North Efate language
(Redirected fromNguna language)
| North Efate | |
|---|---|
| Nakanamanga | |
| Nguna | |
| Region | Efate,Vanuatu |
Native speakers | 9,500 (2001)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | llp |
| Glottolog | nort2836 |
 North Efate is not endangered according to the classification system of theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
North Efate,also known asNakanamangaorNguna,is anOceanic languagespoken on the northern area ofEfateinVanuatu,as well as on a number of islands off the northern coast – includingNguna,and parts ofTongoa,EmaeandEpi.
The population of speakers is recorded to be 9,500.[2]This makes Nakanamanga one of the largest languages of Vanuatu, an archipelago known for having the world's highest linguistic density.[3]
Phonology[edit]
 | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(October 2017) |
The consonant and vowels sounds of North Efate (Nguna).[4]
| Labial | Dental | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p | t̪ | k |
| implosive | ɓʷ | |||
| Fricative | v | s | ||
| Nasal | plain | m | n | ŋ |
| prenasal | ᵑm | |||
| Liquid | lr | |||
| Semivowel | w | |||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Subdialects of North Efate include:[5]
- Buninga
- Emau
- Livara
- Nguna
- Paunangis
- Sesake
Typology follows Subject Object Verb order as is observed in Nguna[2]
References[edit]
- Ray, Sidney H.(1887)."Sketch of Nguna Grammar".The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.16.Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 409–418.doi:10.2307/2841882.JSTOR2841882.
- Schütz, Albert J. (1969)."Nguna Grammar".Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications.
Notes[edit]
- ^North EfateatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^ab"Efate, North".Ethnologue.Retrieved2018-11-13.
- ^François, Alexandre;Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015),"The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu",in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.),The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity,Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21,ISBN9781922185235
- ^Schütz, Albert J. (1969).Nguna Grammar.Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications.
- ^"Glottolog 3.3 - North Efate".glottolog.org.Retrieved2018-11-13.