News media
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(May 2018) |
Thenews mediaornews industryare forms ofmass mediathat focus on deliveringnewsto thegeneral public.These includenews agencies,newspapers,news magazines,news channelsetc.
History
[edit]Some of the first news circulations occurred in Renaissance Europe. These handwritten newsletters contained news about wars, economic conditions, and social customs and were circulated among merchants. The first printed news appeared by the late 1400s in German pamphlets that contained content that was often highly sensationalized. The first newspaper written in English wasThe Weekly News,published in London in 1621. Several papers followed in the 1640s and 1650s. In 1690, the first American newspaper was published by Richard Pierce and Benjamin Harris in Boston. However, it did not have permission from the government to be published and was immediately suppressed.[1]
In the United States
[edit]In 1729,Benjamin Franklinbegan writing a new form of newspaper that was more satirical and more involved in civic affairs than previously seen. In 1735,John Peter Zengerwas accused of seditious libel by the governor of New York,William Cosby.Zenger was found not guilty, largely in part to his attorney Andrew Hamilton, who later wrote a paper in which he argued that newspapers should be free to criticize the government as long as it was true. Later, with the ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791, freedom of the press would be guaranteed by the First Amendment.[1]
In the 1830s, newspapers started seeking commercial success and turned toward reportage. This began with the New York Sun in 1833. Advancements in technology made it cheaper to print newspapers and "penny papers" emerged. These issues sought out local news and coverage of society. Later, news-gathering became a central function of newspapers. With the invention of the telegraph in 1845, the "inverted pyramid"structure of news was developed.[2]Through the latter half of the 1800s, politics played a role in what newspapers published. By the end of the century, modern aspects of newspapers, such as banner headlines, extensive use of illustrations, "funny pages", and expanded coverage of organized sporting events, began to appear. Also, media consolidation began with many independent newspapers becoming part of "chains".[1]
The early 1900s saw Progressive Era journalists using a new style of investigative journalism that revealed the corrupt practices of government officials. These exposing articles became featured in many newspapers and magazines. The people who wrote them became labeled as "muckrakers". They became very influential and were a vital force in the Progressive reform movement. However, after 1912 muckraking declined. The public began to think the exposés were sensationalized, but they did make a great impact on future policies.[1]
During the 1920s, radio became a news medium, and was a significant source of breaking news. Although, during World War I, radio broadcasts in America were only given information about Allied victories because Great Britain had a monopoly on the transatlantic radio lines. For the newspapers, the government suppressed any radical or German papers during and after the war.[1]
With the introduction of the television came The Communications Act of 1934. It was an agreement between commercial television and the people of the United States that established that: The airways are public property; Commercial broadcasters are licensed to use the airways; The main condition for use will be whether the broadcaster served "the public interest, convenience, and necessity." During the Vietnam War, the media reporting directly challenged the government, drawing attention to the "credibility gap" — official lies and half-truths about the war.[1]
Television news continued to expand during the 1970s, and by 1990, more than half of American homes had cable systems and nationally oriented newspapers expanded their reach. With technological advancements in the newsroom, notably the Internet, a new emphasis on computer-assisted reporting and a new blending of media forms emerged, with one reporter preparing the same story in print, online, and on camera for a newspaper's cable station.[1]
Etymology
[edit]A"medium"(plural "media" ) is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information, art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information or both. The industries which produce news and entertainment content for themass mediaare often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "thepress"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular (" The media is... ") rather than as the traditional plural.
"Press" is the collective designation of media vehicles that carry out journalism and other functions of informative communication, in contrast to pure propaganda or entertainment communication. The term press comes from theprinting pressofJohannes Gutenbergin the sixteenth century and which, from the eighteenth century, was used to print newspapers, then the only existing journalistic vehicles. From the middle of the 20th century onwards, newspapers also began to be broadcast (radio news and television news). The advent of the World Wide Web brought with it online newspapers, which then expanded to include online news videos and online streaming news in the 2010s. The use of the term "press", however, was maintained.[3]
Broadcasting
[edit]Broadcastingis the distribution ofaudioandvideosignals(programs) to a number of recipients ( "listeners" or "viewers" ) that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, anInternetchannel may distribute text or music worldwide, while apublic addresssystem in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limitedad hocsoundbitesto a small population within its range.
The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called aschedule.
Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting orcable,often simultaneously. By coding signals and havingdecodingequipment in homes, the latter also enablessubscription-based channels andpay-per-viewservices.
A broadcastingorganizationmay broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for exampleBBC OneandTwo.On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day.Digital radioanddigital televisionmay also transmitmultiplexedprogramming, with several channelscompressedinto oneensemble.
When broadcasting is done via the Internet the termwebcastingis often used.
Broadcasting forms a very large segment of themass media.
Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is callednarrowcasting.
Television
[edit]In a broadcast system (television), journalists or reporters are also involved with editing the video material that has been shot alongside their research, and in working on the visualnarrativeof the story. Broadcast journalists often make an appearance in the news story at the beginning or end of the video clip.
Intelevisionorbroadcast journalism,news analysts (also called newscasters or news anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from varioussourcesof information.Anchorspresent this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents).
News films ( "clips" ) can vary in length; there are some which may be as long as ten minutes, others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels these days have also begun to host specialdocumentary filmsthat stretch for much longer durations and are able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail.
The desk persons categorise news stories with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.
- The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short form of news. The story is written in a gist. According to the script visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The script is three to four lines. At first the anchor starts to read the news, and, after reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor.
- The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO, except that as soon as the AVO ends, the Byte is aired.
- The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part.
Newspapers
[edit]A newspaper is a lightweight and disposablepublication(more specifically, aperiodical), usually printed on low-cost paper callednewsprint.It may be general or of special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.
General-interest newspapers are usually journals of currentnewson a variety of topics. Those can includepolitical events,crime,business,sports,and opinions (eithereditorials,columns,orpolitical cartoons). Many also include weather news andforecasts.Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often includecomic stripsand other entertainment, such ascrosswords.
Print journalism
[edit]
Astoryis a single article,newsitem orfeature,usually concerning a singleevent,issue,theme,orprofileof a person.Correspondentsreport news occurring in the main, locally, from their own country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed.
Most reportersfileinformation or write their stories electronically from remote locations. In many cases,breaking storiesare written by staff members, through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out on the field gathering information for an event that has just occurred and needs to be broadcast instantly. Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report "live" from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role, they are called commentators or columnists.
Reporterstake notes and also take photographs or shoot videos, either on their own, by citizens or through aphotographeror camera person. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg), and finally write their stories. The story is theneditedby news or copy-editors (U.S. style) or sub-editors in Europe, who function from thenews desk.The headline of the story is decided by the news desk, and practically never by the reporter or the writer of the piece. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared by the reporter / writer originally. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazineedition,are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after thechief editorhas approved the content, style and language in the material, it is sent forpublishing.The writer is given abylinefor the piece that is published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to the frequency of the publication. News can be published in a variety of formats (broadsheet,tabloid,magazineand periodical publications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly).
Newsmagazines
[edit]
Anewsmagazine,is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. News magazines generally go more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just the facts.
Newsreels
[edit]Anewsreelwas adocumentary filmcommon in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmednewsstories.
Created byPathé FrèresofFrancein 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American,British,andCommonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand),and throughout Europeancinemaprogramming schedule from thesilent erauntil the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role.
As technology improved, newsreels began to incorporate sound and color, making them even more engaging for audiences. However, with the rise of television news, the popularity of newsreels began to decline, and they were eventually phased out altogether.
Online journalism
[edit]
Online journalismisreportingand otherjournalismproduced or distributed via theInternet.TheInternethas allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories through mainstream media outlets,social mediaplatforms, as well asblogs,vlogs,and otherself-publishednews stories.
News coverage and new media
[edit]By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Beyond the media networks, independent news sources have evolved to report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories. In recent years, theblogospherehas taken reporting a step further, mining down to the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens.[citation needed]
A growing phenomenon, the blogosphere can report news overlooked by the press and TV networks. Due to the rise of social media involvement in news, the most common news value has become entertainment in recent years.[4]Apropos of this wasRobert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 11,000-wordRolling Stonearticleapropos of the2004 United States presidential election,published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by aSeattle Post-Intelligencerarticle.[5]
Media coverage during the2008 Mumbai attackshighlighted the use ofnew mediaand Internet social networking tools, includingTwitterandFlickr,in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources. In response, traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports.[6]However, several outlets were criticized as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information.[7]Some public opinion research companies have found that a majority or plurality of people in various countries distrust the news media.[8][9]
Fake news
[edit]Fake news articles are untruthful-on-purpose stories. They have the purpose of misleading the reader to think one way.[10]With the rise of new media through social media, there has been an increase in fake news. This increase in fake news has progressed over time and continues to show, especially in today's media. The use of Twitter, Facebook, etc. has made it easier for false or misleading articles to be seen. The amount of misleading news articles that are produced are causing audiences to believe that every piece of information on the internet is true. A major problem is the issue of unbiased articles showing up in a timeline next to fake articles. This makes it hard for others to determine between what is fact and what is opinion. Specifically, the media coverage during the 2016 United States presidential election saw numerous misleading articles for both candidates.[11]
Media integrity
[edit]Media integrity refers to the ability of a news media outlet to serve thepublic interestanddemocratic process,making it resilient to institutionalcorruptionwithin the media system,[12]economy of influence, conflicting dependence andpolitical clientelism.Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet:
- independencefrom private or political interests
- transparencyabout own financial interests
- commitment tojournalism ethics and standards
- responsiveness to citizens
The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region ofSouth East Europe,[13]within the projectSouth East European Media Observatory,gathering organisations which are part of theSouth East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abcdefg"NOW with Bill Moyers. Politics & Economy. Milestones in Media and Politics".PBS.Retrieved2018-03-08.
- ^"Journalism and Journalistic Writing".Purdue OWL.Retrieved2018-04-01.
- ^"press | Etymology, origin and meaning of press".etymonline.Retrieved2021-12-26.
- ^Harcup, Tony; O’Neill, Deirdre (2 December 2017)."What is News?: News values revisited (again)".Journalism Studies.18(12): 1470–1488.doi:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193.
- ^Public Interest in News Topics Beyond Control of Mainstream MediaArchived2006-06-15 at theWayback Machine,June 9, 2006.
- ^As it happened: Mumbai attacks 27 Nov,BBC News,November 27, 2008.
- ^Twitter In Controversial Spotlight Amid Mumbai Attacks,Information Week,November 29, 2008.
- ^Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott - 1997, Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe p 164
- ^Frank Newport - 2012, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2011 - Page 335
- ^Hill, Taylor (1 February 2017)."Hook, Line, and Sinker: Media Disruptors That Will Influence the Industry in 2017".Editor and Publisher.
- ^"Should the tech giants be liable for content?".The Economist.Vol. 428, no. 9108. 8 September 2018. pp. 14, 16.ProQuest2100785283.
- ^Lessig, Lawrence."Institutional Corruption – LessigWiki".wiki.lessig.org.Retrieved2016-03-11.
- ^Petković, Brankica, ed. (2014).Media Integrity Matters: Reclaiming Public Service Values in Media and Journalism: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia(PDF).Ljubljana: Peace Institute.
External links
[edit]
