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Nigel Lawson

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The Right Honourable
The Lord Lawson of Blaby
PC
Official portrait, 2018
Chancellor of the Exchequer
In office
11 June 1983 – 26 October 1989
Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher
Preceded byGeoffrey Howe
Succeeded byJohn Major
Secretary of State for Energy
In office
14 September 1981 – 11 June 1983
Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher
Preceded byDavid Howell
Succeeded byPeter Walker
Financial Secretary to the Treasury
In office
4 May 1979 – 14 September 1981
Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher
Preceded byRobert Sheldon
Succeeded byNicholas Ridley
Member of the House of Lords
Life peerage
6 July 1992 – 31 December 2022
Member of Parliament
forBlaby
In office
28 February 1974 – 16 March 1992
Preceded byConstituency created
Succeeded byAndrew Robathan
Personal details
Born
Nigel Lawson

(1932-03-11)11 March 1932
Hampstead,London, England
Died3 April 2023(2023-04-03)(aged 91)
Eastbourne,England
Political partyConservative
Spouses
  • Vanessa Salmon
    ​
    ​
    (m.1955;div.1980)​
  • Thérèse Maclear
    ​
    ​
    (m.1980;div.2012)​
Children6, includingDominicandNigella
EducationWestminster School
Alma materChrist Church, Oxford
Military service
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Branch/serviceRoyal Navy
Years of service1954–1956
RankLieutenant commander
CommandsHMSGay Charger
Part ofthe politics serieson
Thatcherism
Margaret Thatcher
Philosophy
People
Organisations
Related movements

Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby,PC(11 March 1932 – 3 April 2023) was a British politician and journalist. A member of theConservative Party,he served asMember of ParliamentforBlabyfrom 1974 to 1992, and served inMargaret Thatcher's Cabinet from 1981 to 1989. Prior to entering the Cabinet, he served as theFinancial Secretary to the Treasuryfrom May 1979 until his promotion toSecretary of State for Energy.He was appointedChancellor of the Exchequerin June 1983 and served until his resignation in October 1989. In both Cabinet posts, Lawson was a key proponent of Thatcher's policies ofprivatisationof several key industries.[1]

Lawson was abackbencherfrom 1989 until he retired in 1992 and sat in theHouse of Lordsfrom 1992 to his further retirement in 2022.[2]He remained active in politics as the president ofConservatives for Britain,a campaign forBritain to leave the European Union,and was a prominentcritic of the EU.He also served as the chairman of the think tankThe Global Warming Policy Foundationand was an active supporter ofVote Leave.

Lawson was the father of six children, includingNigella Lawson,afood writerandcelebrity cook,Dominic Lawson,a journalist, and Tom Lawson, headmaster ofEastbourne College.

Early life and education[edit]

Nigel Lawson was born on 11 March 1932 to a non-Orthodox Jewishfamily[3]living inHampstead,London.[4]His father, Ralph Lawson (1904–1982), was the owner of a tea-trading firm in theCity of London,while his mother, Joan Elizabeth (Davis) (died 1998), was also from a prosperous family of stockbrokers.[5]His paternal grandfather, Gustav Leibson, a merchant fromMitau(now Jelgava in Latvia), changed his name from Leibson to Lawson in 1925,[6]having become aBritish citizenin 1911.[7]

Lawson was a great-nephew of the pianistMyra Hess.[1]

Lawson was educated atWestminster Schoolin London (following in his father's footsteps),[8]and won a mathematics scholarship toChrist Church, Oxford,[1][9]where he gained afirst-class honours degreeinphilosophy, politics and economics.[10]

Life and career[edit]

For two years from 1954, Lawson carried out hisNational Serviceas aRoyal Navyofficer, during which time he commanded the fast-patrol boatHMSGay Charger.[1][11]

Having been turned down for a career at theForeign Office,Lawson joined theFinancial Timesas a journalist in 1956, subsequently writing theLexcolumn.He progressed to becomeCity editorofThe Sunday Telegraphin 1961, where he introducedJim Slater'sCapitalistinvesting column.[1]

Early political career[edit]

In 1963, Lawson was recruited byConservative Central Officeto assist withspeech-writingfor prime ministersHarold MacmillanandSir Alec Douglas-Homein the lead-up to the1964 general election.[1]

After returning to journalism as editor ofThe Spectatorfrom 1966 to 1970, Lawson was selected as theConservativecandidate for theEton and Sloughconstituency in 1968.[1]He contested the seat unsuccessfully at the1970 general election,before becomingMember of Parliament(MP) forBlabyin Leicestershire inFebruary 1974,holding the seat until he retired at the1992 general election.[12]

In 1977, while anopposition whip,Lawson co-ordinated tactics with rebellious governmentbackbenchersJeff RookerandAudrey Wiseto secure legislation providing for the automaticindexationoftax thresholdsto prevent thetax burdenbeing increased by inflation (typically in excess of 10% per annum during that parliament).[13][1]

In government[edit]

Financial Secretary to the Treasury[edit]

Onthe electionofMargaret Thatcher's government, Lawson was appointed to the post ofFinancial Secretary to the Treasury.[14]Although this is the fourth-ranking political position in theUK Treasury,Lawson's energy in office was reflected in such measures as the ending of unofficial state controls onmortgage lending,the abolition ofexchange controlsin October 1979 and the publication of the Medium Term financial Strategy.[15]This document set the course for both themonetaryandfiscalsides of the new government'seconomic policy,though the extent to which the subsequent trajectory of policy and outcome matched that projected is still a matter for debate.[15]

Secretary of State for Energy[edit]

In theCabinet reshuffleof September 1981, Lawson was promoted to the position ofSecretary of State for Energy.[16]In this role his most significant action was to prepare for what he saw as an inevitable full-scale strike in thecoal industry(thenstate-ownedsincenationalisationby the post-warLabour Partygovernment ofClement Attlee) over the closure of deep coal mines whose uneconomic operation accounted for the coal industry's business losses and consequent requirement forstate subsidy.[17]He was a key proponent of the Thatcher government'sprivatisationpolicy.[18][19]During his tenure at theDepartment of Energyhe set the course for the later privatisations of the gas and electricity industries and on his return to the Treasury he worked closely with theDepartment of Trade and Industryin privatisingBritish Airways,British Telecom,andBritish Gas.[20]

Chancellor of the Exchequer[edit]

[A] mixture offree markets,financial discipline,firm control overpublic expenditure,tax cuts,nationalism, "Victorian values"(of theSamuel Smilesself-help variety), privatisation and a dash ofpopulism.

Lawson's definition ofThatcherism[21]

Following the Thatcher government'sre-election in 1983,Lawson was appointedChancellor of the Exchequer,succeedingGeoffrey Howe.The early years of Lawson's chancellorship were associated withtax reform.The1984 budgetreformedcorporate taxesby a combination of reduced rates and reduced allowances. The1985 budgetcontinued the trend of shifting fromdirecttoindirect taxesby reducingNational Insurancecontributions for the lower-paid while extending the base ofvalue-added tax.[22][23]

During these two years, Lawson's public image remained low-key, but from the1986 budget(in which he resumed the reduction of the standard rate of personalincome taxfrom the 30 per cent rate to which it had been lowered in Howe's1979 budget), his stock rose asunemploymentbegan to fall from the middle of 1986 (employment growth having resumed over three years earlier). Lawson also changed thebudget deficitfrom £10.5 billion (3.7 per cent of GDP) in 1983 to abudget surplusof £3.9 billion in 1988 and £4.1 billion in 1989, the year of his resignation. During these years, however, the UK'scurrent account deficitsimilarly rose from below 1 per cent of GDP in 1986 to almost 5 per cent in 1989, with Lawson asserting that an external deficit based onprivate-sectorbehaviour is no reason for concern.[24]During his tenure, the rate oftaxationalso came down. The basic rate was reduced from 30 per cent in 1983 to 25 per cent by 1988. The top rate of tax also came down from 60 per cent to 40 per cent in 1988, and the four other higher rates were removed, leaving a system of personal taxation in which there was no rate anywhere in excess of 40 per cent.[25][26]

In 1986, the City of London'sfinancial marketswerederegulatedin the so-called "Big Bang".In an interview in 2010, Lawson said that anunintended consequenceof the Big Bang and the associated end of the separation that had existed betweenmerchantandretail bankingwas thefinancial crisis of 2007–2008.[27]

The trajectory taken by theUK economyfrom this point on is typically described as "TheLawson Boom"by analogy with the phrase" TheBarber Boom"which describes an earlier period of rapid expansion under the tenure as chancellor ofAnthony Barberin the Conservative government ofEdward Heath(1970–1974).[28][unreliable source?][29]Critics of Lawson assert that a combination of the abandonment ofmonetarism,the adoption of ade factoexchange-ratetarget of 3Deutsche Marksto thepound,and excessive fiscal laxity (in particular the1988 budget) unleashed aninflationary spiral.[30][31]

In his defence, Lawson attributed the boom largely to the effects of various measures offinancial deregulation.[19]Insofar as Lawson acknowledged policy errors, he attributed them to a failure to raise interest rates during 1986 and considered that had Thatcher not vetoed the UK joining theEuropean Exchange Rate Mechanismin November 1985 it might have been possible to adjust to these beneficial changes in the arena ofmicroeconomicswith lessmacroeconomicsturbulence. Lawson also ascribed the difficulty of conducting monetary policy toGoodhart's law.[32][33]

Lawson's tax cuts, beginning in 1986, resulted in the "Lawson Boom" of the British economy, which halved unemployment from more than 3,000,000 by the end of 1989.[34]However, this may have led to a rise in inflation from 3 per cent to more than 8 per cent during 1988, which resulted in interest rates doubling to 15 per cent in the space of 18 months, and remaining high despite the1990–1992 recessionwhich saw unemployment rise nearly as high as the level seen before the boom began.[35]

Lawson reflected on the1987 general electionin his memoir and wrote that the 1987 manifesto was not thought through properly and if it had not been for the economic growth of the country at the time, then the manifesto would have been a disaster because "as it was, it was merely an embarrassment".[36][37]

The March 1988 budget was remembered for taking almost two hours to deliver due to continuous interruptions and protest from opposition members.Scottish National PartyMPAlex Salmondwassuspended from the House,and several MPs voted against the amendment of the law bill (which is typically agreed by all members of the House).[38][39]

Lawson opposed the introduction of theCommunity Charge(nicknamed "thepoll tax") as a replacement for the previousrating systemfor the local financing element of local government revenue. His dissent was confined to deliberations within the Cabinet, where he found few allies and where he was overruled by the Prime Minister and by the ministerial team of the department responsible (Department of the Environment).[22]

The issue of exchange-rate mechanism membership continued to fester between Lawson and Thatcher and was exacerbated by the re-employment by Thatcher ofAlan Waltersas a personal economic adviser.[40]

Resignation[edit]

After a further year in office in these circumstances, Lawson felt that public criticism from Walters (who favoured afloating exchange rate) was making his job impossible and he resigned.[41][42]He was succeeded in the office of chancellor byJohn Major.[43]

Lawson's six-year tenure as Chancellor of the Exchequer was longer than that of any of his predecessors sinceDavid Lloyd George,who served from 1908 to 1915.[44]Both men's records were subsequently beaten by Labour'sGordon Brown,who was chancellor from 1997 to 2007.[45]

Retirement[edit]

Lawson in 2013

After retiring fromfront-benchpolitics, Lawson decided to tackle hisweight problem.He was 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm) tall; he lost five stone (70 pounds, 30 kg) from 17 stone, or 238 pounds (108 kg) to 12 stone, or 168 pounds (76 kilograms) – (BMI34 to 24) in a matter of a few months, dramatically changing his appearance, and went on to publish the best-sellingThe Nigel Lawson Diet Book.[46]

On 1 July 1992, Lawson was given alife peerageas Baron Lawson of Blaby, ofNewnhamin theCounty of Northamptonshire.[12][47]

In 1996, Lawson appeared on theBBCsatirical and topical quiz showHave I Got News for You,in which he secured his team a last-minute victory.[48]He occasionally appeared as a guest on his daughterNigella'scookery shows.

Lawson served on theadvisory boardof the Conservative magazineStandpoint.[49]

In 2013, Lawson advocatedBritain leaving the European Union.He argued that "economic gains [from leaving the EU] would substantially outweigh the costs".[50]In the2016 EU referendum,he supported Leave and was appointed chairman of theVote Leavecampaign.[51][52][53]

Corporate roles[edit]

  • 2007: Chairman of Central Europe Trust Company Ltd (CET)[54]
  • 2007: Chairman of Oxford Investment Partners[55]

Expenses scandal[edit]

During theUnited Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal,it was reported that Lawson claimed £16,000 in overnight allowances by registering hisfarmhousein Gascony as hismain residence.[56]

Position on global warming[edit]

Lawson was involved with theclimate change denialmovement and believed that the impact ofman-made global warminghad been exaggerated.[57]

In 2004, along with six others, Lawson wrote a letter toThe Timesopposing theKyoto Protocoland claiming that there were substantial scientific uncertainties surroundingclimate change.[58]In 2005, theHouse of LordsEconomics AffairsSelect Committee,with Lawson as a member, undertook an inquiry into climate change. In their report, the committee recommended theHM Treasurytake a more active role inclimate policy,questioned the objectivity of theIPCCprocess, and suggested changes in the UK's contribution to future international climate change negotiations.[59]The report cited a mismatch between the economic costs and benefits of climate policy and also criticised thegreenhouse gasemission reduction targets set in the Kyoto Protocol. In response to the report, Michael Grubb,chief economistof theCarbon Trust,wrote an article inProspectmagazine, defending the Kyoto Protocol and describing the committee's report as being "strikingly inconsistent".[60]Lawson responded to Grubb's article, describing it as an example of the "intellectual bankruptcy of the [...] climate change establishment". Lawson also said that Kyoto's approach was "wrong-headed" and called on the IPCC to be "shut down".[61]

At about the same time as the release of the House of Lords report, the UK Government launched theStern Review,an inquiry undertaken by the HM Treasury and headed byLord Stern of Brentford.According to the Stern Review, published in 2006, the potential costs of climate change far exceed the costs of a programme to stabilise the climate. Lawson's lecture to theCentre for Policy Studies(CPS)think tank,published 1 November 2006, opposed the Stern Review and advocated adaptation to changes in global climate rather than reducinggreenhouse gas emissions.[62]

In 2008, Lawson published a book expanding on his 2006 lecture to the CPS,An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming.[63]He argued the case that, although global warming is happening, the impact of these changes will be relatively moderate rather than apocalyptic. He criticised those "alarmist"politicians and scientists who predict catastrophe unlessurgent actionis taken.

In July 2008, the Conservative magazineStandpointpublished a transcript of a double interview with Lawson and Conservative Policy ChiefOliver Letwin,in which Lawson described Letwin's views on global warming as "pie in the sky" and called on him and the Conservative frontbench to "get real".[64]

On 23 November 2009, Lawson became chairman of a new think tank,The Global Warming Policy Foundation(GWPF),[12][65]a registered education charity,[66]involved in promoting climate change denial.[57]

In 2011,Bob Wardof theGrantham Research Institutesaid that the GWPF was "spreading errors" and "the 'facts'"Lawson" repeats are demonstrably inaccurate ".[67]Ward also criticised Lawson for repeating in a 2010 BBC radio debate thatAntarctic icevolumes were unchanged even after his error was highlighted by his opponent, ProfessorKevin Anderson.[67]Ward said that Lawson provided no evidence to back his claim which is contrary to satellite measurements, and Lawson similarly incorrectly implied that the correlation betweenCO2and sea levels was uncertain as well as thatsea levels were risingmore slowly since 1950 than before it.[67]

TheCharity Commissionrequires that statements by campaigning charities "must be factually accurate and have a legitimate evidence base". They reviewed the GWPF, which was subsequently split with its campaigning arm and renamed the Global Warming Policy Forum withoutcharitable status,while the charitable section retained the original title.[67]Lawson's son,Dominic Lawson,is also aclimate change denier,taking a similar viewpoint as his father in his columns in theIndependent on Sunday.[68][69]

In aBBC Radiointerview in August 2017, Lawson claimed that "official figures" showed "average world temperature has slightly declined" over the preceding decade and that experts in the IPCC found no increase inextreme weatherevents. In a follow-up programme on the BBC's presentation of these claims,Peter A. Stottof theMet Officesaid Lawson was wrong on both points.[70]

Economy[edit]

Lawson was a critic ofDavid Cameron'scoalition governmenteconomic policy, describing spending cuts consultation plans as a "PR ploy".[71]In November 2011, he called for the "orderly" dismantling of theeurozone.[72]

In the media[edit]

Lawson was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006BBC TVdocumentary seriesTory! Tory! Tory!.[73]

In 2010, he appeared on theAnalysisprogramme[74]to discuss banking reform. Lawson said that an unintended consequence of the 1986 Big Bang sawinvestment banksmerge withhigh streetbanks and put their depositors' savings at risk.[74]

In 2019, he appeared on the BBC documentary seriesThatcher: A Very British Revolution,[75]and discussed Thatcher's rise and fall.

In a debate with other former cabinet ministers and prominent journalists, Lawson argued that political life is more in need of ideas and direction than grand political visions.[76]

Personal life[edit]

In 1955 Lawson married Vanessa Mary Addison Salmon (1936−1985), granddaughter of theLyons Corner HousechairmanAlfred Salmon,and had four children:[77]

After his first marriage was dissolved in 1980, he married Thérèse Mary Maclear (1947–2023),[78][79]daughter of Henry Charles Maclear Bate, the same year. They had two children:[77]

  • Thomas Nigel Maclear Lawson (born 1976), headmaster ofEastbourne Collegesince 2016
  • Emily Hero Lawson (born 1981), television producer

Lawson's second marriage was dissolved in 2012. In later life, he was in a relationship with Dr Tina Jennings, avisiting fellowatSt Antony's College, Oxford.[80]

Residence in France[edit]

In retirement, Lawson divided his time between his flat in London and a neoclassical farmhouse inVic-Fezensacin theGersdepartment of France.[80][81]In 2018 it was reported that, followingBrexit,he had applied forpermanent residencyin France.[82][83]However, in 2019, he said that he remained atax residentof the UK and was selling his house in France.[84]

Death and tributes[edit]

Lawson died at his home inEastbournefrombronchopneumoniaon 3 April 2023, at the age of 91.[85][79][86]Following the announcement of his death, Prime MinisterRishi Sunakcalled Lawson an "inspiration to me" and to other Conservative politicians.[87]Labour Party leaderSir Keir Starmercommented that he was a "real powerhouse".[88]

Published works[edit]

  • Blake, Robert;Peregrine Worsthorne;David Howell;Nigel Lawson (1966).Conservatism Today: Four Personal Points of View.London: Conservative Political Centre.
  • Bruce-Gardyne, Jock;Nigel Lawson (1976).The Power Game: An Examination of Decision-making in Government.Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books.ISBN978-0-208-01598-3.
  • Lawson, Nigel (1981).Thatcherism in Practice: A Progress Report.London: Conservative Political Centre.ISBN978-0-85070-662-8– via Margaret Thatcher Foundation.
  • Lawson, Nigel;Alan Budd(1988).The State of the Market.Institute of Economic Affairs.ISBN978-0-255-36215-3.
  • Lawson, Nigel (1992).The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical.London: Bantam.ISBN978-0-593-02218-4.
  • — (1996).The Nigel Lawson Diet Book.London: Michael Joseph.ISBN978-0-7181-4175-2.
  • — (1999).The Retreat of the State.Norwich: Canterbury Press.ISBN978-1-85311-316-1.
  • — (2008).An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming.New York: Overlook Duckworth.ISBN978-1-59020-084-1.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Media offices
Preceded by Editor ofThe Spectator
1966–1970 		Succeeded by
Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency Member of Parliament forBlaby
1974–1992 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Financial Secretary to the Treasury
1979–1981 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary of State for Energy
1981–1983 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of the Exchequer
1983–1989 		Succeeded by
Second Lord of the Treasury
1983–1989
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