Ningde dialect
Ningde | |
---|---|
Ninh đức lời nói | |
Native to | Ningde,Fu gian |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-icb |
TheNingde dialect(Eastern Min:Ninh đức lời nói) is a dialect ofEastern MinChinesespoken in urban areas ofNingde,China,which is aprefecture-level cityin the northeastern coast ofFu gianprovince.
Phonology
[edit]The Ningde dialect has 15 initials, 78 rimes and 7 tones.
Initials
[edit]p,pʰ,m,t,tʰ,n,l,ts,tsʰ,s,k,kʰ,ŋ,x,ʔ
Rimes
[edit]10monophthongs:a,ɛ,œ,ø,ɔ,o,i,u,y
18 compound vowels:ai,ei,ɔi,oi,øy,au,ɛu,eu,ou,ia,ie,iu,iɐu,ua,uo,ui,uai,uoi
15 nasal rimes:aŋ,ɛŋ,eŋ,œŋ,øŋ,ɔŋ,oŋ,iŋ,uŋ,yŋ,iaŋ,iɛŋ,uaŋ,uoŋ,yøŋ
26 checked rimes:aʔ,ɛʔ,œʔ,øʔ,ɔʔ,iʔ,iaʔ,iɛʔ,uaʔ,uoʔ,yøʔ,ak̚,ɛk̚,ek̚,œk̚,øk̚,ɔk̚,ok̚,ik̚,uk̚,yk̚,iak̚,iɛk̚,uak̚,uok̚,yøk̚
These 6 nasal rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda-ŋ,and will disappear in future:am,ɛm,em,im,iɛm,ɔn
These 5 checked rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda-k̚,and will disappear in future:ap̚,ɛp̚,ep̚,ip̚,iɛp̚
Tones
[edit]No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone name | dark level Âm bình |
light level Dương bình |
rising Thượng thanh |
dark departing Âm đi |
light departing Dương đi |
dark entering Âm nhập |
light entering Dương nhập |
Tone contour | ˦(44) | ˨(22) | ˦˨(42) | ˧˥(35) | ˧˧˨(332) | ˨(2) | ˥(5) |
Initial assimilation
[edit]The two-syllable initialassimilationrules are shown in the table below:
Coda of the Former Syllable | Initial Assimilation |
---|---|
Null coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change: |
Nasal coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change:
|
checked coda | The former syllable lost its checked coda at first; then, the initial assimilation of latter syllable follow the law above. |
checked coda/-p̚/ | The Initial of latter syllable change to/p/while the former syllable lost its checked coda/-p̚/ |
Tone sandhi
[edit]The Ningde dialect has extremely extensivetone sandhirules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the columns give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the rows give the citation tone of the second syllable):
dark level 44 |
light level 22 |
rising 42 |
dark departing 35 |
light departing 332 |
dark entering 2 |
light entering 5 | |
dark level 44 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
light level 22 |
remain unchanged | ||||||
rising 42 |
55 | ||||||
dark departing 35 |
55 | ||||||
light departing 332 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
dark entering 2 |
55 | ||||||
light entering 5 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 |
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Mei, Tsu-lin(1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,30:86–110,doi:10.2307/2718766,JSTOR2718766
- ^Pulleyblank, Edwin G.(1984),Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology,Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3,ISBN978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^Hammarström, Harald;Forkel, Robert;Haspelmath, Martin;Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10)."Glottolog 4.8 - Min".Glottolog.Leipzig:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-10-13.Retrieved2023-10-13.
- Compilation Commission of Chorography of Ningde City ninh đức thị địa phương chí biên soạn ủy ban (1995).Ning de shi zhiNinh đức thị chí [ "Chorography of Ningde City" ].Vol. 31. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company.ISBN7-101-01543-3.