden) with the condition that German companies should be able to successfully exploit raw materials and having numerous cities on the coast as military bases against Anglo-American,^[176]after that countryhad defectedto theAllied campin 1943, Hitler came to regard the Islamic countries and the pan-Arab movement increasingly more as the natural ally of Nazi Germany, as opposed to the "treacherous" Italians.^[264]On 17 February 1945 in particular he explained to his entourage his regrets that Germany'sprior alliancewith its southern neighbor had prevented her from pursuing a more revolutionary policy towards the Arab world, which would have also allowed its exit from the British and French spheres of influence in the area:^[264]

In the nature of things, this territory was becoming an Italian preserve and it was as such thatthe Ducelaid claim to it. Had we been on our own, we could have emancipated the Moslem countries dominated by France; and that would have had enormous repercussions in the Near East, dominated by Britain, and in Egypt. But with our fortunes linked to those of the Italians, the pursuit of such a policy was not possible. All Islam vibrated at the news of our victories. The Egyptians, the Iraqis and the whole of the Near East were all ready to rise in revolt. Just think what we could have done to help them, even to incite them, as would have been both our duty and in our own interest! But the presence of the Italians at our side paralyzed us; it created a feeling of malaise among our Islamic friends, who inevitably saw in us accomplices, willing or unwilling, of their oppressors.

Despite this, Hitler saw Arab support as a mere asset for his plans of conquest. He "wanted nothing from the Arabs"^[265]and found genuine cooperation between Aryans and Arabs to be implausible due to the latter's racial inferiority:^[266]

Exploitation of the Arab Freedom Movement. The situation of the English in the Middle East will be rendered more precarious, in the event of major German operations, if more British forces are tied down at the right moment by civil commotion or revolt. All military, political, and propaganda measures to this end must be closely coordinated during the preparatory period. As central agency abroad I nominate Special Staff F, which is to take part in all plans and actions in the Arab area, whose headquarters are to be in the area of the Commander Armed Forces South-east. The most competent available experts and agents will be made available to it. The Chief of the High Command of the Armed Forces will specify the duties of Special Staff F, in agreement with the Foreign Minister where political questions are involved.^[267]

Persian Sphere

Allied-occupied Iranwas to be drawn into the Axis camp, possibly by the means of an uprising.^[238]The possibility of Iran as an anti-Soviet bastion was already considered in the 1930s, and coincided with Hitler's declaration of Iran as an "Aryancountry "(the nameIranliterally means "homeland of the Aryans" inPersian). The changing of Persia's name to Iran in 1935 was done by the Shah at the suggestion of the German ambassador to Iran as an act of "Aryan solidarity".^[268]However the Iranians had always called their country "Iran", a name that predated the rise of Nazi Germany by more than a thousand years.^[269]In 1936, the Hitler cabinet declared Iranians to be immune to the Nuremberg Laws, as they were considered to be "pure Aryans".^[270]On the eve of World War II Germany was already Iran's single-biggest trading partner, followed by the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and the United States.^[268]In 1939, Nazi Germany sent over 7500 books with racial tones advocating for greater collaboration betweenPersiansand Germans. The German Scientific Library contained over 7500 books selected"to convince Iranian readers... of the kinship between the National Socialist Reich and the Aryan culture of Iran".^[271]In the new order, Nazi Germany considered that Iran should have its own empire like theSafavid Iran,and by so offeredBritish Iraqto be part of Iranian sphere of influence, and suggested that Iran should annex territory until theKarbala Governorate,promising that Iranians needed to have theImam Husayn Shrine(the largest Shi'ite sanctuary) on itssovereign,^[272]even Hitler personally promised that, after the defeat of Soviet Union, he would return all of the Persian land taken by Russians (during theRusso-Persian Warsof XIX and XX centuries). Also, the economic plans ofHjalmar Schachtfor the global outreach of the Nazi economy coincided with the nationalist desires of Reza Shah's Iran for industrial modernization, investing a lot of capital for Iranian infrastructure. Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkey were planned to be part of a "northern tier" ofbuffer states,against the Soviet global menace, in which economic interests of each country were of primary importance, instead of only German interests.^[273]^[274]The Aryan sense of friendship also assisted in political rapprochement between Iran and Germany,^[275]and the nazi leaders viewed Iran as unique society with ample parallels between them and Germans (making analogies that Iran, as an isolateShi'itecountry with its own peculiarities, is similar to the Nazi conception of the story about Germany as an isolatePositive Christiancountry with its own peculiarities).^[272]Also, Hitler personally respectedReza Shahas an admirable leader, whose anti-liberal and anti-socialist ideals were in accordance with the fascist beliefs of aThird Positionagainst British capitalists and Soviet communists (and also have admiration for the establishment of Iranian well-organized police apparatuses to silence therepublicanandanarchistopposition to the Monarchy), while also Nazi propaganda, through broadcasters likeBerliner Rundfunk,make use of the IslamicMysticismto spreach pro-Axis ideologies, stating that there was a kinship betweenAllahwith the "Germanic God",or that Hitler was considering to convert toIslamor even that he was the precursor of thetwelfth hidden Imamthat will make a new order of peace and prosperity in theIslamic world(the Nazi desired that the iranian popular classes received the message that Iranian social problems would be solved through the global leadership of Germany), however the Iranian clergy and government didn't received well theReligious aspects of Nazism(being consideredheresy) and persecuted them, while also were skeptical of German suggestions to implement reforms in thePahlavi Monarchyaccording toFascist ideologies.^[272]However, most of the Iranian leaders had interests in the Axis projects of a New Order (Iran even supported the initial expansionism campaigns likeAnschluss over AustriaorOccupation of Czechoslovakia), as they attempted to develop a strong monarchy that would be capable of releasing themselves fromBritish and Russian spheres of influencethat had shaped the nation throughout the Global Order of theNew Imperialismera, and by so doing the Iranian nationalists expected a larger role for Iran in the World in case of German victory, with the main goal of the restoration of aPersian Empirethat honoured the grandiosity of itsimperial past(which was also acceptable by Germans, according to a note of 1938 from theGerman foreign ministrythat considered a strong independent Iran as favourable for German global plans).^[272]

"The interests of Nazi Germany are best preserved through a free, independent, militarily strong Iran that is intimately connected to Germany through political and economic collaborations."
— German Ambassador in Tehran,Erwin Ettel

Also, according toOperation Orient,Germans wanted to march through Iran and Iraq in force, finally converging in India. The nazi geopolitcal concerningPersians(Iran and Afghanistan) had the goal to have a strong ally in theMiddle East,being a strategic contact point to theEastern civilizationand believing to had an "AryanBrotberhood "withGermans.During pre-war diplomatic maneuvers, theNSDAP Office of Foreign Affairstook special interest in Afghanistan, believing that theGerman Empirehad failed to exploit the country diplomatically during the First World War despite theNiedermayer–Hentig Expedition.^[276]The objective was to ensure that the country would remain neutral during a possible German-British conflict and even use it militarily against British India or Soviet Russia.^[276]After the German-French armistice of 1940, the Kabul government tried to question Berlin on German plans concerning the future of Afghanistan.^[277]Of special interest were the post-war borders of the country – the Afghan government hoped to see the re-incorporation of 15 million ethnic Pashtuns which had been placed in British India thanks to theDurand Line,and the securing of the northern Indian border so that an expansion towards the Indian Ocean became possible (seePashtunistan).^[277]As theGerman–Soviet Axis talksof October–November were then underway (in which the possible expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence in south-central Asia, fromEastern TurkeytoIndia,was on the table), Berlin was reluctant to give any binding offers to Kabul.^[278]However, after theAxis invasion of Soviet Union,the Nazi geopolitics changed and now Afghanistan was a strategical territory to be in the German Sphere of influence in the New Order (as the main goal was that, afterLebensraum's conquests ofEuropean Russia,Germans would had to inherit the formerRussian Central Asiaand also the rivalry with the British from theGreat Game). So,Abwehragents, likeManfred OberdörfferandFred Hermann Brandt(with Italian help, like the agentsAdolf CresciniandPietro Quaroni), had the mission to instigate aPashtunrebellion againstBritish Indiaon thePakistani Side,and then form a pro-AxisPashtunistanstate, developing it in June 1941 byErwin von Lahousen,with the condenameOperation Fire Eater,in which was considered to give in the future thePashtun Tribal AreasandWaziristan,from theBritish Raj,to theKingdom of Afghanistan(only if they were cooperative, if not, usingPashtun nationalistsagainst Afghans, Soviets, British and Indians).^[279]But, due toOperation Fire Eaterbeing discovered by the Afghan government in July 1941 (arresting some key figures of the Abwehr), the German planifications concerningCentral Asiawere renewed in theOperation Tiger,which now had direct participation of theGerman Foreign Ministryin a recently developed sub-section specifically for the Nazi interests in India (entrusted that subsection toAdam von Trott zu Solz,and supervised byWilhelm Keppler) while also included the participation of perceived pro-AxisIndian nationalistsagents ofSubhas Chandra Bose,likeBhagat Ram Talwar(who actually was an spy of theComintern,in contact with the head of the Soviet foreign intelligence station,Mikhail Andreevich Allahverdov). The new objectives were lesser about intervention in Afghan intern politic, trying to avoid provocations against their government, and more about to develope a German intelligence network for theGestapoinSouth Asia(naming it "Kirti Group" ) to instigate Anti-British revolts between the Pashtuns (specially among theMohmandandAfridi), like the1939 Waziristan campaign,with long-term plans to create a pro-Axis Pashtun state inWaziristan,waiting for an intervention by Germany after a hypotheticalconquest of the Caucasus.^[280]However, also Nazi Germany wanted to overthrow the neutral Afghan government first, menacing them to start a Civil War orBalkanizateAfghan state between Iran, a puppet Indian state and a residual Pashtun state, if they were reluctant to co-operation. So, despite the NSDAP Foreign Office's good relations with the Afghan government, the Foreign Ministry under Ribbentrop favored overthrowing the current government underMohammad Zahir Shahand restoration of the rule ofAmanullah Khan,who had been living in exile since 1929.^[281]Hitler eventually came to support Rosenberg's office on this issue,^[281]and so started theOperation Amanullahon 1942, in which theAbwehr in Afghanistanhad the mission to instigate a pro-AxisPashtunandTurkicinsurrection inCentral Asia(inspired in theBasmachi movement),^{[citation needed]}waiting for a German invasion ofAfghanistan(through Soviet occupied territory of the plannedReichskommissariat Turkestan) to form an Afghan puppet state headed byAmanullah Khan,preparing the conditions for the main goal of invadeBritish Indiaafter an hyphotetical Soviet Union total collapse inEurasia.^[282]

"the Turks can achieve independence only with the assistance of the Axis countries, and therefore turkestanis consider themselves their soldiers and are ready to fulfill any task"
— K. Rasmus

Plans for Turkestan

Nazi orientalists likeAlfred Rosenbergconceived thatCentral Asiawere a natural extension ofLebensraumand thatTurkic peoplesshould be included in theGeneralplan Ost.However Hitler preferred to just conquer the Lebensraum inEastern Europe,leaving Central Asia as a mere military march, serving as a set of nomadicBuffer states(opposing to aPan-Turkiststate andTuranistmovements) for the German Reich against the remnants of Soviets and British Empires. Some Pan-Turkist and Turanist collaborators,likeNuri KilligilorHüseyin Hüsnü Emir Erkilet,attempted to instigate a Tukic insurrection against Stalin, but Nazis rejected those plans as they didn't want to have an unifiedTurkic Kaganateas a pro-Axis puppet state.^[283]

Plans for Indian Subcontinent

Hitler's views on India were generally disparaging, and his plans for the region were heavily influenced by his racial views, especially related to India's subdued status under British rule.^[284]Though manyIndian nationalistslooked to Nazi Germany as a potential ally in their struggle againstBritish colonial rule,Hitler "made no secret of his contempt foranticolonial movements."^[284]In May 1930, Hitler wrote that theIndian independence movementwas carried out by the "lower Indian race against the superior EnglishNordic race",and referred toIndiansinvolved in the struggle as "Asiatic jugglers".^[285]Seven years later in 1937, Hitler informedBritish Foreign Secretary Lord Halifaxthat the British should "shootGandhi,and if this doesn't suffice to reduce them to submission, shoot a dozen leading members ofthe Congress,and if that doesn't suffice shoot 200, and so on, as you make it clear that you mean business. "^[285]During the same discussion Hitler reportedly told Halifax that one of his favorite films wasThe Lives of a Bengal Lancer,because it depicted a handful of "superior race" Britons holding sway over theIndian subcontinent.^[286]

Nazi theoristAlfred Rosenberg,who shared Hitler's racial and political views on India, claimed that althoughVedic culturewas Aryan in origin, any Nordic blood in India had long since dissipated due to racial miscegenation.^[284]Asit Krishna Mukherji,with support of the German consulate, publishedThe New Mercury,a Nazi magazine and was lauded by Baron von Selzam in a "communiqué to all German legations in the Far East that no one had rendered services to the Third Reich in Asia comparable to those of Sir Asit Krishna Mukherji's."^[284]Savitri Devi,who would later marry him, shared his beliefs "in the pan Aryan revival of India", as well as inHindu nationalism,and once World War II started, both "undertook clandestine war work on behalf of the Axis powers in Calcutta."^[284]

During the first years of the war in Europe, as Hitler sought to reach an arrangement with the British, he held the notion that India should remain under British control after the war, as in his mind the only alternative was a Soviet occupation of the subcontinent.^[284]As the British had rejected German peace offers, Nazi Germany opted firstly fortalks with the Soviets to join them in the Axisand proposed to givePersian Gulfand theIndian Oceanto theSoviet Sphere of Influence(trying to push away the Soviets from Europpean affairs) and develop an EurasianKontinentalblockagainst theBritish Empire(which provocated that the British Staff in India proposed in May 1940 the "Plan A" for the defense ofBritish Rajagainst a Soviet invasion through a pro-Axis Afghanistan) in whichIndus Riverwas proposed by Afghans to be the new frontier with a liberated India.^[287]After theGerman invasion of Soviet Union,Hitler ordered on 17 February 1941 to prepare a military study for a post-Barbarossa operation in Afghanistan against India. The goal of this operation was not so much to conquer the subcontinent, but to threaten British military positions there to force the British to come to terms.^[237]A week later the Afghanistan operation was the subject of a discussion between head of theArmy General Staff Franz Halder,Oberbefehlshaber des HeeresWalter von Brauchitschand chief of theOperationsabteilungOKHAdolf Heusinger.^[288]In an assessment produced on 7 April 1941, Halder estimated that the operation would require 17 divisions and one separate regiment.^[288]ASpecial Bureau for Indiawas created with these goals in mind.^{[citation needed]}

Indian revolutionarySubhas Chandra Boseescaped from India on 17 January 1941 and arrived in Berlin via Moscow. There he proposed organizing an Indian nationalgovernment-in-exileand urged the Axis to declare their support for the Indian cause.^[289]He eventually managed to extract such promises from Japan after thefall of Singaporeand later on from Italy as well, but the Germans refused.^[285]Bose was granted an audience withBenito Mussolini,but Hitler initially refused to see him, although he did acquire access toJoachim von Ribbentropafter much difficulty.^[285]The German Foreign Ministry was skeptical of any such endeavors, as the German goal was to use Bose for propaganda and subversive activity, especially following the model of the 1941 pro-Axis coup in Iraq.^[290]These propaganda measures included anti-Raj radio broadcasts and the recruitment of Indian prisoners of war for the "Free India Legion".^[291]Bose eventually met with Hitler on 29 May 1942.^[292]During the discussion, which mostly consisted of Hitler monologing to Bose,^[285]Hitler expressed his skepticism for India's readiness for a rebellion against the Raj, and his fears of a Soviet takeover of India.^[292]He stated that if Germany had to do anything about India it would first have to conquer Russia, for the road to India could only be accomplished through that country,^[285]although he did promise to financially support Bose and help relocate him to the Far East.^[292]Bose later described the encounter by stating that it was impossible to get Hitler involved in any serious political discussion.^[285]

On 18 January 1942, it was decided that the Indian subcontinent was to be divided between the Axis powers. Germany was to take the part of British India roughly corresponding to the western part of modern-dayPakistan,while the rest of British India, along with Afghanistan, was marked for Japan.^[293]^[294]

Plans for America

Plans for North America

Before completing the expected German conquest of Europe, the Nazi leadership hoped to keep the United States out of the war.^[295]In an interview withLifein the spring of 1941, Hitler stated that a German invasion of the Western Hemisphere was as fantastic as an invasion of the moon, and he said he was convinced that the idea was being promoted by men who mistakenly thought that war would be good for business.^[296]

U.S. pro-Nazi movements such as theFriends of the New Germanyand theGerman-American Bundplayed no role in Hitler's plans for the country, and received no financial or verbal support from Germany after 1935.^[297]However, certainNative Americanadvocate groups, such as the fascist-leaningAmerican Indian Federation,were to be used to undermine the Roosevelt administration from within by means of propaganda.^[298]^[299]Fictitious reports about Berlin declaring theSiouxas Aryans were circulated by the German-American Bund with the aim of increasing tensions between Native Americans and the government of the United States, impelling Native Americans to resist being drafted or registered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Nazi propagandists went as far as declaring that Germany would return expropriated land to the Indians or even create a Native American independent country likeTecumseh's confederacyorIndian barrier stateplans, whileGoebbelspredicted they possessed little loyalty to America and would rather rebel than to fight against Germany; such rumors were reported byJohn Collier,commissioner of Indian Affairs, to the Congress as true, thus not merely spreading them further but also legitimating them in the eyes of many.^[300]^[301]^[302]

As a boy, Hitler had been an enthusiastic reader ofKarl Maywesterns^[12]and he toldAlbert Speerthat he still turned to them for inspiration as an adult when he was in a tight spot.^[303]The influence of Karl May's writing in Hitler Youth and German society generated the belief that native people somehow possessed aquasi-Aryan naturein itsVolk(however, they were stillUntermensch).^[304]Nazis pragmatically utilized popular tropes of Indian imagery (Indianthusiasm) to use against the US.^[305]Also, in the late 1930s, Nazis even attempted to enlist American Indian support, mostly from Sioux and Lakota peoples, for Nazi Germany,^[306]The Nazis had hoped to incite an uprising by the "hemispheric Indian" against their brutal treatment, creating allies and instability to undermine American arguments for the moral superiority of democracy.^[307]

Approximately nine months before the United States joined the Allies, U.S. PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltmade a reference to the New Order in a speech he gave on March 15, 1941, recognizing Hitler's hostility towards the United States and the destructive potential it represented, about which Roosevelt was quite acutely aware:

...Nazi forces are not seeking mere modifications in colonial maps or in minor European boundaries. They openly seek the destruction of allelective systems of governmenton every continent, including our own. They seek to establish systems of government based on the regimentation of all human beings by a handful of individual rulers who seize power by force.
Yes, these men and their hypnotized followers call this a "New Order." It is not new, and it is not order. For order among nations presupposes something enduring, some system of justice under which individuals over a long period of time are willing to live. Humanity will never permanently accept a system imposed by conquest, and based on slavery. These modern tyrants find it necessary to their plans to eliminate all democracies—eliminate them one by one. The nations of Europe, and indeed we, ourselves, did not appreciate that purpose. We do now.^[308]

Hitler held U.S. society in contempt, stating that the United States (which he consistently referred to as the "American Union" ) was "half Judaized, and the other half Negrified"^[309]^{[clarification needed]}and that "in so far as there are any decent people in America, they are all ofGerman origin".^[310]^{[clarification needed]}Already in his 1928 bookZweites Buch,he had maintained that Nazi Germany must prepare for the ultimate struggle against the U.S. for hegemony.^[311]In mid-late 1941, as Hitler became overconfident of an Axis victory in Europe against the UK and the Soviet Union, he began planningan enormous extensionof theKriegsmarine,projected to include 25 battleships, 8 aircraft carriers, 50 cruisers, 400 submarines and 150 destroyers, far exceeding the naval expansion that had already been decided on in 1939'sPlan Z.^[312]HistorianGerhard L. Weinbergstated that this super-fleet was intended against the Western Hemisphere.^[312]

Hitler also considered the occupation of thePortuguese Azores,Cape Verde,Madeiraand theSpanish Canary Islandsto deny the British a staging ground for military actions againstNazi-controlled Europe,and also to gain Atlantic naval bases and military airfields for operations against North America.^[313]^[314]Hitler desired to use the islands to "deploy long-range bombers against American cities from the Azores", via a plan that actually arrived onHermann Göring'sRLMoffice desks in the spring of 1942 forthe design competitionconcerning such an aircraft.^[315]Due to their location of those Spanish and Portuguese islands in the Atlantic, Hitler seemed to think that a Luftwaffe airbase located on the Portuguese Azores islands were Germany's "only possibility of carrying out aerial attacks from a land base against the United States", in a period about a year before the May 1942 emergence of theAmerika Bombertrans-oceanic range strategic bomber design competition.^[316]

In July 1941, Hitler approached Japanese ambassador Ōshima with an offer to wage a joint struggle against the U.S.^[317]—Japan's ownProject Zaircraft design program was one possible manner in which such a goal could be accomplished, all during the timeframe that theUSAAChad itself, on April 11, 1941, first proposed a competition for airframe designs for the same sort of missions against the Axis forces, theNorthrop XB-35and theConvair B-36,flying directly from North American soil to attack Nazi Germany.^{[citation needed]}

In this final battle for world domination, Hitler expected the defeated British to eventually support the Axis forces withits large navy.^[314]He stated that "England and America will one day have a war with one another, which will be waged with the greatest hatred imaginable. One of the two countries will have to disappear."^[318]^{[clarification needed]}and "I shall no longer be there to see it, but I rejoice on behalf of the German people at the idea that one day we will see England and Germany marching together against America".^[319]^{[clarification needed]}

The actual physical conquest of the United States was unlikely, however,^[320]and the future disposition of U.S. territories remained cloudy in Hitler's mind.^[321]He perceived the anticipated battle with that country, at least under his own rule, to be a sort of "battle of the continents" —possibly along the lines of then-contemporary U.S. thought, such asthe opening text from the second filmin Frank Capra'sWhy We Fightseries, illustrating one U.S. viewpoint of what Hitler could have thought on such matters while viewing the crowds at the 1934Nuremberg rally^[322]—with a Nazi-dominated Old World fighting for global dominance against theNew World,in which Germany would attainleadershipof the world rather than establish direct control over it.^[323]Further decisions down the line were left up to future generations of German rulers.

Canadafeatured fairly little in Nazi conceptions of the post-war world. Because Hitler's political objectives were primarily focused on Eastern Europe before and during the war—in contrast tohis own opinions towards the United Statesfrom 1928 in his unpublished volume,Zweites Buch^[324]—Hitler considered the United States a negligible political factor in the world, while Canada interested him even less.^[325]He politically grouped the country together with the United States in a U.S.-dominated North America, and considered it equally as "materialistic, racially bastardized, and decadent" as its southern neighbor.^[325]In 1942, when expressing his fear of an imminent collapse of the British Empire which he preferred to remain intact, Hitler believed that the United States would seize and annex Canada at the first opportunity,^[326]and that the Canadians would be quick to welcome such a move.^[325]

This lack of policy direction from the top meant that Nazi politicians concerned with representing Germany's interests and relations with Canada had to resort to an improvised line of policy which they believed to be in accordance with Hitler's wishes.^[325]The country was noted for its abundance of natural resources, and because of its great geographic size coupled with a low population density was characterized as "a country without people", in contrast to Germany which was considered "a people without space".^[325]In his 1934 travelogue account of Canada,Zwischen USA und dem Pol(English:Between the U.S. and theNorth Pole), German journalist Colin Ross described Canadian society as artificial because it was composed of many different parts that weren't tied together by either blood or long-standing traditions (highlighting the differences between theFrenchandEnglish Canadiansin particular), and that for this reason one could not speak of either a Canadian nation orVolk.^[327]As a result, the country's political system was also considered mechanical and non-organic, and that Ottawa did not constitute "the heart of the nation". Because of both these factors the Canadians were deemed incapable of comprehending "true culture", and German immigration in Canada was considered a mistake because they would be forced to live in an "empty civilization".^[328]

Despite Nazi Germany's lack of interest in Canada,Vichy Francewas very interested in gaining a hegemony overQuébécois peopleas a means of developing a sphere of influence inNorth Americathat would be comparable to ancientNew France.The main goal was to export theRévolution nationaletoQuebecthrough a system of propaganda developed in theFrench Embassy in the United States,taking advantage of anti-Gaullistsentiments inFranco-Canadians(due to the strong influence ofUltramontanismin their society, seeingFree Franceand the formerFrench Third Republicas a bad representation of theFrench political traditions). However, Quebécois people were ambivalent in their opinions about fascism (although there was more sympathy for Vichy France due to itsconservativetendencies rather than any desire for an Axis victory) and even theCatholic Church in Quebec(that had a lot of social influence before theQuiet Revolution) tried to purge the most "ardently Vichyist" elements in the society, while at the same time criticizing theFrench liberaltendencies of Free France (althoughCharles de Gaullehad support among theUniversité de Montréaldue to distrust of the German invader).^[329]^[330]In addition, there were some Franco-Canadian fascistsecret societiesaround the Université de Montréal (François Hertel,Pierre Trudeau,andJean Drapeauwere members) and with minor contact with Nazi Germany and Vichy France (although it was an initiative of their own) that were planning to start a fascist revolution, based onClerical fascismand theFrères chasseurs,against theCanadian Confederationand itsparliamentarist party-based democracywith "Jewish"capitalist plutocracy,having the main goal to proclaim theindependence of Quebec(taking advantage of theConscription Crisis of 1944) and hoping to get Axis Powers help in the future in case the Allies, or at least theCommonwealthfromUK,intervened to restoreLiberalismandBritish Canadiansupremacy.^[331]

Plans for Central America and Caribbean

Both, Nazi German (Operation Pelikan) andJapanese empirehad plans to conquerPanama Canal.However, there wasn't much planification from the German side for the administration of an occupiedPanama,nor plans forSocial engineeringconcerning theMestizoelements withinHispanicandIndigenous Americans(probably due to the lack of interest from Nazi Germany toLatin America). From the Japanese side, there were some plans, mostly in an early ideation stage, to develop aGovernment-General of Central America(consisting mostly in the formerCaptaincy General of Guatemala,Spanish Mainand the totality of theGreater Antilles) to defy theMonroe Doctrineand also expand Japanese sphere of influence overPacific Rim(menacingMexico,PeruandChileto giveTerritorial concessionin strategical ports, alikeForeign concessions in China,and then being turned intoclient states), transformingPacific Oceaninto a virtually Japanese Lake and expellingUnited Statesof theAmerica's Backyard(humiliating USA by blocking their control ofCaribbeanandMexican gulf). However, theLeeward Islands,TrinidadandThe Guianaswere considered to be ceded toItalian colonial empireor a possible newGerman colonialism,as Japan wanted to avoid a conflict of interest in theAtlantic Oceanwith its Axis allies orBrazil.German Foreign Policy never opposed, nor approved this Japanese ambitions, but in case of winning, the most probably answer would be the total indifference (like all the related toIbero-America) while German interests inABC countries(Operation Bolívar) and possibleGerman interest in the Caribbeanwere not menaced.^[211]

Plans for the economic domination of South America

Neither Hitler nor any other major Nazi leader showed much interest towardsSouth America,except as a warning example of "racial mi xing".^[332]However, theNSDAP/AOwas active in various South American countries, notably amongGerman BraziliansandGerman Argentines,and trade relations between Germany and the South American countries were seen as of great importance, specially theABC countries(due to having biggerGerman communities,its strategical position near Europe from theSouth Atlantic,and being the most economically powerful at the time).^[333]Between 1933 and 1941, the Nazi aim in South America was to achieve economic hegemony by expanding trade at the expense of the Western Powers.^[334]Hitler also believed that German-dominated Europe would displace the United States as the principal trading partner of the continent.^[335]

In the Short-term, tha main goal of the Reich was toNazifyGerman South-Americans (usually with help ofLutheran churches) and try to turn them into an extension of the German state based in theBlood and soilprinciple (not necessarly anne xing them, the reich was conformed to develop a "state within a state"to menace those countries in the future), while also developing Spy Networks against the Allies duringWWII.^[336]^[337]Long-term Nazi hopes for political penetration of the region were placed on the local fascist movements, such as theIntegralistsin Brazil and fascists inPeronistArgentina, combined with the political activation of the German immigrant communities.^[338]^[339]There were even plans from some Nazis (although without official support fromNazi leaders) to instigateCoup d'étatfrom the German communities on South American small territories, likeTheFuhrmann Plan(Uruguay),^[340]or theGuayana-Projekt(military takeover ofFrench Guiana).^[341]^[342]^[343]Hitler also had hopes of seeing German immigrants "returning" from the Western Hemisphere to colonize the conquered East.^[344]Despite being occasionally suspicious of the South American Germans of adopting a "South attitude towards life", top Nazis believed that their experience working in underdeveloped areas would make them ideal settlers for the annexed eastern territories.^[345]

On 27 October 1941 Roosevelt stated in a speech "I have in my possession a secret map, made in Germany by Hitler's government, by planners of the new world order. It is a map of South America and part of Central America as Hitler proposes to organize it" into five countries under German domination.^[346]The speech amazed both the United States and Germany; the latter claimed the map was a forgery. WhileBritish Security Coordinationindeed forged the map and arranged for discovery by theFederal Bureau of Investigation,it likely was based in part on a real, public map of boundary changes German agents used to persuade South American countries to join the New Order.^[347]^[348]

Another accusations, about Nazi Germany's possible plans for border changes in South America, came from the diplomatSergio Corrêa da Costa,who claimed that he has proof thatBrazilian Naziswere planning to separateSouthern Brazilin a newRiograndense Republic,with the main goal the establishment of a "New Germany" colony (based on previous projects fromSecond German Empireof partitioning Latin America, like the one proposed byOtto Richard Tannenberg),^[349]mentioning that he had a quote of Hitler himself saying:"We will create a new Germany in Brazil. There we will find everything we need".In the large place, that "New Germany" would try to expand its territory, with help of pro-AxisGauchosof white skills, amongUruguay,ParaguayandNort-East Argentina,trying to conquer the temperate zones of theRío de la Plata Basin(which offered a colonisation space very similar to the geography of Germany) and displacingPortugueseandSpanishin favor ofGermanasNational language.^[350]However, another historians are skeptical about the existence of those territorial plans for the New Order, saying that there isn't sufficient documentation and were mostly part of theCollective hysteriaofBrazil in World War II,while also mentioning thatGetúlio Vargaswas initially a pro-Axis (as hisEstado Novowas inspired in fascist ideology)^[351]^[352]^[353]and that it was nominated by Nazi Germany to be a Axis Partner in South America in equal conditions, mentioning the fact that Nazi Party in Brazil had no interest in participating in the elections or in registering the party with theElectoral Court of Brazil,so being politically inoffensive.^[354]However, after Brazil joined the Allies and also started theNationalization campaignagainst German culture, there were rumors that Nazi Germany was trying to useBrazilian Integralistto depose Vargas and establish a pro-Axis puppet state and start a campaign againstMestiçoandBlackelements. But those claims were negated by both,Plínio Salgado(Integralist leader) andHans von Cossel(leader of theNSDAPin Brazil), even some Nazi Germans claimed that Integralists asBrazilian nationalistswere also a threat againstGermanism,while also despised its defense ofCatholic social teachingaboutcultural pluralismorassimilationismin an "inferior people [theBrazilians] "because of its mixed race character (prefering to practice a clear hierarchy that separated native Germans from Brazilians of German descent: only the former could join the NSDAP, while the others were inferior to native Germans because being excessively Brazilian).^[355]Beside all, there were concrete plans to indoctrinate German children in Brazil and to expand German schools in America on the model ofHitler Youth.^[356]

Plans for Antarctica

Map of the projected German Antarctic colonial domain of New Swabia.

Nazi Germany envisioned to establish a colonial domain, namedNew Swabia,in the region between 20 ° West and 20 ° East ofAntarcticterritory, in modernQueen Maud Land(on NorwegianTerritorial claims in Antarctica), causing that Norway formally annex it 5 days before the arrival of the1st German expeditionin theMS Schwabenland.^[357]There were plans for a 2nd and 3rd expeditions, probably to the other side of Antarctica (in the Pacific sector), but all Antarctic activities were cancelled due to the World War II.^[358]

The main goal of this project was to establish some whaling stations in the continent, which would extractwhale oilto secure margarine and other goods, reducing the Reich's economical dependence onForeign exchange reserveswith the import of industrial oils, fats and dietary fats.^[359]In the short-term, was needed to develop a whaling fleet and aerial bases with acquisition of fishing grounds, using it as a mean of improve international prestige of Germany with propaganda (although the lack of anEffective occupation). In the long-term, it was planned to start a German occupation of the territory, with the objective to compete against Britain, France, and the United States in terms of global reach.^[360]Alfred RitscherandHeinrich Himmlerwere interested in the total annexation of the hypothetical German Occupied Antarctic territories, starting with the "Schirmacher See"due to have some vegetation and hot springs near a lake.^[361]Himmler andRudolf Hesswere interested in reach a caste of white-skinned bringers of civilization, theorized byoccultist societies,^[362]and so New Swabia would had to serve forNazi esotericistinvestigations (even was considered to develop the colony only with members of theAhnenerbethat were interested to discover "superhumans").^[363]^[364]

Plans for future wars against Asia

Although it pursued an alliance withImperial Japanin the battle against the "WesternPlutocracies"and SovietBolshevismwhich was based onRealpolitik,the Nazi leadership believed that its alliance with Japan was only temporary. Theracial ideology of Nazismpredicted that the fate of humancivilizationdepended on the ultimate triumph of the Germanic-Nordic peoples, and according to it, the populous Asian continent was seen as the greatest threat to the hegemony of thewhite race.TheJapanese peoplewere characterized as 'culture-bearers', which meant that they could make use of the technological and civilizational achievements of theAryan raceand by so doing, they could maintain an advanced society, but they could not truly create a 'culture' themselves.^[365]Gerhard Weinberg asserts that the historical evidence points to the conclusion that Hitler,like he had done with the Soviets in the 1939–1941 period,employed a tactic of conceding to the Japanese whatever they desired until they in turn could be defeated in a subsequent war.^[366]In early 1942, Hitler is quoted as saying to Ribbentrop: "We have to think in terms of centuries. Sooner or later there will have to be a showdown between the white and the yellow races."^[367]

In July 1941, as plans were being laid out for post-Barbarossa military operations, the Wehrmacht's naval top-level command, theOberkommando der Marine,was not ready to exclude thepossibility of a warbetween Germany and Japan.^[368]In 1942, NSDAP officialErhard Wetzel(Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories) predicted that "the self-determination of the numerically strong Asian peoples after this war" would challenge German-controlled Europe with Japanese instigation, and stated that "a Greater Asia and an independent India are formations that dispose over hundreds of millions of inhabitants. A German world power with 80 or 85 million Germans by contrast is numerically too weak".^[369]Wetzel further pondered on Germany's choices on the population policies in occupied Russia: if the Russians were restricted to having as few children as possible in the interest of German colonization, this would further "weaken the white race in view of the dangers of Asia".^[369]

As the Japanese were conquering one European colonial territory after another inAsiaandOceania,and while they were also seemingly poised to take overAustraliaandNew Zealandas a result of their conquests, Hitler believed that the white race would completely disappear in these regions, which he considered a turning point inhuman history.^[370]He was relieved by the fact that Japan had entered the war on Germany's side, however, because he had long hoped to use that country as a strategic counterweight to the United States, based on his belief that Japanese hegemony inEast Asiaand thePacificwould guarantee the security of both countries by deterring the ambitions of other powers. Looking into the future, he remarked that "There's one thing Japan and Germany have in common; both of us need fifty to a hundred years for purposes ofdigestion:we for Russia, they for theFar East".^[370]

In hisspeechwhich he made during the meeting ofSSmajor generals in Posen on 4 October 1943,Heinrich Himmlercommented on future conflicts between Nazi-controlled Europe and Asia:

[W]e will create the necessary conditions for the whole Germanic people and the whole of Europe, controlled, ordered and led by us, the Germanic people, to be able, in generations, to stand the test in her battles of destiny against Asia, who will certainly break out again. We do not know when that will be. Then, when the mass of humanity of 1 to 1½ [billion] lines up against us, the Germanic people, numbering, I hope, 250 to 300 million, and the other European peoples, making a total of 600 to 700 million – (and withan outpost area stretching as far as the Urals,or, a hundred years, beyond the Urals) – must stand the test in its vital struggle against Asia. It would be an evil day if the Germanic people did not survive it. It would be the end of beauty and "Kultur",of the creative power of this earth. That is the distant future. It is for that that we are fighting, pledged to hand down the heritage of our ancestors.^[371]

Himmler addressed this apocalyptic vision in an earlier speech which he made in the presence of SS generals at theUniversity of Kharkiv,Ukraine in April 1943. He first spoke on the necessity of the war against the Soviets and Jewry:

These clashes are the onlyevolutionarypossibility which will enable us one day, now that Fate has given us the Führer Adolf Hitler, to create the Germanic Reich. They are the necessary condition, for our race, and our blood to create for itself and put under cultivation, in the years of peace (during which we must live and work austerely, frugally and likeSpartans), that settlement area in which new blood can breed, as in abotanical gardenso to speak. Only by this means can the Continent become a Germanic Continent, capable of daring to embark, in one or two or three or five or ten generations, on the conflict with this Continent of Asia which spews out hordes of humanity.^[372]

End of the New Order project

Areas still under German control in March 1945

After the decisive German defeat at the end of theBattle of Stalingradon 2 February 1943, Germany was forced to go on the defensive and as a result, it was no longer able to actively pursue its implementation of the New Order in the Soviet Union, but it was able to continue itsgenocideagainst the Jews, theRomani,and other minorities. Following the subsequent failure of the1943 summer offensiveand the resulting failure to regain the territories which it lost to the Soviets earlier that year, theWehrmachtwas no longer able to mount an effective large-scale counter-attack on theEastern Front.In a discussion withJoseph Goebbelson 26 October 1943, Hitler opined that Germany should conclude a temporary armistice with the Soviet Union and return to its1941 borderin the east.^[373]This would then give Germany the opportunity to defeat the British forces inthe westfirst, before resuming a new war forLebensraumagainst the Soviet Union at a later point in time. Hitler thought that his future successor might have to carry out this later war, because he believed that he himself would be too old by then.^[373]At the same time, Nazis desperately make some concessions to the highly hatedUntermensch Slavs(specially the offers of theAnti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nationsand theRussian Liberation ArmyofWhite émigré), recognizingAlfred Rosenbergposition about the necessity to strengthen Anti-SovietCollaborationismto replace the Wehrmacht's heavy losses,^[374]as now wasn't realistic to conquerLebensraumonly with German power, or even the annexation of territories outside Poland (needing now to establish pro German Puppet-States like in theMitteleuropaprojects, or at least having means to instigate a newRussian Civil Warthat should put pressure on the Soviets in future peace negotiations), so were recognized aBelarusian Central Council,aUkrainian National Committeeand even aCommittee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia.However, the initiative came very lately as the moral damage of theNazi crimes against Soviet Civiliansmade that most ofanti-sovietpolitical movements hatedHitlerandNazis-Fascistsequally toStalinandMarxist-Leninists,while alsoSoviet partisanshad now complete military advantage and theSoviet political repressionwas more powerful.^{[citation needed]}

Late in the war, after the failure of the finalArdennes offensiveand after the successful Alliedcrossing of the Rhineinto Germany itself, Hitler hoped that a decisive victory on the Eastern Front might still enable the Nazi regime to preserve itself, resulting inOperation Spring Awakening.^[375]He believed that, with the conclusion of a separate peace-treaty with the Soviet Union, adivision of Polandmight still be realized and leaveHungaryandCroatia(at that time, the former was still under German occupation, the latter was aCroatian fascist puppet state) under German control.^[375]Hitler only acknowledged Germany's imminent defeat mere days prior tohis suicide.^[376]Although someNazi leadersstill wanted to develop the projects of New Order (only proposing those for a hypothetic Nazi renaissance byguerrilla warfareagainstAllied-occupied Germany), like the plans of theWerwolf.^[377]

Notes

^Not to be confused with theneo-fascistallianceNew European Order,founded in 1951 as an alleged "Black International".^[6]^[7]
^"[T]heSeven Years' WarbroughtPrussia's confirmation as a great European power. That war was carried on for seven years to ensure that the already conquered province ofSilesiawould remain part of Prussia. This war will ensure that everything annexed to the German Reich, to Greater Germany, and then to the Germanic Reich in the years since 1938, will remain ours. This war is being carried on to keep the path to the East open; so that Germany may be a world power; to found the Germanic World Empire (Germanisches Weltreich).^[22]
^Joseph Goebbels,Reich Minister of Propaganda,personal diaries, entry 8 May 1943: "The Führer gave expression to his unshakable conviction that the Reich will be the master of all Europe. We shall yet have to engage in many fights, but these will undoubtedly lead to most wonderful victories. From there on the way to world domination is practically certain. Whoever dominates Europe will thereby assume the leadership of the world."^[23]

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^Lee, Stephen J. (1987).The European Dictatorships, 1918–1945,p. 196.Cambridge University Press.
^"Dict.cc | Neuordnung | English Dictionary".
^Farrell, Joseph P. (2011) [2008]. "An International Terrorists' Summit".Nazi International: The Nazis' Postwar Plan to Control Finance, Conflict, Physics and Space.SCB Distributors.ISBN 9781935487593.Retrieved21 February2023.The Black International, which operated under the name of the European New Order, held a summit at Barcelona on behalf of the Palestinians. The organization was composed of various Nazis and fascists from Nazi Germany, Vichy France, Franco's Spain, Salazar's Portugal, Mussolini's Italy, and the Greek colonels' military junta.
^Compare:Camus, Jean-Yves(2000). "Nostalgia and Political Impotence: Neo-Nazi and Extreme-Right Movements in France, 1944–1964". In Arnold, Edward J. (ed.).The Developing of the Radical Rights in France: From Boulanger to Le Pen.Translated by Arnold, Edward J. Basingstoke: Springer. p. 196.ISBN 9780333981153.Retrieved21 February2023.[...] the misguided belief in the existence of an international conspiracy often referred to as the 'black international' which allegedly co-ordinated neo-Nazi activity on a world-wide scale.
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^Weinberg,A world at arms(2005), p. 175
^^a ^b ^cRich 1974, p. 396.
^Strobl 2000, p. 61.
^Strobl 2000, pp. 202–208.
^Shirer, p. 949
^Shirer, pp. 782 & 943
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^Fritz-Gansberg-Str. 14, Kontakt InstitutionSozial Geschichte Zeitschrift für historische Analyse des 20 und 21 JahrhundertsLand Deutschland DEc/oSozial Geschichte Zeitschrift für historische Analyse des 20 und 21 Jahrhunderts; Fax:218-94 96, D.-28213 Bremen Tel:218-91 25 (1 November 2003)."Migrationsgeschichte;" Endlösung "in Frankreich;" Generalplan West "; Geschichte des Operaismus".H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften(in German).Retrieved26 October2024.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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^Déat's editorial published inL'Œuvreof July 10, 1940 (date of birth of the Vichy regime) is entitled "National Revolution":L'Œuvre,10 juillet 1940.
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^^a ^bBlamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (18 September 2006).World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes].Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN 978-1-57607-940-9.
^global.ouphttps://global.oup /academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-fascism-9780199594788.Retrieved26 October2024.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title=(help)
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^Stanley G. Payne,Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
^^a ^b ^cPreston, Paul "Franco and Hitler: The Myth of Hendaye 1940" pp. 1–16 fromContemporary European History,Volume 1, Issue # 1, March 1992 p. 5.
^Weinberg, GerhardA World In Arms,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 p. 177.
^Norman Rich,Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State and the Course of Expansion
^Glyn Stone,The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936–1941: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936–41 (Royal Historical Society Studies in History)
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^"usurped title".Archived from the original on 2 May 2013.Retrieved28 October2024.{{cite web}}:Cite uses generic title (help)CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^"atropatenicum".26 May 2022. Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2022.Retrieved28 October2024.
^^a ^bWeems, Samuel A. (2002).Armenia: Secrets of a Christian Terrorist State.St. John Press.ISBN 978-0-9719212-3-8.
^Berberian, Houri (1 January 2020)."From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian".The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on Its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy.
^Walker, Christopher J. (1980).Armenia, the Survival of a Nation.St. Martin's Press.ISBN 978-0-312-04944-7.
^Sahakyan, Vahe (2015).Between Host-Countries and Homeland: Institutions, Politics and Identities in the Post-Genocide Armenian Diaspora (1920s to 1980s)(Thesis thesis).hdl:2027.42/113641.
^Sonyel, Salâhi R. (1990)."Turco-Armenian Relations in the Context of the Jewish Holocaust".Belleten.54(210): 757–772.doi:10.37879/belleten.1990.757.ISSN 0041-4255.
^^a ^bAlexiev, Alex; Corporation, Rand (1982).Soviet Nationalities in German Wartime Strategy, 1941-1945.Rand Corporation.ISBN 978-0-8330-0424-6.
^^a ^bDallin, Alexander (1981)."German Rule in Russia 1941–1945".doi:10.1007/978-1-349-03305-8(inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^"Piano geo-politico di Mussolini sulla Georgia | PiZeroblog".16 July 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 16 July 2011.Retrieved26 October2024.
^Lang, David M. (2001).A Modern History of Georgia.Curzon.ISBN 978-0-7007-1562-6.
^"Тюркизм: становление и развитие (характеристика основных этапов): Учебное пособие для студентов-тюркологов. Скачать бесплатно онлайн в электронном виде | Единое окно".8 June 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 8 June 2019.Retrieved26 October2024.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKroener, Bernhard R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (2003).Germany and the Second World War:Organization and mobilization of the German sphere of power. Wartime administration, economy, and manpower resources 1942–1944/5.Oxford University Press.p. 250.ISBN 0-19-820873-1.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fKroener et al. (2003), p. 251
^Kroener et al. (2003), p. 252
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eMcKale, Donald M. (1977)."The Nazi Party in the Fast East, 1931-45".Journal of Contemporary History.12(2): 291–311.doi:10.1177/002200947701200205.ISSN 0022-0094.JSTOR 260218.
^^a ^bWeinberg 2005, p. 14.
^Kershaw, Ian (1999).Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris.W. W. Norton & Company.ISBN 978-0-393-32035-0.
^^a ^b ^c""Deutsche Kolonien - Traum und Trauma" – Bücher gebraucht, antiquarisch & neu kaufen ".booklooker.de(in German).Retrieved19 October2024.
^"Was wollte Hitler in Afrika?: NS-Planungen für eine faschistische Neugestaltung Afrikas / Kum'a Ndumbe III; aus dem Französischen übersetzt von Sven Dörper und Petra Liesenborgs; Bearbeitung des deutschen Manuskriptes, Richard Lakowsky".collections.ushmm.org.Retrieved21 October2024.
^^a ^bBernhard, Patrick (1 January 2010),"Die »Kolonialachse«: Der NS-Staat und Italienisch-Afrika 1935 bis 1943",Die Achse im Krieg 1939-1945(in German), Brill Schöningh, pp. 147–175,ISBN 978-3-657-76547-8,retrieved21 October2024
^^a ^b ^c ^dLinne, Karsten (2008).Deutschland jenseits des Äquators?: Die NS-Kolonialplanungen für Afrika(in German). Ch. Links Verlag.ISBN 978-3-86153-500-3.
^Gröner, Erich (1982).Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe, 1815-1945: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote(in German). Bernard & Graefe.ISBN 978-3-7637-4801-3.
^Breyer, Siegfried (1996).Der Z-Plan: Streben zur Weltmachtflotte(in German). Podzun-Pallas.ISBN 978-3-7909-0559-5.
^^a ^b"Der Traum vom Reich: der deutsche Kolonialismus zwischen 1919 und 1945 | WorldCat.org".search.worldcat.org(in Spanish).Retrieved19 October2024.
^"SEHEPUNKTE - Rezension von: Deutsche Kolonien - Ausgabe 6 (2006), Nr. 10".sehepunkte.de.Retrieved19 October2024.
^^a ^bSteltzer, Hans Georg (1984).Die Deutschen und ihr Kolonialreich(in German). Frankfurter Societäts-Verlag.ISBN 978-3-7973-0416-2.
^^a ^b ^c ^dhttps://3www2.de/images/stories/buch/3www2_Buch.pdf
^Klinkhammer, Lutz; Guerrazzi, Amedeo Osti; Schlemmer, Thomas (2010).Die "Achse" im Krieg: Politik, Ideologie und Kriegführung 1939-1945(in German). Schöningh.ISBN 978-3-506-76547-5.
^Bernhard, Patrick (2016)."Hitler's Africa in the East: Italian Colonialism as a Model for German Planning in Eastern Europe".Journal of Contemporary History.51(1): 61–90.doi:10.1177/0022009414561825.ISSN 0022-0094.JSTOR 43697412.
^"Mussolini alla conquista delle Baleari: Testo - IntraText CT".
^Mugnaini, Marco (1998)."Italia, Spagna e la formazione di un nuovo equilibrio mediterraneo (1923-1928)".Spagna Contemporanea(14): 53–78.ISSN 1121-7480.
^Moradiellos, Enrique (2000).La España de Franco, 1939-1975: política y sociedad(in Spanish). Síntesis.ISBN 978-84-7738-740-4.
^Payne, Stanley G. (1995).El primer franquismo: los años de la autarquía(in Spanish). Grupo 16.ISBN 978-84-7679-275-9.
^^a ^bSuñer, Ramón Serrano (1947).Entre Hendaya y Gibraltar: noticia y reflexión, frente a una leyenda, sobre nuestra política en dos guerras(in Spanish). Ediciones y Publicaciones Españoles.
^Preston, Paul (8 April 2011).Franco: "Caudillo de España"(in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España.ISBN 978-84-9989-147-7.
^Fernández, Luis Suárez (2011).Franco: los años decisivos, 1931-1945(in Spanish). Editorial Ariel.ISBN 978-84-344-1332-0.
^Salinas, Alfred (2008).Quand Franco réclamait Oran: l'opération Cisneros(in French). L'Harmattan.ISBN 978-2-296-05686-2.
^Catala, Michel (1998)."Vichy, Madrid Et Berlin Face a L'enjeu Nord-Africain Et a La Neutralité De La Méditerranée Occidentale Juin 1940 - Juin 1941".Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains(189): 75–93.ISSN 0984-2292.JSTOR 25732483.
^Padfield (1990), p. 309
^LTO."Deutsche Kolonialrechtsplanung 1940/41: Reise ins juristische Herz der Finsternis".Legal Tribune Online(in German).Retrieved17 October2024.
^Baer, Martin; Schröter, Olaf (2001).Eine Kopfjagd: Deutsche in Ostafrika: Spuren kolonialer Herrschaft(in German). Ch. Links Verlag.ISBN 978-3-86153-248-4.
^Lewerenz, Susann (2006).Die Deutsche Afrika-Schau (1935-1940): Rassismus, Kolonialrevisionismus und postkoloniale Auseinadersetzungen im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland(in German). Peter Lang.ISBN 978-3-631-54869-1.
^Heyden, Ulrich van der; Zeller, Joachim (2007).Kolonialismus hierzulande: eine Spurensuche in Deutschland(in German). Sutton.ISBN 978-3-86680-269-8.
^Stegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 295.
^""Reichsführer Briefe an und von Himmler" – Bücher gebraucht, antiquarisch & neu kaufen ".booklooker.de(in German).Retrieved21 October2024.
^^a ^bRich (1974), pp. 500–501.
^Gorodetsky, Gabriel; Gôrôdeṣqî, Gavrî'ēl (1999).Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia.Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-07792-6.
^Nekrich, A. M. (Aleksandr Moiseevich)."Pariahs, partners, predators: German-Soviet relations, 1922-1941".(No Title).
^Shirer, William L. (1990).Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany.Simon and Schuster.ISBN 978-0-671-72868-7.
^Donaldson, Robert H.; Nogee, Joseph L.; Nadkarni, Vidya (15 March 2014).The Foreign Policy of Russia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests.M.E. Sharpe.ISBN 978-0-7656-4202-8.
^^a ^bWeinberg 2005, p. 13.
^^a ^b ^c ^dMartin, Bernd (2006).Japan and Germany in the modern world.Berghahn Books. pp. 267–268.ISBN 1-84545-047-7.
^^a ^b ^cMartin (2006), p. 271.
^^a ^b ^cBloch, Michael (1992).Ribbentrop.Crown Publishers.ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3.
^Cheng Tian Fang's Memoir, volume 13.
^CRAIG, GORDON A. (11 May 2021),"The German Foreign Office from Neurath to Ribbentrop",The Diplomats, 1919-1939,Princeton University Press, pp. 406–436,doi:10.2307/j.ctv1fkgdjw.19,retrieved14 October2024
^"Digi20 | Band | 1933 - 1937, das Dritte Reich; 14. Juni bis 31. Oktober 1934 | Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik".digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de.Retrieved14 October2024.
^Rodriguez, Robyn L. (2011).Journey to the East: The German Military Mission in China, 1927-1938(Thesis). The Ohio State University.
^Kung with Hitler^{[permanent dead link‍]}.
^Kung and Kuomintang with Adolf Hitler^{[permanent dead link‍]}.
^Mitter, Rana (10 September 2013).Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945.HMH.ISBN 978-0-547-84056-7.
^^a ^b ^cWeinberg, Gerhard L. (11 April 2005).Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders.Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-85254-8.
^""Weinberg Gerhard L., Eine Welt in Waffen: die globale Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkriegs." – Bücher gebraucht, antiquarisch & neu kaufen ".booklooker.de(in German).Retrieved21 October2024.
^https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2272983/125073_thesis.pdf
^Foray, Jennifer L (January 2013)."An Old Empire in a New Order: The Global Designs of the Dutch Nazi Party, 1931–1942".European History Quarterly.43(1): 27–52.doi:10.1177/0265691412468085.ISSN 0265-6914.
^"WebCite query result".archive.ph.19 June 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 19 June 2009.Retrieved17 October2024.{{cite web}}:Cite uses generic title (help)
^https://web.archive.org/web/20190410165101/http://indbooks.in/mirror3.ru/?p=555620.Archived fromthe originalon 10 April 2019.Retrieved14 October2024.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title=(help)
^"Nazi Authors Seven Years in Tibet".il.china-embassy.gov.cn.Retrieved17 October2024.
^"Buddha Threatens the Japanese".Sydney Morning Herald.7 April 1945.Retrieved16 October2024.
^""Traumwelt Tibet" – Bücher gebraucht, antiquarisch & neu kaufen ".booklooker.de(in German).Retrieved17 October2024.
^"Trebitsch Lincoln - Conman Curate of Appledore - Appledore Local History Society".21 March 2019.Retrieved17 October2024.
^Freyeisen, Astrid (2000).Shanghai und die Politik des Dritten Reiches(in German). Königshausen & Neumann.ISBN 978-3-8260-1690-5.
^Kesler, Henryk (1989).Ignatius Trebitsch-Lincoln, oder, Vom Talmudschüler zum Buddha-Priester(in German). VfA-Verlag Freier Autoren.ISBN 978-3-88611-063-6.
^Weinberg (2005), p. 13
^Zealand, Archives New (1 August 2013),'German Nazi in Samoa',retrieved19 October2024
^^a ^bField, Michael (1984).Mau: Samoa's Struggle Against New Zealand Oppression.Reed.ISBN 978-0-589-01492-6.
^^a ^bField, Michael (1991).Mau: Samoa's Struggle for Freedom.Polynesian Press.ISBN 978-0-908597-07-9.
^^a ^bWinter, Christine (2015), null, Michael Mann and JÃ¼rgen G. Nagel (ed.),"National Socialism and the German (Mixed-Race) Diasporas in Oceania",Europa jenseits der Grenzen,vol. 1, Heidelberg: Draupadi Verlag, pp. 227–247,ISBN 978-3-937603-91-9,retrieved19 October2024
^Fozdar, Farida; McGavin, Kirsten (8 December 2016).Mixed Race Identities in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.Taylor & Francis.ISBN 978-1-317-19507-8.
^Steinmetz, George (15 September 2008).The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa.University of Chicago Press.ISBN 978-0-226-77244-8.
^Ford, Herbert (10 January 2014).Pitcairn Island as a Port of Call: A Record, 1790-2010, 2d ed.McFarland.ISBN 978-0-7864-8822-3.
^Winter, Christine (25 April 2016),German-Pacific links lead to Nazi Party connections in Samoa and PNG,ABC Radio,retrieved19 October2024
^^a ^bRich (1974), p. 415
^People AgainstNazism,Communism,andAuthoritarianism.Nazi plans for Australia.Retrieved 2 January 2011.[6]
^^a ^b"Hitler branded us as apes – New Zealand News".NZ Herald.30 June 2000.Retrieved17 January2023.
^Weinberg (2005), pp. 15–16.
^Fest, Joachim C.(1973).Hitler.Verlagg Ulstein. p.685.ISBN 0-15-602754-2.
^^a ^bStegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 625.
^^a ^bStegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 631.
^Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Cüppers, Martin (23 June 2010).Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine.Enigma Books.ISBN 978-1-936274-18-5.
^Sutherland, Jonathan; Canwell, Diane (1 January 2011).Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II.Casemate Publishers.ISBN 978-1-84884-336-3.
^Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica."GERMANY i. German-Persian diplomatic relations".iranicaonline.org.Retrieved23 August2024.
^^a ^bSchwanitz, Wolfgang (2004).Germany and the Middle East, 1871–1945.Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 94–95.ISBN 1-55876-298-1.
^^a ^bWeinberg (2005), p. 19
^Stegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 178.
^^a ^b ^cRich (1974), p. 402.
^Landau, Jacob M. (1981).Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism.C. Hurst.ISBN 978-0-905838-57-1.
^Guttstadt, Corry (20 May 2013).Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust.Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-76991-4.
^Hitler (2000), p. 208.
^Rich (1974), p. 383.
^Les plans secrets de la Seconde Guerre mondiale,lignes 16 et 17, p. 96
^Forgotten Legion: Sonderverbande Bergmann in World War II, 1941–1945 by Armin Abramian
^Freiwillige vom Kaukasus. A. Jeloschek, F. Richter, E. Schutte, J. Semler, L. S. Verlag, Graz-Stuttgart, 2003.
^Auron, Yair. The Banality Of Denial: Israel And The Armenian Genocide. Transaction Publishers: 2004: p. 263
^Watt, Donald Cameron (2001).How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939.Pimlico.ISBN 978-0-7126-6713-5.
^^a ^bRolfs, Richard W. (1996).The Sorcerer's Apprentice: The Life of Franz Von Papen.University Press of America.ISBN 978-0-7618-0162-7.
^Nicosia, Francis R. (2000).The Third Reich and the Palestine Question.Transaction Publishers.ISBN 978-0-7658-0624-6.
^"A Nazi Travels to Palestine | History Today".historytoday.Retrieved25 October2024.
^Kaplan, Eran (2005).The Jewish radical right: Revisionist Zionism and its ideological legacy.Internet Archive. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN 978-0-299-20380-1.
^Brenner, Lenni (1983)."Zionist-Revisionism: The Years of Fascism and Terror".Journal of Palestine Studies.13(1): 66–92.doi:10.2307/2536926.ISSN 0377-919X.JSTOR 2536926.
^Shlaim, Avi (1996). Shindle, Colin; Shamir, Yitzhak; Arens, Moshe; Begin, Ze'ev B.; Netanyahu, Benjamin (eds.)."The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism".Israel Studies.1(2): 278–293.doi:10.2979/ISR.1996.1.2.278.ISSN 1084-9513.JSTOR 30245501.
^Padfield, Peter (1991).Himmler: Reichsführer-SS.Papermac.ISBN 978-0-333-39699-5.
^Biddiscombe, Perry (1 July 2018)."The Mufti's Men: Haj Amin al-Husayni and SS Parachute Expeditions to Palestine and Iraq, 1944-1945. | EBSCOhost".openurl.ebsco.Retrieved27 October2024.
^Stegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 591.
^^a ^bHitler's Last Will and Political Testament, 17 February 1945
^"Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist".Holocaust Encyclopedia.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
^Herf, Jeffrey (2010).Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World.New Haven:Yale University Press.pp. 15–16.ISBN 978-0-30-016805-1.JSTOR j.ctt1npq5k.S2CID 152671129.
^"Blitzkrieg to Defeat: Hitler's War Directives, 1939–1945" edited with an Introduction and Commentary by H. R. Trevor-Roper (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1964), pp. 80–81.
^^a ^bHiro, Dilip.Iran under the ayatollahs.Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc., p. 296.[7]
^Iran's etymology.
^Alireza Asgharzadeh.Iran and the Challenge of Diversity: Islamic Fundamentalism, Aryanist Racism, and Democratic Struggles.pp. 91–94.The Nazis found a favorable climate amongst the Iranian elite to spread fascistic and racist propaganda. The Nazi propaganda machine advocated the (supposedly) common Aryan ancestry of "the two Nations." In order to further cultivate racist tendencies, in 1936 the Reich Cabinet issued a special decree exempting Iranians from the restrictions of the Nuremberg Racial Laws on the grounds that they were 'pure-blooded' Aryans... In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn among Reza Shah, Hitler, and Mussolini to emphasize the charismatic resemblance among these leaders.
^Lenczowski. 1944, p. 161
^^a ^b ^c ^dhttps://escholarship.org/content/qt82g755t6/qt82g755t6_noSplash_96e86923097cc5c83cd4d2c14fcb1688.pdf?t=oeiqba^{[bare URL]}
^"Iran in the Nazi New Order, 1933–1941".Sharmin and Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies.Retrieved16 May2023.
^"Iran in the Nazi New Order, 1934–1941 | Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) | انجمن ایران پژوهی".associationforiranianstudies.org.Retrieved16 May2023.
^Lenczowski. 1944, pág. 161
^^a ^bStegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 162.
^^a ^bStegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 164.
^Stegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 165.
^"Глава 33 Крах операции" Пожиратель огня "/ Афганская война Сталина. Битва за Центральную Азию".plam.ru.Retrieved13 October2024.
^Йоргенсен, Кристер (5 September 2012).Гитлеровская машина шпионажа. Военная и политическая разведка Третьего рейха. 1933-1945(in Russian). Litres.ISBN 978-5-457-19262-1.
^^a ^bStegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 163.
^"РЕЗИДЕНТ АБВЕРА — Читать онлайн на Indbooks".10 April 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 10 April 2019.Retrieved16 August2024.
^Rubin, Barry; Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. (25 February 2014).Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East.Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-14090-3.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fGoodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2000).Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism.NYU Press.pp. 65–72.ISBN 0-8147-3111-2.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^gGhose, Sankar (1992).Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography,pp. 138–139.Allied Publishers Limited.
^David Faber (2009).Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II.Simon and Schuster. p. 40.ISBN 143913233X.
^Afghanistan during World War II
^^a ^bKuhlmann, Jan (2003).Subhas Chandra Bose und die Indienpolitik der Achsenmächte.Verlag Hans Schiler. p. 78.ISBN 3-89930-064-5.
^Stegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 607.
^Stegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 608.
^Goodrick-Clarke (2000), p. 85.
^^a ^b ^cGetz, Marshall J. (2002).Subhas Chandra Bose: a biography.McFarland.p. 65.ISBN 0-7864-1265-8.
^Osborne, Richard E. (2001).World War II in Colonial Africa.Riebel-Roque Pub.ISBN 9780962832451.
^Weinberg (2005), p. 13.
^Rich 1972, pp. 237–246.
^"Hitler on Americas",Life,9 June 1941
^"American Bund: The Failure of American Nazism: The German-American Bund's Attempt to Create an American" Fifth Column "".Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2018.Retrieved1 March2011.
^Franco, Jere Bishop (1999).Crossing the pond: the native American effort in World War II.University of North Texas Press.p. 21.ISBN 1-57441-065-2.
^"American Indian Federation" at theEncyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture ArchivedOctober 18, 2010, at theWayback Machine
^Bernstein, Alison R. (1999).American Indians and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs.University of Oklahoma Press. p. 26.ISBN 9780806131849.
^Calloway, Gemünden, Zantop, Colin Gordon, Gerd, Susanne (2002).Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections.University of Nebraska Press. p. 25.ISBN 9780803205840.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Jere Bishop Franco'sCrossing the Pond: The Native American Effort in World War II.(1999).
^Grafton, Anthony, "Mein Buch",The New Republic,December 2008
^Kenneth Townsend.World War II and the American Indian.University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
^Himmler, Heinrich (1944).Amerikanismus eine Weltgefahr(in German). SS Hauptamt.
^"Nazi Germany's Race Laws, the United States, and American Indians".
^Berger, Knute."The strange case of the Northwest's Native American Nazi | Crosscut".crosscut.Retrieved14 May2023.
^Speech by FDR to theWhite House Correspondents' Associationon U.S. involvement in the war in Europe[8]
^Hitler (2000) p. 188
^Hitler (2000) p. 282
^Duffy, James P. (2004).Target America: Hitler's plan to attack the United States.Greenwood Publishing Group.p.16.ISBN 0-275-96684-4.
^^a ^bWeinberg, Gerhard L. (1981).World In The Balance: Behind the Scenes of World War II.University Press of New England. pp.89–90.ISBN 0-87451-216-6.
^Stegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 211.
^^a ^bHildebrand, Klaus(1973).The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich.University of California Press.pp.100–105.ISBN 0-520-02528-8.
^Duffy (2004), p. 17
^Duffy, James P. Target America: "Hitler's Plan to Attack the United States". The Lyons Press, 2006.ISBN 978-1-59228-934-9.
^Stegemann & Vogel 1995,p. 632.
^Hitler (2000) p. 14
^Hitler (2000) p. 26
^Stoakes, Geoffrey (1986).Hitler and the Quest for World Dominion.Berg, pp. 221–222.[9]
^Weinberg 2005, p. 15.
^Frank Capra (1943).Why We Fight – The Nazis Strike(YouTube). Public Domain Free Movies. Event occurs at 3:15 to 6:58. Archived fromthe original(YouTube)on 30 June 2014.Retrieved7 April2014.
^Stoakes, p. 235.
^Hillgruber, Andreas.Germany and the Two World Wars,Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1981; pp. 50–51
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eWagner, Jonathan Frederick (1981).Brothers beyond the sea: national socialism in Canada,pp. 23–24. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ontario.
^Frye, Alton (1967).Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere,p. 183.Yale University Press.
^Wagner (1981), p. 25.
^Wagner (1981), p. 26.
^Bergère, Marc (2017)."Les relations ambivalentes du Québec à la France de Vichy: retour sur l'événement, sa mémoire et l'écriture de son histoire".Histoire, économie & société(in French).36(4): 87–103.doi:10.3917/hes.174.0087.ISSN 0752-5702.
^Hellman, John (1997)."Monasteries, Miliciens, War Criminals: Vichy France/Quebec, 1940-50".Journal of Contemporary History.32(4): 539–554.doi:10.1177/002200949703200408.ISSN 0022-0094.JSTOR 261115.
^Delisle, Esther (30 December 2023)."Hidden in Plain Sight: Fascism in Quebec during the Second World War".The London Journal of Canadian Studies.37(1).doi:10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2023v37.006.ISSN 2397-0928.
^Leitz, Christian (2004).Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933–1941: The Road to Global War.Routledge.p. 114.ISBN 0-415-17423-6.
^Leitz (2004), p. 115
^Leitz (2004), pp. 118–119
^Friedman, Max Paul (2003).Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign against the Germans of South America in World War II.Cambridge University Press.p. 45.ISBN 0-521-82246-7.
^Paula, Rogério Henrique Cardoso de (2016)."As comunidades alemãs frente ao nazismo no Brasil e no Chile: uma História comparada".Revista Trilhas da História(in Portuguese).5(10): 72–93.ISSN 2238-1651.
^"Descifrando las redes de espionaje nazi: historia del Departamento 50 (1) | Archivo Nacional".archivonacional.gob.cl(in Spanish).Retrieved20 October2024.
^Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas. Las actividades del nazismo en la Argentina.http:// argentina-rree /9/9-027.htm Archived2020-10-01 at theWayback Machine.Retrieved 03/09/2013 (Spanish)
^Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005).A world at arms:a global history of World War II.Cambridge University Press.p. 506.ISBN 0-521-61826-6.
^"NAZI PLOT IN URUGUAY - Examiner (Launceston, Tas.: 1900 - 1954) - 13 Aug 1940".Examiner.13 August 1940.Retrieved13 October2024.
^Simon Romero (9 December 2016)."Nazi Grave in Brazil Endures as Marker of Secret Plan to Colonize".The New York Times.Retrieved9 April2021.
^"How the Amazon became popular in the Third Reich – DW – 03/19/2020".dw.Retrieved20 October2024.
^"Hitlers SS im Amazonas-Dschungel – Das halsbrecherische Abenteuer einer wirren Nazi-Expedition, die 1935 gegen den Strom des Jari kämpfte".NachDenkSeiten - Die kritische Website(in German).Retrieved20 October2024.
^Rich (1974), p. 329.
^Friedman (2003), p. 46
^"Eric Maschwitz".
^Cull, Nicholas John (1995).Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign against American "Neutrality" in World War II.Oxford University Press. pp.170–173.ISBN 0-19-508566-3.
^"Imperial German Territorial Aspirations – Latin America".
^Tannenberg, Otto Richard (1911).Gross-Deutschland, die Arbeit des 20. Jahrhunderts, von Otto Richard Tannenberg(in German). B. Velger.
^Costa, Sergio Corrêa da (2004).Crônica de uma guerra secreta(in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Record.ISBN 978-85-01-07031-9.
^"Estado Novo (1937-1945): A ditadura de Getúlio Vargas".educacao.uol.br(in Brazilian Portuguese).Retrieved20 October2024.
^"Notícias do Último Segundo: o que acontece no Brasil e no Mundo".iG Último Segundo(in Brazilian Portuguese).Retrieved20 October2024.
^http://revistaepoca.globo /Revista/Epoca/0,,EDR65909-5856,00.html
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^Dietrich, Ana Maria (20 March 2007).Nazismo tropical? O partido Nazista no Brasil(text thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo.
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Bibliography

Primary sources

Goebbels, Joseph (1970).The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–1943.Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 591.ISBN 978-0-8371-3815-2.
Himmler, Heinreich,Posen speeches(4 and 6 October 1943).
Hitler, Adolf,Mein Kampf(1925).
Roosevelt, Franklin D.,On U.S. Involvement in the War in Europe(15 March 1941); Navy Day Annapolis speech (27 October 1941).
Rosenberg, AlfredDer Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts[ "The Myth of the 20th Century" ], 1930.
Rosenberg, Alfred,Krisis und Neubau Europas(1934). Berlin.
Rosenberg, Alfred, personal diary.

Literature

Evans, Richard J. (2008).The Third Reich at war.Internet Archive. Penguin Press. pp. 321–402.ISBN 978-1-59420-206-3.
Förster, Jürgen (1998). "Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation". In Boog, Horst;Förster, Jürgen;Hoffmann, Joachim; Klink, Ernst; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (eds.).The Attack on the Soviet Union.Germany and the Second World War.Vol. IV. Translated by McMurry, Dean S.; Osers, Ewald; Willmot, Louise.Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt(Military History Research Office (Germany)). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 481–521.ISBN 0-19-822886-4.
Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995).Germany and the Second World War: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa, 1939–1941.Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-822884-8.
Longerich, Peter (2011).Heinrich Himmler.OUP Oxford.ISBN 978-0-19-161989-2.

v t e Nazism
Organisation	Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party Sicherheitsdienst(SD) Sturmabteilung(SA) Schutzstaffel(SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS
History	Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Adolf Hitler's cult of personality Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation
Ideology	Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Dolchstoßlegende "International Jewry" Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Economic interventionism Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Rassenschande Untermenschen Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper
Politicians	Bierbaumer Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher
Ideologues	Pre-Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche(Contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post-Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger(Contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt(Contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann
Atrocities and war crimes	Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani genocide
Outside Germany	Americas Brazil Chile Europe Greece Sweden Parties American Nazi Party Arrow Cross Party (Hungary) German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling (Norway) National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Movement (United States) National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Nordic Resistance Movement Ossewabrandwag (South Africa) SUMKA (Iran) Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia) World Union of National Socialists
Lists	Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Nazi ideologues NSDAP leaders and officials Nazi Party members Last surviving war crime suspects Party ideologues Speeches given by Adolf Hitler SS personnel
Role and impact in German society	The Wehrmacht Economy Nobility
Related topics	Anti-Bolshevist League Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism "Beefsteak Nazi" Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Political views of Adolf Hitler Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom Racial theories Sorelianism Strasserism Women
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