Niujie
 | This articlerelies largely or entirely on asingle source.(January 2014) |
Niujie Subdistrict
Ngưu phố đường phố | |
|---|---|
 North start of Niujie in 2020 | |
  Niujie Subdistrict  Niujie Subdistrict | |
| Coordinates:39°53′11″N116°21′48″E/ 39.88639°N 116.36333°E | |
| Country | China |
| Municipality | Beijing |
| District | Xicheng |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1.44 km2(0.56 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total | 51,410 |
| • Density | 36,000/km2(92,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard) |
| Postal code | 100053 |
| Area code | 010 |
Niujie(Chinese:Ngưu phố;pinyin:Niú jiē;Wade–Giles:Niu-chieh;lit.'Oxen Street[1]') is asubdistrictinXicheng Districtin southwestBeijing,China.[2]The name "Niujie" can refer to the streetNiujieor to the neighborhoodNiujie.[3]The subdistrict was previously inXuanwu Districtbefore the district was merged into Xicheng District in 2010. As of 2020, its total population is 51,410.[4]
The Niujie Subdistrict is administered by the Niujie Subdistrict Administrative Office. The core area of this district is along the street Niujie.[1]The Niujie core area, aHui peopleneighborhood,[5]has Beijing's largest concentration of Muslim people.[2]As of 2013 there is a Muslim-oriented hospital as well as social services, cafés, shops, restaurants, and schools catering to the Muslim population.[6]In 2002 Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan, authors of "Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing," wrote that Niujie "continues to thrive as a major residential area of the Hui people in Beijing and as a prominent supplier ofHui foodsand services for the entire city. "[5]The neighborhood has theNiujie Mosque,which according to Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan, "mark[s] the identity of Niujie" and has an element of centrality in the community.[7]Most larger Hui neighborhoods in Beijing have their own mosques.[3]
History
[edit]At up to theTang dynasty,what is now Niujie would have been on the city's periphery according to archival research and historical documents.[8]TheNiujie Mosquewas built between 916 and 1125. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan stated that the establishment of the Hui settlement "probably" was related to Muslims joining the army ofGenghis Khan,who had conquered Beijing, and that based on some gravestones of imams encountered at the Niujie Mosque, a significant community of Hui people had lived in the Niujie area dating back to theYuan dynasty.During that dynasty many Muslims moved to Beijing.[3]Therefore, soldiers were the first Hui people in Niujie.[9]
During the Yuan dynasty Niujie was located in proximity to and outside of the mainBeijing city wall,and it had the name Willow River Village.[3]Dru C. Gladney,author ofMuslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic,wrote that according to stories from that dynasty, Han people rarely walked in the neighborhood alone. In addition, the stories state that during the dynasty, 2,953 households resided on Niujie.[10]Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that "peripheral location reflected separation between the Hui people living there and the Mongolian residents living within the city wall."[3]In 1544 an outer city wall was established and Willow River Village was within this outer city wall. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that the community "was still considered peripheral to the city proper where most Han Chinese lived."[3]
According to theChina Internet Information Center,a legend stated that the street Niujie was originally named "Pomegranate Street" orLiujie(Chinese:Lựu phố;pinyin:liú jiē;Wade–Giles:Liu-chieh) because the Muslims in the community grew pomegranate trees.[2]Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan stated theLiumeant "willow"(C: Liễu, P:Liǔ,W:Liu) and that the similarity betweenliuandniu"might have given rise to the name change."[3]Gladney wrote that the name may have originated from a concentration of beef butchers during the Qing dynasty or from the homophonic similarity to the Liu River, where pomegranate and willow trees grew.[10]The name change of the community to Niujie occurred during theQing dynasty.[3]The China Internet Information Center stated that the street name changed when members of the community began specializing in beef.[2]At that time,imamshad butchered both mutton and beef.[11]
Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan stated that the Niujie Hui community continued to be distinct from the Manchu community in Beijing during the Qing dynasty.[12]
In the late 1990s the neighborhood underwent a renovation and the majority of the 3,000 families living there relocated on a temporary basis as the renovations occurred.[6]The renovations of a 36-hectare (89-acre) area in the district began in 1997, 26,000 residents in about 7,500 households were affected by the renovations. The completion of the first phase occurred by the end of 2000.[7]New apartment buildings had been constructed, and a government policy stated that displaced residents of Niujie only needed to pay a small price in order to move into the new buildings. At the end of phase one, 3,000 people moved into the new apartment buildings. The majority of residents who decided not to return were Han Chinese.[7]Overall the non-Muslims had a tendency to remain out of the neighborhood. Almost all of the Muslim families returned after renovations ended.[6]Overall 90% of the displaced families from the first phase of the renovation had returned.[7]
In 2002, Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that Niujie "continues to be a thriving enclave, with a high concentration of Hui residents and economic activities".[13]The second stage of the renovation was scheduled to be completed that year.[7]
Administrative Division
[edit]By 2021, there are a total of 10communitieswithin the subdistrict:[14]
| Administrative Division Code | Community Name (English) | Community Name (Chinese) |
|---|---|---|
| 110102018001 | Niujie Dongli | Ngưu phố đông |
| 110102018002 | Chunfeng | Xuân phong |
| 110102018003 | Gangyuan | Cương viện |
| 110102018004 | Nanxiange | Nam tuyến các |
| 110102018005 | Caiyuan Beili | Vườn rau bắc |
| 110102018006 | Fenghua | Phong hoa |
| 110102018007 | Fayuansi | Pháp nguyên chùa |
| 110102018008 | Baiguanglu | Bạch quảng lộ |
| 110102018009 | Niujie Xili Yiqu | Ngưu phố tây một khu |
| 110102018010 | Niujie Xili Erqu | Ngưu phố tây nhị khu |
Demographics
[edit]Niujie district had 64,059 residents, 21.9% of them being Hui, in 2000. As of 2000 24,088 people lived in the Niujie core area, 54.1% being Hui. This gives it a higher percentage of Hui population than other areas of the district.[1]The core area is one of Beijing's largest ethnic enclaves.
As of 1996 the district had 55,722 residents, with 13,755, or 24.7% of the total population, being ethnic minorities. Of the minorities, 13,307, or 96.6%, were Hui. In the core area itself, there were 2,446 residents and 649 households resident. Of the individuals, 1,763 were Hui, making up 70.2% of the population. Of the households 475 were Hui, making up 69.3%, and the Manchu and Mongolian ethnic groups each had two households.[15]
In the neighborhoods on both sides of the core area, as of 1996 about 50% of the residents were Han and 50% were Hui.[15]In the Tang Fang neighborhood in the Niujie District, as of the 1982 census, there were 3,107 individuals. Of them, there were 1,814 Hui, making up 58.38% of the population, 1,272 Han, making up 40.94% of the population, and 21 Manchu, making up.68% of the population.[16]As of 1996 the communities closer to the core area have higher Hui populations than those further from the core area.[15]
As of 2007, according to Nimrod Baranovich, author of "Inverted Exile: Uyghur Writers and Artists in Beijing and the Political Implications of Their Work," he had been informed that manyUyghur peoplelive in Niujie.[17]
Cityscape
[edit]As of 2011 the Niujie core area features various buildings decorated in an Islamic Chinese style, including the post office and apartment blocks. The apartments were painted in the Islamic-associated colors white and green and decorated with Islamic symbols. The core area includes a Hui primary school, a supermarket carryinghalalproducts, and several Muslim restaurants. As of 1996[update]there were 51 Islamic meatshops, 51 Islamic restaurants, and several Islamic foodstuff stores in all of Xuanwu district. On Niujie Street at that time there were Huigetihuwho sold fruit and pastries, 8 Islamic noodle and pastry shops, and 2 small Islamic restaurants.[10]
The Chinese Islamic Association building, located southeast of the Mosque, has Arab architectural flourishes such as parapets and large green domes. It was built in the 1950s. TheHuimin Yiyuan(S: Dân tộc Hồi bệnh viện, P:Huímín Yīyuàn), the Hui hospital, is at the south end of the Niujie street.[10]
The Tang Fang neighborhood is west of Niujie Street on Beiruilu.[15]
Government and infrastructure
[edit]The Niujie Street Administrative Office governs the area in the community. In 2002 Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan concluded that based on the re-development plans stating that the Niujie Mosque would remain in its current location with its "centrality" in the community, the administrative office "has played an important role in preserving the Hui character of the enclave, making it possible for the Hui residents to return and live in a setting they are highly identified with, despite urban renovation and redevelopment."[7]
Economy
[edit]
Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan explained that the economy of the community is focused on "ethnic-specific activities" such as Jade processing, meat trading, and Islamic restaurants.[18]Tourism, including visits to theNiujie Mosque,is a part of the economy of Niujie. A survey conducted by Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan in January 2002 concluded that the market and shops on Nanhengxi Street sold about 6,000 kilograms (13,000 lb) of beef and mutton daily. The same survey counted over 30 Islamic restaurants on Nanhengxi Street. In addition, around 2002, there had been an increase in contractors, miscellaneous repair shops, and other services.[18]
Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that Niujie has remained to be anethnic enclavebecause it continued to be "peripheral to the city’s core area of economic growth" with much of the expansion occurring in north Beijing instead of the portion of Beijing where Niujie resides.[12]In an interview in August 2000 the head of a resident committee in theMadianneighborhood inHaidian District,which historically was a Hui community but faced a decline due to development, stated that even though going to Niujie from Madian meant a lengthy commute, many Madian Hui now preferred to travel there to purchase beef and mutton.[19]Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that "This is evidence that Niujie’s role as a large enclave and major supplier for the Hui people in Beijing has been enhanced as the ethnic economy of Madian gradually declined."[20]
Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that Niujie served in a wider ethnic Hui economy across Beijing as well as providing a local ethnic enclave economy in the period from theMing dynastyuntil 1949.[12]In the pre-1949 period 75% of the jade trade enterprises in the city were located in Niujie. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that in this period a central component of Niujie was the food service sector, which consisted of beef and button stands,Hui foodwagons and stands, and Hui restaurants.[12]They stated that residents of Niujie "gained a reputation for operating meat delicatessens in other parts of Beijing."[12]Niujie was also adjacent to a major vegetable market,Caishikou.[12]
Education
[edit]
One school in Niujie, the Beijing Xuanwu Huimin Elementary School (Chinese:Thành phố Bắc Kinh tuyên võ dân tộc Hồi tiểu học;pinyin:Běijīng Shì Xuānwǔ Huímín Xiǎoxué;lit.'Beijing Xuanwu Hui People Elementary School'), serves theHui peopleliving in the area.[21]
See also
[edit]
- Hui people in Beijing
- Niujie station,onBeijing Subway Line 19
- List of township-level divisions of Beijing
Notes
[edit]- ^abcWang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 112.
- ^abcd"Culinary delights: Beijing's Muslim cuisine."(Archive)China Internet Information Center(China.org.cn). Retrieved on 5 January 2014.
- ^abcdefghWang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 113.
- ^Quốc gia thống kê cục, ed. (2020).Trung Quốc thống kê niêm giám[China statistical yearbook]. Vol. 39 (1st ed.). Beijing: Trung Quốc thống kê nhà xuất bản.ISBN978-7-5037-9225-0.OCLC1262741013.
- ^abWang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 104.
- ^abcWu, Weiping and Gaubatz. p.254.
- ^abcdefWang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 117.
- ^Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 112-113. "Historical documents and archival research indicate that from as early as the Tang dynasty (618–907), the location of today’s Niujie had been on the periphery of the city of Beijing"
- ^Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 115.
- ^abcdGladney,p.175.
- ^Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 113-114.
- ^abcdefWang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 114.
- ^Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 116.
- ^"2021 năm thống kê dùng phân ranh giới số hiệu cùng thành hương phân chia số hiệu".stats.gov.cn.Retrieved2022-09-21.
- ^abcdGladney,p.176.
- ^Gladney,p.179.
- ^Baranovitch, Nimrod (University of Haifa). "Inverted Exile: Uyghur Writers and Artists in Beijing and the Political Implications of Their Work."Modern China.SAGE Publications.October 2007 33: 462-504, doi: 10.1177/0097700407304803 - Cited: p. 497. "[...]and that many Uyghurs live today in the Hui Muslim quarter on Niujie (Ox Street)."
- ^abWang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 118.
- ^Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 118-119.
- ^Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 119.
- ^Home page(Archive). Beijing Xuanwu Huimin Elementary School. Retrieved on January 10, 2014. "Trường học địa chỉ: Thành phố Bắc Kinh tây thành nội ngưu phố tây một khu 5 hào ( thành phố Bắc Kinh tuyên võ dân tộc Hồi tiểu học )"
References
[edit]- Gladney, Dru C.Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic(Volume 149, Issue 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs, ISSN 0073-0483).Harvard University Asia Center,1996.ISBN0674594975,9780674594975.
- Wang, Wenfei, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan. "Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing"(Archive).Eurasian Geography and Economics,2002, 43, No. 2, pp. 104–122.
- Wu, Weiping and Piper Gaubatz.The Chinese City.Routledge,April 26, 2013.ISBN1136990828,9781136990823.
External links
[edit]
- Beijing Xuanwu Huimin Elementary School(in Chinese)
- Beijing Huimin Hospital,City of Beijing(in Chinese)