Nishapur
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Nishapur
Persian:نیشابور | |
---|---|
City | |
Neyshabur | |
From top to bottom & from left to right: Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám,Shah Abbasi Caravansarai,Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur,Imamzadeh Mohammad Mahrouq&Khayyam's garden,An archeological discovery of Nishapur,Bagh-e Meli of Nishapur,Khanate Mansion of Amin Islami,Kamal Al-Molk Tomband theWooden Mosque of Nishapur. | |
Nickname(s): SassanidandUmayyedera:Abarshahr(Upper Cities),Little Damascus(According toIbn Battuta),[3]The City ofTurquoise,The City of Gardens | |
Coordinates:36°12′22″N58°47′36″E/ 36.20611°N 58.79333°E[4] | |
Country | Iran |
Province | Razavi Khorasan |
County | Nishapur |
District | Central |
Historical Region | Khorasan |
Founded | 5500 B.C. |
Municipality of Nishapur | 1931 |
Founded by | Shapur I |
Government | |
• Type | Governorate,Mayor&City Council |
• Mayor | Hassan Mirfani |
• Governor of County | Mahdi Davandeh[5] |
Elevation | 1,250 m (4,100 ft) |
Population (2016)[6] | |
• City | 264,375 |
Demonym(s) | Nishapuri,Nishaburi or Neyshaburi |
Time zone | UTC+03:30(IRST) |
Area code | 051 |
Website | neyshabur |
Member of theLHCand theICCN |
Nishapur(Persian:نیشاپور,also)[a]is a city in theCentral DistrictofNishapur County,Razavi KhorasanProvince,Iran,serving as capital of both the county and the district.[10]
Nishapur is the second-largest city[11]of the province in the northeast of Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot ofBinalud Mountain Range.It has been the historic capital of the Western Quarter[citation needed]ofGreater Khorasan,the historiccapitalof the 9th-centuryTahirid dynasty,the initial capital of the 11th-centurySeljuk Empire,and is currently the capital city ofNishapur Countyand a historicSilk Roadcity[12]ofculturalandeconomicimportance in Iran and the region ofGreater Khorasan.
Nearby areturquoisemines that have supplied the world with turquoise of the finest and the highest quality[13]for at least twomillennia.
The city was founded in the 3rd century byShapur Ias a capital city ofSasaniansatrapyknown asAbarshahror Nishapur.[14]Nishapur later became the capital ofTahirid dynastyand was reformed byAbdullah Tahirin 830, and was later selected as the capital ofSeljuk dynastybyTughrilin 1037. From theAbbasidera to theMongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran,the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center within theIslamic world.Nishapur, along withMerv,HeratandBalkh,was one of the four great cities ofGreater Khorasanand one of the greatest cities of theOld Worldin theIslamic Golden Agewith strategic importance,[15]a seat of governmental power in the eastern section ofcaliphates,adwelling placefor diverse ethnic and religious groups and a trading stop on commercial routes fromTransoxiana,China, Iraq[16]and Egypt.
Nishapur reached the height of its prosperity under theSamanidsin the 10th century but was destroyed andmost of its population was slaughtered by the Mongols in 1221.This massacre, combined with subsequent earthquakes[17]and other invasions, is believed to have destroyed the city several times. Unlike its near neighborMerv,Nishapur managed to recover from these cataclysmic events, and survive until the present day as an active modern city and county intourism,agriculture,health care,industrial productionandcommerce[18]inRazavi Khorasan ProvinceofIran;however, many of its older and historical archeological remains are left to be uncovered.
The modern city of Nishapur is composed of three main administrative areas/districts (Persian:منطقه های شهر نیشابور) and is surrounded by many villages which are joining in to the urban area and structure of the city. The Area/district 1 of the city comprises the newer urban developments (initiated mostly in the 1980s and the 1990s) made to the north of theRoad 44and is home to most of the main higher educational institutions of Nishapur such as theUniversity of Neyshaburand theIAUN.The Area/district 2 of the city comprises the downtown of the city and the older and more historic urban structures situated on the south of the Road 44. It is home to some of the main tourists attractions of the city such as theNational Garden of Nishapurand theKhanate Mansion of Amin Islami.The Area/district 3 of the city is home to the ruins and the remains of the ancient city of Nishapur destroyed by Mongols in the Middle Ages and is located on the south and the southeast of the city. The third district of the city is a national and registered protected archeological area by law[19]and any unauthorized archeological excavation is considered illegal. This district is also home to the burial and historical monuments (some are shown on the city infobox) of most of the renowned persons of the city throughout history such as theMausoleum of Omar Khayyám[20]and theMausoleum of Attar of Nishapur.The third district is also used as one of the main touristic hotspots of the city.
Many of this city'sarcheologicaldiscoveries are held and shown to the public inthe Metropolitan Museum of ArtinNew York City,theBritish MuseuminLondon,theNational Museum of IraninTehran,otherinternational museumsand the museums of the city of Nishapur.[21][22][23]The city of Nishapur is also a member of international organizations such as theLHCand theICCN UNESCO.[24]
History
[edit]Abarshahr of Sassanid Empire
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sasanian_seal_with_inscription_Pahlavi_%22Perozhormizd%2C_son_of_the_Kanarang%22%2C_3rd_century_CE_British_Museum_134847.jpg/413px-Sasanian_seal_with_inscription_Pahlavi_%22Perozhormizd%2C_son_of_the_Kanarang%22%2C_3rd_century_CE_British_Museum_134847.jpg)
Abarshahrwas a satrapy (province) of theSassanid Empire.Cities in the region were Candac, Artacauan, Apameia, andPushang(founded by Shapur I). Nishapur was the capital. Abarshar was the name used for Nishapur during theSassanid EmpireandRashidun Caliphate.The capital was a vital center of administration and of communications between Bactria, India, and Sagistan. The region was involved in the Indian and Chinese trade. Its governor bore the title ofkanarang.[26]
Names of Nishapur throughout history
[edit]- AbarshahrorAparshahrwas asatrapy(province) of theSassanid Empirenow located in Nishapur. Cities in the region were Candac, Artacauan, and Apameia, and Pushang (founded by Shapur I) and the capital was Nishapur. Abarshar was the name of Nishapur during theSassanid Empireand theRashidun Caliphate.The capital was a vital point of administration and of communications between Bactria, India, and Sagistan. The region was involved in the Indian and Chinese trade. Its governor bore the unique title ofkanarang.[27]
- NeysaburorNaysaburwas named Abarshahr during theMuslim occupation of Khorasanand Nishapur, and was the city's official name during theRashidun Caliphate,Umayyad Caliphate,andAbbasid Caliphate.
Middle Ages
[edit]Muslim Conquest
[edit]Nishapur was conquered by theRashidun Caliphate,without struggle, during the caliphate ofUmar.TheCaliphappointedAhnaf Ibn Qaisas the chief command of theRashidun armyout ofIsfahan.From Isfahan, two routes led toKhorasan:the main route viaRayyand the other via Nishapur. The people of Nishapur chose not to fight and surrendered on the condition of paying a tribute.
Having conquered the region around Nishapur, the Muslim force advanced to Nishapur itself. The city was divided into four sectors, with each sector under a Persian chief. These chiefs shut themselves in the city and closed the gates. The Muslims laid siege to the city for some days. In the meantime, the Persian chiefs quarreled among themselves. One of the chiefs entered into negotiations with the Muslims. He offered to open one of the gates for the Muslim army to enter, provided he was granted immunity. The Muslims accepted the offer. The Persians were taken by surprise, and the Muslims became the new rulers of Nishapur. After consolidating their position at Nishapur, the Muslims conquered other cities around Nishapur, including Pusht, Ashband, Rukh, Zar, Khaf, Osparain and Arghian.[28]
Nishapur capital of Abu Muslim
[edit]Abu Muslimbecame the governor ofKhorasan,and chose Nishapur as his capital. He seems to have initiated a huge building program in which he stimulated the growth of the city. Nishapur increased in importance, and two of the ‘Abbasids were governors of this city before becoming caliphs. It was the governor ofKhurasan(‘Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan) who presented the large gift ofChinese imperial porcelainstoHarun al-Rashid(see Abbasid Ceramics Section), demonstrating the strategic importance of the province on trade routes.[29]
Tahirid dynasty in Nishapur
[edit]TheTahirid dynastywas a dynasty ofPersiandehqanorigin that ruled from 820 to 872 inKhorasan,northeasternGreater Iran,a region now split betweenIran,Afghanistan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,andUzbekistan.The Tahirid capital was originallyMerv,but Nishapur became their capital from 828 to 845.[30]Although nominally subject to theAbbasidcaliphateinBaghdad,the Tahirid rulers were effectively independent. The dynasty was founded byTahir ibn Husayn,a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliphAl-Ma'mun.Tahir's military victories were rewarded with the gift of lands in the east of Persia, which were subsequently extended by his successors as far as the borders ofIndia.Tahirid influence extended toBaghdadwhen the Abbasids granted them the military affairs inMesopotamia.[31]
Saffarids/Samanids/Seljuks
[edit]In 873, the Tahirids were replaced by theSaffarids.[30]Saffarids expanded their sphere of influence through the north ofKhurasanand also in south towardsSistan.They also made Nishapur their capital and rebuilt the Tahirid palace.[32]In 900, Ismail Samani defeated the Saffarids and was made governor of Nishapur.[30]The Samanids had been placed in power inTransoxianaby CaliphAl-Ma'mun,and ruled first fromSamarqandand then moved toBukhara.After defeating theSaffarids,their "empire", with nominal sanction from theAbbasids,extended fromIndiatoIraq,making Nishapur a provincial capital.[33]Khurasan was thus an international entrepôt, with merchants coming not only from Iraq, India and Egypt, but also from Russia; additionally,Vikingscame fromScandinaviato trade with theBulgharsandKhazarson theCaspian Sea.[citation needed]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Old_Nishapur.jpg/215px-Old_Nishapur.jpg)
Nishapur occupies an important strategic position astride the oldSilk Roadthat linkedAnatoliaand theMediterranean Seawith China. On the Silk Road, Nishapur has often defined the flexible frontier between the Iranian plateau and Central Asia. The town derived its name from its reputed founder, theSassaniankingShapur I,who is said to have established it in the third century CE. Nearby are theturquoisemines that supplied the world with turquoise for at least two millennia.
It became an important town in theGreater Khorasanregion but subsequently declined in significance until a revival in its fortunes in the 9th century under theTahirid dynasty,when the glazedceramicsof Nishapur formed an important item of trade to the west. For a time Nishapur rivaledBaghdadorCairo:Toghrül,the first ruler of theSeljukdynasty, made Nishapur his residence in 1038 and proclaimed himself sultan there,[35]but it declined thereafter, as Seljuk fortunes were concentrated in the west. Nishapur was sacked by theOghuz Turksin 1154,[36]and suffered several earthquakes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Mongol siege of Nishapur
[edit]In 1221, after the death ofTuqachar,the husband ofGenghis Khan'sdaughter, the entire city of Nishapur was destroyed by the Mongols over the course of 10 days. Genghis Khan's daughter requested the death of every resident of the city as vengeance for her husband's death. In order to become sure that no wounded would survive the massacre, Khan's troops killed and beheaded most of the population of the city and their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids by theMongols.Women, Infants, children, and even cats and dogs were among the beheaded. After the massacre a much smaller settlement was established just north of the ancient town, and the once bustling metropolis lay underground—until a team of excavators from theMetropolitan Museum of Artarrived in the mid-20th century. They worked at Nishapur between 1935 and 1940, returning for a final season in the winter of 1947–48.[21]What remains of old Nishapur is a 3500-hectare "Kohandejh (Persian:کهن دژ) "area, south of the current city of Nishapur.
Ilkhanate and Timurid reign
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C.jpg/220px-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C.jpg)
After the fall of Nishapur in 1221 by the Mongols, the structures of the city were weakened and the agricultural output of the city was reduced.Mahmud GhazanandAbu Sa'id Bahadur Khantried to make the city flourish again and the city's population grew once more and some of the villages around the city were improved and rebuilt.Hamdallah Mustawfihad visited the city of Nishapur in the Year 1339 or 1340. During this era, the ambassador ofHenry III of Castile,Ruy González de Clavijoreached Nishapur and according to him,[37]Nishapur had become a highly productive agricultural center with 40 non-stop working mills along the ''Abe Bostan'' (Mir Ab River of Nishapur). The current position of the city was formed during this era and on the North West of the older position of the city which is now home to theMausoleum of Attar of NishapurandShadiyakh Archeological Siteand other remains of the old position of the city (the old position of the city is also now a protectedarcheological siteby law though it is endangered).Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapurand theJame mosque of Nishapur(congregational mosqueof the city) are among the examples of the buildings built during this era in Nishapur. Many poets, scholars and renowned historical figures of the city and the wider region ofAbarshahr(one of the main four regions ofGreater Khorasanwith the city capitals of Nishapur,Merv,HeratandBalkh) were also born in this period.
Early modern era
[edit]Safavid Era (16th to early 18th century)
[edit]Due to a conflict between the supporters of theMohammad Khodabanda,theSafavid Shah of Persia,and his sonAbbas the Great.In 1581, the castle of Nishapur went under siege. This siege became one of the events that helped theAbbas the Greatto become the Ruler ofGreater Khorasanand later theShah of Persiain theSafavid Empire.In 1592Abbas the Greattook back the control of Nishapur from theShaybanids.Shah Abbasi Caravanseri of Nishapurwas also built during his reign and later on, he left his twoepigraphsonJame Mosque of Nishapuron theRamadanof October 1612.
Saadat Ali Khan I Nishapuri,Nawab of Awadh(the ruler who governed the state ofAwadhof India), was also born in this period in an influential family in Nishapur.
Independence and Qajar Era (18th & 19th century)
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mapofkhorasan1775.png/220px-Mapofkhorasan1775.png)
After the death ofNader Shah Afsharin 1747, the area became anindependent khanateunder the reign of theBayatchieftains. In 1754Ahmad Shah Durranicaptured Nishapurwith the support of heavy artillery and imposedShahrokh Shahas the ruler (Shah) of the western part ofGreater Khorasanas a protectorate of theDurrani Empire.
The city was conquered in 1800 by theQajars.In 1828, the city came under the influence of theZafaranlu Confederacybut was given back to the Qajars in 1829.[38]During theRevolt of Hasan Khan Salar,the city was an isolated outpost of Qajar rule led by Imamverdi Khan Bayat when most of Khorasan was under the wrath of Hasan Khan Salar. On March 21, 1849, Qajar forces entered Nishapur.[38]
Contemporary history
[edit]Pahlavi dynasty
[edit]![A picture of the construction of the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam, on top of the Headstone of Omar Khayyam. This mausoleum was designed by Hooshang Seyhoun in the 20th century.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Construction_of_The_Mausoleum_of_Omar_Khayyam.png/220px-Construction_of_The_Mausoleum_of_Omar_Khayyam.png)
The reconstruction of theMausoleum of Omar Khayyamin Nishapur was commissioned byReza Shah.Omar's previous tomb was separated from his tomb, and a white marble monument (Current Mausoleum), designed by the Iranian architectHooshang Seyhoun,was erected over it. This mausoleum became one of the main symbols of the city and one of the known works of themodern Persian architecture.The influence of the architectural design of this mausoleum is visible on the coat of arms of theUniversity of Neyshabur,Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS)and other public, civil and private organizations of the city. The construction of the new mausoleum was completed in the year 1963. TheTomb of Kamal-ol Molkwas also built in Nishapur and designed bySeyhoun.TheWooden Mosque of Neyshaburwas also built in the year 2000.
The SecondAsia-Pacific Jamboreewas held atBaghrud Scots Parkof Nishapur in preparation for The15th World Scout Jamboreewhich was scheduled to be held 15–23 July 1979 in Nishapur but due to the political uncertainty of theIranian Revolutionin thecountry,the event was cancelled.
Post Iranian revolution
[edit]On February 18, 2004, in theNishapur train disaster,a train carrying flammable goods derailed and caught fire near the town. Five hours later, during fire fighting and rescue work, a massive explosion destroyed the train and many nearby buildings. Around 300 people were said to have been killed, mainly fire and rescue workers but also the local governor and mayor and the heads of the fire and rail services.[39]This disaster has become known as one of the worst railway industry disasters of the world.
Archaeological discoveries
[edit]Littlearchaeologyhas been done on this vast and complicated site.George Curzonremarked that Nishapur had been destroyed and rebuilt more times than any other city in history,[40]an evocative statement whether or not it is statistically true. TheMetropolitan Museum of Artundertook excavations from 1935 that were interrupted in 1940. Searching largely for museum-worthy trophies that they shared with the government of theShah,the Metropolitan's publications were limited to its own Nishapur ceramics. The site of Nishapur has been ransacked for half a century sinceWorld War II,to feed the international market demand for early Islamic works of art.
Shadiyakh( "Palace of Happiness" ) was one of the main palaces of old Nishapur up to the 9th century AD, which became more important and populated after that. Some notable people likeAttarlived there. Attar's tomb is nowadays in that area. This palace was perhaps completely ruined in the 13th century.
Demographics
[edit]Language
[edit]Most people speakPersianand aremonolingual,however, there are several private foreign language-teaching institutions in the city that teach English and other languages.[citation needed]
Population
[edit]At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 205,972 in 56,652 households.[41]The following census in 2011 counted 239,185 people in 71,263 households.[42]The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 264,375 people in 83,143 households.[6]It is the third most-populous city in theeastern provinces of IranafterMashhadandZahedan.
Geography
[edit]Nishapur is located at an elevation of 1250 meters on a wide fertileplainat the southwestern foot of theBinalud Mountain rangein northcentralRazavi KhorasanProvince. The city is connected by both railways and highways to the cities ofMashhadandTehran.The city also has local routes and highways to the cities ofKashmarandQuchan.
Sources of the Middle Ages
[edit]Throughout the Middle Ages, Nishpaur had been praised by many due to its many gardens and its healthy climate inKhorasan.Ibn Hawqalhas commented the following about the weather and the climate of this city at that time:
Throughout all ofKhorasan,no such companion as enriched with the health of the air, quantity and the vastness of itsmansionscan be found.[43][verification needed]
In the same cited work[43][verification needed],Hakim Nishapuripraises Nishapur with many favourable nicknames such as "Persian:نیشابورست، هوای او صافی به صحت آبدان وافی، خالی از خطایا و عاری از وبا و اکثر بلایا… عروس بلدان، خزانه خراسان، دار امارت، لطیف عمارت، موطن ادیبان…"and compares and claims that the weather and climate (or air Persian: هوا) of Nishapur was better and more healthier (according to him,choleraand other such diseases and disasters could not be found in Nishapur) than many neighboring regions such asSistan(due to its winds),Indus valley(or سند in Persian) andHindustan(due to their severe hotness),KhwarazmandTurkestan(due to their coldness) andMerv(due to presence of many insects).
Modern
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%98%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1.jpg/220px-%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%98%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1.jpg)
Nishapur generally has a warm and semi-dry climate called ''central Iranian plateauclimate''. Precipitation mostly happens in spring and winter. Nishapur is situated on a relatively higher elevation (1250 meters) than its neighboring cities suchSabzevarandMashhadhence the weather is milder and better than these cities.[citation needed]
Climate
[edit]Nishapur has acold semi-arid climate(BSk).
Climate data for Neyshaboor (1991–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.2 (91.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
41.4 (106.5) |
41.6 (106.9) |
42.8 (109.0) |
38.6 (101.5) |
33.6 (92.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
42.8 (109.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
32.8 (91.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
33.8 (92.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.1 (59.2) |
9.0 (48.2) |
4.3 (39.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
2.4 (36.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.4 (63.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −25.0 (−13.0) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 34.8 (1.37) |
35.8 (1.41) |
57.1 (2.25) |
31.9 (1.26) |
19.3 (0.76) |
5.5 (0.22) |
1.4 (0.06) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.1 (0.04) |
3.6 (0.14) |
18.0 (0.71) |
29.7 (1.17) |
238.2 (9.39) |
Averagerelative humidity(%) | 72 | 67 | 61 | 55 | 45 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 33 | 43 | 58 | 71 | 50 |
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization[1] |
Geology
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Nature_of_Nishapur_07.jpg/220px-Nature_of_Nishapur_07.jpg)
The city of Nishapur lies on aHolocenealluvial plain on top of thePleistocenesediments in the southwestern part of theBinalud Mountains.The Binalud Range, running northwest–southeast, is made predominantly ofTriassicandJurassicrocks. On the southern side of the northwestern part of the range there is a section ofEocenerocks that arevolcanicin origin. The well-known Nishaburturquoisecomes from the weathered and brokentrachytesandandesitesof the Eocene volcanic rocks of this part of the mountain range. The main turquoise mines are situated about 50 kilometers northwest of the city of Nishapur in the foothills of the Binalud Range.[44]
Seismicity
[edit]Nishapur is located in a region with a rather high risk ofearthquakes.Many earthquakes have seriously harmed the city; among the important ones are the historical earthquakes that ruined the city in the 12th and 13th centuries.
Economy
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tile_-_Portal_of_an_old_store_-_Bazaar_of_Nishapur_%28Edit%29.jpg/220px-Tile_-_Portal_of_an_old_store_-_Bazaar_of_Nishapur_%28Edit%29.jpg)
The economy of Nishapur is diverse and it is based on several industries like Agriculture, Industrial parks, mining, tourism, health-care, retailing, banking etc.
Food & Agriculture
[edit]Many agricultural products such assaffron,cereals,cotton,herbs,plums,walnut,wheat,corn,apples,cherriesandpistachioare exported from thecounty of Nishapur.The city is also adairyand sugar exporter.
Water supply
[edit]Most of the water supply of the city is provided from theBinalud Mountain Range's mostlyseasonal rivers,qanats,damsand modernwells.
Mining
[edit]Natural recourses such asturquoiseandsaltare mined from around the city.
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Energy
[edit]The electrical power supply of the city is provided from NeyshaburCombined Cycle Power PlantandBinalood Wind Farm.The excessive electrical energy of the city is mostly exported from the city's publicpower grid.
Industry
[edit]Khorasan Steel Complexand two main industrial parks called theKhayyamIndustrial Park and theAttarIndustrial Park are near the city of Nishapur. Many industrial products such as sugar, cooking oils and gas heaters are exported from the city and its county.
Tourism
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mir_Abad_-_Nishapur_1.jpg/220px-Mir_Abad_-_Nishapur_1.jpg)
Several hotels,ecolodges,resorts, parks, tourist hot-spots, restaurants, museums, aplanetarium,cultural centers, mausoleums, religious pilgrimage sites and historic mosques are in and near the city. The tourism industry of the city has a lot of protentional but it needs further development.
Health care
[edit]There are two active hospitals (Hakim Hospital and 22 Bahman Hospital) in the city of Nishapur and a third one is also currently under construction.
Banks
[edit]Nearly all of reputable public and private Iranain banks have branches in the city.
Companies
[edit]Major Iranian companies such asRefah Chain Stores Co.,Iran Hyper Star,Ofoqh Kourosh and other companies have active branches in Nishapur.
Transportation
[edit]Road 44
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Road_44_%28Iran%29.jpg/220px-Road_44_%28Iran%29.jpg)
Road 44,a major national expressway that connects the two major cities ofTehranandMashhad,is connected to the city of Nishapur and it passes through it.
Rail transport
[edit]![A passenger train in Nishapur train station, 2020.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/A_passenger_train_in_Neyshabur_Train_Station.jpg/220px-A_passenger_train_in_Neyshabur_Train_Station.jpg)
Nishapur is connected to theTrans-Iranian Railway Systemwhich is aUNESCOworld heritage.The Nishapur train station became operational during the reign ofMohammad Reza Pahlaviand it is located on the southern part of the city.
Nishapur train disaster
[edit]On 18 February 2004, runaway train wagons crashed into the village of Khayyam near Nishapur. This accident caused several major explosions and it kill over 300. The entire village of Khayyam was destroyed due to the explosions.[citation needed]
Public transport
[edit]The intercity bus terminal of the city is located at the eastern part of the city close to theroad 44.Several public bus lines and stations are also active within the city.
Airport
[edit]Currently there is only one airport near the north of the city that is only authorized to be used forglidersand small aircraft however, there are plans for building a proper airport near the south of the city of Nishapur.[45]
Notable people
[edit]Sorted by date
- Mazdak– (died c. 524 or 528) was aZoroastrianprophet,Iranianreformer and religious activist
- Kanarang– was a unique title in theSassanid army,given to the commander of theSassanid Empire'snortheastern most frontier province,Abarshahr(encompassing the cities ofTus,Nishapur andAbiward).
- Behafarid– was an 8th-centuryPersianZoroastrianheresiarch
- Sunpadh– (died 755)cleric
- Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh–muhaddith,faqih
- Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri– 9th-centuryphilosopher,mathematician,natural scientist,historian of religion,astronomerandauthor
- Ibn Khuzaymah–Muslim scholar
- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj–Muslim scholarand one of the most prominentmuhaddithin history
- Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri– (died 992) was a Muslim theologian and philosopher
- Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī– (10 June 940 – 15 July 998) was amathematicianandastronomer
- Hakim al-Nishaburi– (933–1012), was a Sunni scholar and historian
- Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi– Isma'ili theologian and historian
- Tha'ālibī- (961–1038), Muslim philologist, writer and poet
- Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din– was a Persian physician and alchemist. He was probably from Nishapur in the 11th century.
- Ibn Abi Sadiq– was an 11th-century Persian physician
- Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr– (December 7, 967 – January 12, 1049) was a famous Persian Sufi and poet
- Al-Juwayni(1028–1085 CE) was a Sunni Shafi'i Faqih and Mutakallim.
- Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi– was an 11th-century Islamic scholar.
- Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin Qushayri– was born in 986 CE (376 AH), Philosopher and Sufi
- Omar Khayyám– (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131) was a Persian polymath, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet.
- Abd al-Ghafir al-Farsi– (1059-1135), Persian scholar of Arabic, history and hadith
- Mu'izzi– was an 11th and 12th-centuries poet
- Haji Bektash Veli– was a Muslim mystic
- Attar of Nishapur– (c. 1145 – c. 1221), was a Muslim poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer.
- Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri– physician mid-15th century.
- Saadat Ali Khan I– (b. c. 1680 – d. 19 March 1739) was the Subahdar Nawab ofOudh.All the rulers ofOudh Statein India belonged to a Shia Muslim dynasty of Persian origin from Nishapur. They were renowned for theirsecularismand broad outlook. After they rebelled against the British their state was annexed to form theUnited Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[46]
- Hamid Hussain Musavi– i (born 1830 – died 1880) was a leading Shia scholar
- Heydar Yaghma–
- Badi'–
- Abolghasem Sakhdari– wrestler
- Saeed Khani– footballer
- Yaghoub Ali Shourvarzi– wrestler
- Nur-Ali Shushtari–
- Esmail Shooshtari–
- Parviz Meshkatian–
- Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani– i (born 1939) is a Persian writer, poet, literary critic, editor, and translator.
- Hossein Vahid Khorasani—(born January 1, 1921) is an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja
- Abdolreza Kahani— Director
- Hamed Behdad—(1973–) Actor
Culture
[edit]Mythology and religion
[edit]![]() | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding articlein Persian.(June 2022)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%282%29.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%282%29.jpg)
![]() | This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(June 2022) |
Nishapur has been of importance inIranian mythology.Before theIslamization of Iran,Zoroastrianismhad been the major religion of Nishapur.[47]: 68 Rivand(one of the ancient names of Nishapur) has been mentioned inAvesta[48][49][50][51][52]and subsequently inShahnameh.Adur Burzen-Mihra Zoroastrianfire templeof the highest grade was situated in Rivand Mountains (Binalud mountains) of Nishapur and the lake Rivand of Nishapur was built due to a fight betweenAhrimanandwater(probably by water it was meantAnahitain the Persian text of the Persian wiki). Also, according toHakim Nishapuri,Dež-e Sɑngiwas built bySethon a giant round soft (flat) stone[53][verification needed]There are also signs of the influence ofChristianity in Nishapur(a street in Nishapur has been called and is still calledMasihand also a village on the south of the city was called Masih Abad). After therise of Islamhowever, the people living in and near the city of Neyshabur becameMuslims.Nishapur and its people have also had an influence onSufism(an Islamicmysticpractice). Poets and Sufis such asAttar of Nishapurwho had been born in this city had had a profound influence onIslamic mysticism.In the 10th century, Nishapur had been one of the centers ofIsmailimissionary spread in Iran and Greater Khorasan.[54]Most of the Ismailis of Nishapur now live inDizbadand some in the main city itself.[55]Jama'at KhanaDizbadis the most important Ismaili center in Nishapur today. From the third to the sixth of Hejri Ghamari, Nishapur was one of the centers ofSufism.Most Sufis and Sufi elders in Nishapur wereSunnisand followers of theShafi'i school.[56]
During the 10th century, Nishapur was a thriving economic center home to many religious scholars and artists. Nishapur was located along theSilk Road.An influential trade route connecting China to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a center for cotton, silk, textile and ceramic production. In efforts to uncover the history of life in this city, theMetropolitan Museum of Artput together an excavation team composed of researchers Joseph Upton, Walter Hauser and Charles Wilkinson. From 1935 to 1940, the team worked to rediscover the ancient city. They were authorized to work under the conditions that half of the material found must be shared with the Iran Bastan Museum in Tehran.[57]Along with pottery, excavators uncovered glass, metalwork, coins and decorated wall fragments. Over the years of excavations, thousands of items were uncovered which provided information on local artistic traditions.[58]
Tepe Madraseh
[edit]The most elaborate architectural excavation took place at the site called Tepe Madraseh. This massive complex had been thoughtfully planned and embellished with many decorative elements. Plaster panels had been carved and painted, along with walls, brickwork and glazed ceramic tiles. A madraseh is a place for religious learning. Such sites have peaked the interest of scholars for centuries for their function and architectural designs. Like most Islamic architecture the entire complex of Tepe Madaseh was oriented to faceMecca.The bricks used to construct most of the structures had been dried in the kilns located on the outskirts of the complex.[59]
Pottery
[edit]Nishapur during theIslamic Golden Age,especially the 9th and 10th centuries, was one of the great centers ofpotteryand related arts.[60]Most of the Ceramic artifacts discovered in Nishapur are preserved in theMetropolitan Museum of Artand Museums in Nishapur,TehranandMashhad.Ceramics produced at Nishapur showed links withSassanid artandCentral Asian.[61]Nowadays there are 4 Pottery workshops in Nishapur.[62]
Bowls including bold black inscriptions in the so-calledKufic angular calligraphywere apparently produced in the important ceramic centers of Nishapur ineastern Iran,and Afrasiyab, or Old Samarqand, in present-dayUzbekistan.The text often contains a proverb in Arabic or, as in this case, a series of wishes: "Blessing, happiness, prosperity, good health, and success."
Form and function of Nishapur pottery
[edit]"Although the decoration of pottery may only tell us a little about the people who used it, the form of a vessel is directly related to its function".[58]The Pottery of Nishapur incorporated strong coloredslipsand bold patterns. Common decoration included geometric and vegetal patterns, calligraphy, figures and animals.[57]The ceramic pieces uncovered at Nishapur consisted mainly of vessels and utilitarian wares. Objects such as plates, bowls, bottles, jars, pitchers, coin banks and even a toy hen were found. One decorative technique specifically utilized by Nishapur potters was the refined use of chattering, a rippled texture achieved when trimming a vessel on the wheel.[58]Thepolychromeware of Nishapur indicates the significant advances inglazetechnology that were being discovered during the 10th century. It also indicates how an objectsaestheticbecame an important part of the piece as a whole.[63]
A selection of these discoveries is shown in the gallery below:
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Bowl painted on slip under transparent glaze (polychrome), Nishabur, 9th or 10th century.National Museum of Iran,Tehran.
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Bowl withKufic Inscriptionsfound in the archeological excavations of Nishapur. TheMiddle East Institute's logo has been inspired by this bowl. This bowl is currently held inthe Met.
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Pottery of Nishapur in theIslamic Golden Age(10th - 11th century)
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Pottery of Nishapur in theIslamic Golden Age(10th - 11th century)
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Pottery of Nishapur in theIslamic Golden Age(10th - 11th century)
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Pottery of Nishapur in theIslamic Golden Age(10th - 11th century)
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Cup with votive inscriptions inKufic script.Terracotta, slipped decoration on slip, underglaze painted. 10th-11th century, Nishapur.Metropolitan Museum of Art
Anthem of Nishapur
[edit]The special Anthem of Nishapur was unveiled for the first time on April 14, 2011;[64]it has introduction and three parts, noted on three invasive and destructive in the history of Nishapur, delineated by frightening sounds of bells, along with sounds of percussion and wailing women represent the miseries caused by these attacks.[65][66]
Persian original | Romanization | English translation |
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Literature
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1.jpg/220px-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1.jpg)
Throughout history, Nishapur has been mentioned and praised in thePersian literaturefor several times (Mostly due to its prosperity andgardens). This city has been the birthplace and home of many famous Persian poets such asOmar Khayyam,Attar of Nishapur,Heydar Yaghma,Shafiei Kadkaniand more. Foreign writers such asAndré Gide(inThe Fruits of the Earth) andJorge Luis Borgeshave also mentioned this city in their work(s).
Music
[edit]Throughout history, music in Nishapur has been influenced bySassanid,Maqamiandtraditional stylesand is a part of the Khorasani Folk Music that has been popular in Nishapur.[67][68]Following the UNESCO World Register of Maqami Music in Northern Khorasan, research on music in Nishapur has been considered. Maghami music festivals have been also active in Nishapur. One of the oldest study sources related to Iranian music is Resal-e Neyshaburi (in Persian:رساله نیشابور) written byMohammad bin Mahmoud of Nishapur,which highlights the importance of music in old Nishapur.[69][70]Among the influential people of Nishapur in musicRatebe Neyshaburi(during the reign ofTahirids), and the contemporaryParviz Meshkatiancan be named.
Other influences
[edit]- Yo-Yo Mareleased an instrumental track entitled "Blue as the Turquoise Night of Neyshabur" as part of theSilk Road Project.
- US bandSantanareleased an instrumental track entitled "Incident at Neshabur"on their 1970 LP release,Abraxas.Carlos Santana says this was a reference to a place in Haiti.[citation needed]
Sports
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chess_Set_MET_DP170393.jpg/220px-Chess_Set_MET_DP170393.jpg)
The15th World Scout Jamboreewas scheduled to be held 15–23 July 1979 and was to be hosted byPahlavi Iranat Nishapur, but was cancelled due to theIranian Revolutionin 1979.
Video games
[edit]- Nishapur is included as a playable setting in a historical video game series called ''Crusader Kings''.
- Nishapur is included as a playable setting in a historical video game called ''Historinica''.
Films and cinema
[edit]![]() | This section is empty.You can help byadding to it.(February 2022) |
Paintings
[edit]Local and cultural days
[edit]Name | Day | Calendar |
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Farvardin 1 | Nowruz | Solar Hijri |
Farvardin 13 | Sizdah Be-dar,Day of Nature | Solar Hijri |
Farvardin 25 | Respect day forAttar of Nishapur | Solar Hijri |
Ordibehesht 28 | Respect day forOmar Khayyam | Solar Hijri |
Tir 10 | Remembrance day forImam Ali al-Ridha | Solar Hijri |
Mordad 2 | Sympathy day for the victims ofBoozhanflood | Solar Hijri |
Azar 30 | Night of Yalda | Solar Hijri |
Bahman 29 | Sympathy day the victims ofNishapur train disaster | Solar Hijri |
Last Wednesday of Esfand | Chaharshanbe SuriFestival | Solar Hijri |
Esfand 29 | Celebrate the end of winter | Solar Hijri |
Muharram 10 | Remembrance of Muharram | Lunar Hijri |
Safar 20 | Arba'een | Lunar Hijri |
Rabi' al-awwal 17 | Mawlid | Lunar Hijri |
Rajab 25 | Respect day forMuslim ibn al-Hajjaj,death ofMusa al-Kadhim | Lunar Hijri |
Sha'aban 14 | Borat Nights (3 nights) | Lunar Hijri |
Shawwal 1 | Eid al-Fitr | Lunar Hijri |
Dhu al-Hijjah 18 | Eid of Ghadir,Day of VisitingSadaat | Lunar Hijri |
Gastronomy and food culture
[edit]The most important foods and drinks in Nishapur arerhubarbandsharbat.Rhubarb (Persianrivaasorrivand'), a sour vegetable, grows at the foot of the eponymousRivand Mountains(Mount Binalud). Soft drinks made from the stems of the plant, such assharbate rivaas(شربت ریواس) andkhoshaabe rivaas(خوشاب ریواس), are sold at some Nishapur resorts. ''Aush Komay'' is also a localAushmade from a vegetable called ''کمای''.Haleemof Neyshabur is also popular in the region along with other commonIranian foodsand drinks.
Carpet-weaving
[edit]Weaving carpets and rugs common in the more than 470 villages inNishapur County,the most important carpet Workshop located in the villages of:Shafi' Abad,Garineh,Darrud,Baghshan,Kharv,Bozghan,Sayyed Abad,Sar Chah,Suleymani,Sultan AbadandEshgh Abad.Nishapur Carpet workshops weaved the biggest Carpets in the world, like carpets of:Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque,[71]Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque,[72]Armenian Presidential Palace,Embassy of Finland in Tehran, Mohammed Al-Ameen Mosque inOman.[73]
Modern art of carpet in Nishapur began in 1946 afterinaugurationof a carpet-weaving workshop in acaravansary.
Turquoise masonry
[edit]For at least 2,000 years, Iran, known before asPersia,has remained an important source of turquoise, which was named by Iranians initially "pirouzeh" meaning "victory" and later after Arab invasion "firouzeh".[citation needed]As an important source of turquoise, Nishapur has been sometimes referred to as the "city of turquoise" throughout history.[citation needed]In Iranian architecture, the blue turquoise was used to cover the domes of the Iranian palaces because its intense blue color was also a symbol of heaven on earth.[citation needed]
This deposit, which is blue naturally, and turns green when heated due to dehydration, is restricted to a mine-riddled region in Nishapur, the 2,012-metre (6,601 ft) mountain peak ofAli-mersai,which is tens of kilometers fromMashhad,the capital ofKhorasan province,Iran.Nishapur's turquoise has been sold as souvenirs and jewelry in Nishapur and Mashhad. A weathered and brokentrachyteis host to the turquoise, which is found bothin situbetween layers of limonite and sandstone, and amongst thescreeat the mountain's base. These workings, together with those of theSinai Peninsula,are the oldest known.
Architecture and monuments
[edit]A selection of historical buildings and monuments of the city is shown in the city info box on the top of this article, and on the gallery below:
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QadamgahShia pilgrimage of Nishapur, Probably in 1960s or 50s
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Fadhl Ibn Shazantomb & mosque interior. Part of thenational heritage list of Iran.
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Imamzadeh Mahruqbefore 1900.
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Tomb ofHeydar Yaghma.Part of thenational heritage list of Iran.
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Exterior view ofShah Abbasi Caravansarai of Nishapur.Part of thenational heritage list of Iran.
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Entrance of theNational Garden of Nishapur.Part of thenational heritage list of Iran.
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Dome of theComplex of Khayyam Planetarium,nearMausoleum of Omar Khayyam
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The interior of theWooden Mosque of Neyshabur
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Monuments of thecity gates of Nishapurwhich were built in the 1980s. Nishapur (2022). Part of thenational heritage list of Iran.
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Popular culture
[edit]- Nasir Khusrawsaw Nishapur and wrote about it inSafarnama.
- Abraham Valentine Williams Jacksonin "From Constantinople to the home of Omar Khayyam" explain ending of his Travel in Nishapur.
Education
[edit]Schools, universities and colleges
[edit]High schools
[edit]There are several high schools in the city and the county. The most famous and the oldest of which isOmar Khayyam High School.
Higher education
[edit]The University of Neyshabur,Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS),the Islamic Azad University of Neyshabur (IAUN),the Payame Noor University of Neyshaburandthe Technical and Vocational University of Neyshabur,are the main universities of the city along with several other public and private technical, vocational, and part-time colleges and schools.
Sport centers
[edit]Enghelab Sports Complex is an indoor arena in Nishapur. The arena houses Nishapur's basketball, volleyball, andfutsalteams. Nishapur has one professional football team, Jahan Electric Nishapur, that competes in theRazavi Khorasan'sProvincial Leagues.
Mass media
[edit]Newspaper publishing
[edit]General publications in Nishapur includes the weekly and local newspapers. The first local newspaper ofKhorasan provinceisMorning of Nishapur,published since 1989. Others includeShadiakh,published since 2000,Khayyam Nameh,since 2004,Nasim,since 2006, andFar reh Simorgh,since 2010.[74]
Public Broadcasting
[edit]IRIB center of Mashhadcovers the news of Nishapur.
Printing
[edit]Two bookpublishersworking in the city areKlidar&Abar Shahr.[75][76]
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]![]() | This section needs to beupdated.(April 2022) |
See also
[edit]- Greater Khorasan
- Adur Burzen-Mihr
- Merv
- Herat
- Balkh
- Samarkand
- Bukhara
- Neyshabur county
- Omar Khayyam Neyshaburi
- Attar of Nishapur
- The Great Seljuik Empire
- University of Neyshabur
- IAUN
- Saeedi Garden
Media related toNishapurat Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related toNishapurat Wikiquote
Nishapurtravel guide from Wikivoyage
Notes
[edit]- ^AlsoRomanizedasNeyshapur,Nišâpur,andNişapur.[7]"Nishapur" is closer to its original and historic meaning, though it is less commonly used by modern native Persian speakers. InPersian poetry,the name of the city is written and pronounced as "نِشابور" (without the usage of "پ" or "ب" ). In modern times and among the general public and the Persian mass media, "نیشابور" is the most commonly used pronunciation and spelling of the city, though "نیشاپور" is also correct. Officially (نیشابور), romanized asNeyshabur;[8]also romanized asNīshābūr,[7]fromMiddle Persian:𐭭𐭩𐭥𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩,meaning "The New City ofShapur"or" The Fair Shapur "[9]
References
[edit]- ^Originally inAvesta,though some regions near the West of the city are now called Reyvand (ریوند) which is directly derived from "Raēvant". Source: رنبغ دادگی (۱۳۹۰)، بندهش ترجمهٔ گزارنده مهرداد بهار، تهران: انتشارات توس، ص. ص۱۷۲
- ^"شادیاخ".Dehkhoda Lexicon Institute and International Center for Persian Studies.University of Tehran.
- ^The Cambridge History of Iran – Volume 1 – Page 68
- ^OpenStreetMap contributors (5 May 2023)."Nishapur, Nishapur County"(Map).OpenStreetMap(in Persian).Retrieved5 May2023.
- ^"فرماندار جدید نیشابور معرفی شد".irna.ir(in Persian).Retrieved9 April2024.
- ^ab"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)".AMAR(in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 09. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 2 April 2022.Retrieved19 December2022.
- ^abNishapur can be found atGEOnet Names Server,atthis link,by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076915" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^"Municipality of Neyshabur".Municipality of Neyshabur.
- ^Honigmann, E.; Bosworth, C.E.. "Nīs̲h̲āpūr."Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 31 December 2013
- ^Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369)."Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad".Lamtakam(in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived fromthe originalon 27 December 2023.Retrieved27 December2023.
- ^"Statistical Center of Iran > Population and Housing Censuses".amar.org.ir.Retrieved12 March2022.
- ^Sardar, Marika (October 2001)."The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur".The Metropolitan Museum(July 2011 ed.).
- ^"Turquoise Quality Factors".Gemological Institute of America.
- ^H. Gaube (10 January 2014)."ABARŠAHR".Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^"NISHAPUR i. Historical Geography and History to the Beginning of the 20th Century".Encyclopædia Iranica.17 September 2010.
- ^"Sites of Encounter: Baghdad & Nishapur, 300-1200".UCLACenter X.Retrieved3 September2022.
- ^Melville, Charles (1980)."Earthquakes in the History of Nishapur".Iran.18:103–120.doi:10.2307/4299694.ISSN0578-6967.JSTOR4299694.
- ^Razavi Khorasan Bureau ofMinistry of Roads & Urban Development of Iran.«The Comprehensive Scheme/Plan of Neyshabur in 1394 Solar Hijri» (in Persian).shahrsazionline.
- ^"شهر قدیم نیشابور".Encyclopaedia of Iranian Architectural History.Retrieved23 June2022.
- ^"Omar Khayyam: The life of the astronomer-poet of Persia".aljazeera.Retrieved15 July2022.
- ^abSardar, Marika."The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art".The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Retrieved10 February2018.
- ^"Nishapur".The British Museum.
- ^"Coppa con decorazione calligrafica".Museum of Eastern Art in Italy(in Italian). 25 November 2015.
- ^"ICCN Full Members | ICCN UNESCO".ICCN UNESCO(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2021.Retrieved24 April2022.
- ^"stamp-seal; bezel British Museum".The British Museum.
- ^The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (NY: Cambridge UP, 1983), 769.
- ^The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (NY: Cambridge UP, 1983), 769.
- ^The city in the Islamic world,Volume 1, ed.Salma Khadra Jayyusi,Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli, André Raymond
- ^Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002), A concise history of the Middle East, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp. 76–77,ISBN0-8133-3885-9
- ^abcKröger 1995,p. 8.
- ^Kennedy 2001,pp. 135–139.
- ^Esposito 1999,p. 38.
- ^Honigmann & Bosworth 1995,p. 63.
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Bibliography
[edit]- Esposito, John L., ed. (1999).The Oxford History of Islam.Oxford University Press.
- Honigmann, E.; Bosworth, C.E. (1995). "Nishapur". In Bosworth, C.E.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.).The Encyclopedia of Islam.Vol. VIII: Ned-Sam. Brill. pp. 62–64.
- Ibn Al-Athir (2007).The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-Tarikh.Translated by Richards, D.S. Ashgate Publishing.
- Kennedy, Hugh(2001).The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State.London and New York: Routledge.ISBN0-415-25093-5.
- Kröger, Jens (1995).Nishapur: Glass of the Early Islamic Period.The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- Peacock, A.C.S. (2015).The Great Seljuk Empire.Edinburgh University Press.
- Tarkhi Al Naisaburiin ByeHakim al-Nishaburi
- EARTHQUAKES IN THE HISTORY OF NISHAPUR By Charles Melville[2]
- Encyclopedia Iranica
- metmuseum
- iranica
- The Patricians of Nishapur: A Study in Medieval Islamic Social History byRichard Bulliet
- France-Diplomatie
Further reading
[edit]- Durand-Guédy, David (2020).Cities of Medieval Iran.Brill.ISBN978-90-04-43433-2.
- Nishapur: Glass of the Early Islamic Period by Jens Kroger, Jens Kröger (1995) (free download & online version)
- Nishapur: Some Early Islamic Buildings and Their Decoration by Charles Kyrle Wilkinson (1987) (free download & online version)
- Nishapur: Metalwork of the Early Islamic Period by James W. Allan (1982) (free download & online version)
- Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period by Charles Kyrle Wilkinson (1973) (free download & online version)
External links
[edit]- Nishapur Mayors(in Persian)
- Nishapur governors(in Persian)
- Ceramics of Nishapur and other centers
- World Gazetteer on Nishapuratarchive.today(archived 2012-12-17)
- Nishapur Mathhouse
- Neyshabur bonyad(in Persian)
- The Metropolitan Museum Excavations at Nishapur
- Elias Pirasteh,Neyshabur,Photo Set,flickr
- Ardavan Ruzbeh,When National Heritage is not an equal to the Emām-Jom'eh,a reportage on the demolition of a national monument,Madreseh-ye Golshan(مدرسه گلشن), in Nishabur, inPersian,Radio Zamāneh, May 29, 2008:Text,Audio.
- Hossein Davoudi,Dizbād: A Staircase to History,in Persian, Jadid Online, 2008.
A Slide Show of Dizbād,by Hossein Davoudi, Jadid Online, 2008, (5 min 39 sec).
Note:Dizbād is a small village betweenMashhadand Neyshābūr, located at some 40 km distance from Mashhad.