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No Russian
A screenshot taken from the level. The player is holding a gun and is aiming it at a large group of civilians. Bullets can be seen coming from other gunmen offscreen.
A screenshot of "No Russian"
First appearanceCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2(2009)
Last appearanceCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Campaign Remastered(2020)
Created byMohammad Alavi
GenreFirst-person shooter
In-universe information
LocationZakhaev International Airport (also referred to in-game asMoscow Domodedovo Airport),Moscow
CharactersPFC Joseph Allen (aka Alexei Borodin), Vladimir Makarov, Viktor, Lev, Kiril

"No Russian"is amissionin the 2009 video gameCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2and itsremasteredversion,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Campaign Remastered(2020). In the level, the player participates in amass shootingat a Russian airport, although the player is not forced or told by the game itself to shoot any civilians and may skip the level altogether without penalty. "No Russian" is noticeably more graphic than any other level in the game. The plot of "No Russian" revolves aroundArmy RangerPFC Joseph Allen, working as an undercoverCIAasset, attempting to gain the trust of a Russianterroristnamed Vladimir Makarov.

Game designerMohammad Alaviwas heavily involved in the level's development. Alavi wanted the level to serve as a catalyst forCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2'splot, and create an emotional connection between the player and Makarov. Much of the level's development was spent designing the massacre-portion, which Alavi did not want to feel too contrived or traumatic. Members ofCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2'sdevelopment team were polarized in their opinions of the level, and severalgame-testersexpressed disapproval, including one game-tester who refused to play the level at all.

"No Russian" sparked significant controversy for letting players directly participate in a terrorist mass killing, and it became a popular subject in both gaming publications and major news publications. Journalists[1]described the level's plot as illogical and derided the ability to skip the level. Due to the level's graphic content,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2was subject to censorship in international versions of the game, including its entire removal from Russian versions. Journalists have since discussed the importance of "No Russian" to thevideo game industry.

Level content

[edit]
See also:Gameplay of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2

Before the single-player mode begins, a warning message notifies the player of the option to skip the level should they find its content "disturbing or offensive"; if the player chooses to bypass the level, they do not miss anyachievementsand their progress in the game is not penalized.[2]"No Russian" is the fourth level inCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2'ssingle-playercampaign.[3]In the level, the player controls Joseph Allen, an undercoverCIAoperative tasked with infiltrating and gaining the trust of a Russianultranationalistterroristorganization led by Vladimir Makarov.[4]To accomplish this goal, he must participate in amass shootingat Zakhaev International Airport inMoscow.[5]

"No Russian" begins with the player in an elevator with Makarov and three other gunmen. Makarov tells the group "Remember, no Russian" – an instruction to only speak English; the group also uses American weaponry.[6]After exiting the elevator, Makarov and the other gunmen proceed to shoot at a large group of civilians at an airportsecurity checkpoint.[4]The player then accompanies the gunmen as they walk through the airport killing any remaining civilians.[4]Once the player exits the airport, they enter a firefight withFSBagents, some of whom haveriot shields.[3]At the end of the level, Makarov kills Allen, and reveals that he knew of Allen's true identity; his goal was for Russian officials to discover that one of the assailants was an American, in order toframe the attackas being committed by Americans (hence "No Russian" ), and for Russia to declare war on the United States.[4]

"No Russian" is noticeably more graphic than any other level in the game – civilians' screams can be heard throughout and the crawling injured leave blood-trails.[7][8]The player is not forced to shoot any civilians, however, and may instead walk through the airport as the massacre unfolds.[2]The game does not explicitly encourage the player to shoot civilians, and the gunmen do not react if the player does not shoot.[9]The player can shoot the gunmen, but they will retaliate, causing the player to fail the mission.[9]The agents must be killed in order to complete the level.[10]

Development and history

[edit]
The airport setting for "No Russian" was inspired by air travel safety concerns following theSeptember 11 attacks.

"No Russian" was envisioned early in the development ofCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.[11]Members of the development companyInfinity Wardinitially wanted to make a level where the player would pilot aLockheed AC-130and killzombiesin Moscow.[12]When the fantasy elements were scrapped, the development team shifted their focus to a level centered around a terrorist attack at a Moscow airport, which was influenced by air travel safety concerns following theSeptember 11 attacks.[12]Lead writer Jesse Stern believes people have an innate desire to experience mass shootings firsthand, and says that this belief inspired the idea of having the player control a terrorist.[11]Stern cited documentaries about the2008 Mumbai attacksand theColumbine High School massacreas evidence, and said: "These are human beings who perpetrate these acts, so you don't really want to turn a blind eye to it. You want to take it apart and figure out how that happened and what, if anything, can be done to prevent it. Ultimately, our intention was to put you as close as possible to atrocity."[11]

Game designerMohammad Alaviwas heavily involved in the level's development, from programming theartificial intelligenceto directing themotion captureused for the character animations.[13]Alavi's intentions while working on "No Russian" differed from Stern's, as he simply wanted the level to serve as a catalyst for the game's narrative.[12]In a 2012 interview, Alavi said he had three goals while working on "No Russian": "Sell why Russia would attack the U.S., make the player have an emotional connection to the bad guy Makarov, and do that in a memorable and engaging way."[14]Alavi drew inspiration from news articles and films, and did not interview victims of real terrorist attacks.[13]

Much of the level's development constituted designing the massacre.[13]In the first iteration of "No Russian", the massacre ended once the group of civilians were killed outside the elevator, which then transitioned into a firefight. Alavi felt that having an emotional scene abruptly shift into a firefight was "gimmicky". He altered the level to prolong the massacre. He also removed scenes with children or families hugging each other to reduce player trauma.[13]"No Russian" initially featured a limited amount of gore, a decision that was changed when the wife of lead artist Joel Emslie questioned the authenticity of such a level without blood.[15]Due to the level's emotionally charged set piece, some of thevoice actorsbecame tearful while reciting their lines.[16]

Some members of Infinity Ward strongly opposed the level's content, while some members suggested the player should control a security guard instead of a terrorist.[15]According to Emslie, "No Russian polarized this studio".[15]Alavi was not aware of any pushback fromActivision,the game'spublisher,about the level, but did note thatgame testerselicited a variety of reactions.[13]Many were initially angry and confused at the level's content, but eventually settled down and began shooting at the civilians.[11]One tester refused to play the level at all but was willing to play the rest of the game. This led to the implementation of the skip feature, as Alavi did not want the player to be punished for not doing what they felt was morally wrong.[13]

Initial reception

[edit]

Prior to the release ofCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2,video footage from "No Russian" was illegally leaked onto the Internet. Activision quickly confirmed the level's existence and clarified its context within the game.[17]In an email statement, Activision wrote how the level was "not representative of the overall gameplay experience inModern Warfare 2".The video was a popular story in both gaming publications and major news publications, including theAssociated PressandThe Guardian.[17][18]Journalists attributed the story's widespread exposure to the series' cultural significance.[17][19]

The leaked footage divided video game journalists.[12]The Daily Telegraph'sTom Hoggins felt that while he could not properly judge the level without having played it, he still questioned whether Infinity Ward had approached the level from the wrong direction by letting the player use grenades to "treat these civilians as human bowling pins".[20]Writing forThe Guardian,Keith Stuart criticized the skip feature, describing it as a "cop-out" for a level that the developer intended players to experience.[18]Jim SterlingofDestructoidwas more positive, as they thought that it was a statement that video games could discuss controversial topics, which they felt that many developers would often shy away from. They felt if "No Russian" was able to make players question whether the deaths of innocent civilians were justifiable, then video games could finally be considered anart form.[21]

WhileCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2received critical acclaim at its release,[22]journalists heavily criticized the content of "No Russian". Marc Cieslak ofBBC Newswas saddened by the level, as he felt it disproved his theory that thevideo game industryhad "grown-up".[23]Rock, Paper, Shotgun'sKieron Gillenchastised the level for failing to live up to expectations. He found the plot to be illogical, criticized the skip feature for rendering an artistic statement as "laughably pathetic", and ultimately summarized the level as "dumb shock".[10]Writing forPC World,Matt Peckhamquestioned why the gunmen would not care if the player did not shoot, and felt that not informing the player of what was about to happen until the last possible moment was "creating a kind of plausible emotional deniability by removing all the dramatic impetus that ought to surround it".[9]Several prominent British religious leaders condemned "No Russian":Alexander Goldbergof theLondon Jewish Forumwas worried that children would play the level; Fazan Mohammed of theBritish Muslim Forumdescribed the level as an intimate experience of enacting terrorism; andStephen Lowe,the retiredBishop of Hulme,felt that the level was "sickening".[24]

International censorship and game ratings

[edit]

Due to the graphic content featured in "No Russian", some international versions ofCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2were subject to censorship.[12]Activision removed the level entirely from Russian versions of the game, a decision that was made based on the country's lack of a formalrating systemfor games.[25]According to Activision: "Russia does not have a formal ratings entity. As a result, we chose to block the scene after seeking the advice of local counsel".[25]Some journalists erroneously reportedCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2had been banned orrecalledin Russia.[26][27]In Japanese and German versions of the game, the level was edited so that the player would be given agame overscreen if they killed any civilians.[28]The Japanese version was criticized by some players for changing Makarov's opening line, "Remember, no Russian", to "Kill them; they are Russians".[29]

Uncensored versions of the game were given a high content rating, such as an M rating by theESRBin North America, and an18 certificateby theBBFCin the UK.[7]Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2was the first game in the series to receive an 18 certificate, which the BBFC noted was specifically due to "No Russian".[30][31]In their game summary, the BBFC wrote: "The evident brutality in this mission does carry a focus on the 'infliction of pain or injury' which, along with the disturbing nature of the scenario it sets up, was felt to be more appropriately placed at the adult category."[30]BritishLabour PartypoliticianKeith Vazwas "absolutely shocked" by the content of "No Russian", and questioned whether sales ofCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2should be halted in accordance with theByron Review.[32][33]Vaz raised his concerns in theHouse of Commons,although this had no effect on game sales.[31]

In Australia,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2was rated MA15+ by theAustralian Classification Board(ACB).[34]When the video footage of "No Russian" was leaked, the Australian Council on Children and the Media (ACCM) lobbied for a rating reclassification. ACCM president Jane Roberts said: "The consequences of terrorism are just abhorrent in our community and yet here we are with a product that's meant to be passed off as a leisure time activity, actually promoting what most world leaders speak out publicly against."[34]At the time, an MA15+ was the highest rating a video game could receive, and a potentially higher rating would effectively ban sales of the game.[34]Many Australian gaming publications called for the implementation of an R18+ rating, which was opposed byAttorney-General of South AustraliaMichael Atkinson,who felt that "No Russian" let players be "virtual terrorists".[35]He sought to appeal the rating and have the game banned, although the ACB never received correspondence from Atkinson.[36]

Legacy

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In 2012, Laura Parker ofGameSpotdiscussed how "No Russian" was a watershed moment for the video game industry.[37]She felt that the level raised the question of whether or not it was acceptable to discuss human suffering in video games, and if their status as entertainment products prevented them from doing so. She also commented that if more developers were willing to take risks and include controversial material, then video games would finally receive cultural recognition.[37]Kotaku's Kirk Hamilton wrote that one game that included controversial material wasSpec Ops: The Line(2012).[38]During one scene, the player comes across a squadmate who had beenlynchedby a mob, and the player has the option to either kill the civilians or scare them away withwarning shots.Walt Williams, the lead writer forSpec Ops: The Line,remarked that the development team wanted to make the scene feel organic, and explicitly sought to avoid the "clumsiness" of "No Russian".[38]

In his book,Playing War: Military Video Games After 9/11,Matthew Payne analyzed three controversial levels from theCall of Dutyseries,including "No Russian". He suggested that Allen's death emphasized themilitainmenttheme of the soldier who sacrifices themselves for the greater good and that the level rationalizes morally suspect operations as long as they serve under the guise of national security.[39]Payne also commented that while "No Russian" could be seen as a realistic depiction of war when compared to contemporary representations, it could only be viewed in the context of the story, and thus removes any potential of having the player reexamine the precepts of modern warfare.[40]Following theNovember 2015 Paris attacks,Robert Rath of Zam replayed "No Russian" and examined how the level mirrored real-life terrorist attacks. Rath felt that while the plot was absurd, the attack featured in the level was realistic and that it could teach players that terrorist attacks often occur atsoft targets.[41]

Reviewing the gameModern Warfare 2 Campaign Remasteredin 2020,Wired's Julie Muncy called "No Russian" "crass and stupid", feeling it had no clear reason to exist and that the horror of its gameplay was forgotten about once over.[42]Phil Hornshaw ofGameSpotthought while the level could be seen asCall of Dutyat its "most subversive and artistically expressive", it failed to convey any interesting ideas. He also wrote that it felt callous following years of mass shootings.[43]Following heavy indication that the then-upcomingCall of Duty: Modern Warfare III(2023)would feature its own version of "No Russian",[44]PCGamesN's Jack Ridsdale questioned whether it was wise for the series to revisit the level and if it could be as impactful as the original.[45]

"No Russian" has been linked to some real premeditated attacks.[46][47]Following the 2011Domodedovo International Airport bombing,the Russian state-owned television networkRTbroadcast a report that juxtaposed security camera footage of the attack with gameplay footage from "No Russian". The reporter stated that the level was reminiscent of the bombing, and quotedFox NewsanalystWalid Pharesas saying terrorists could be using video games as training tools.[46]In 2013, a student fromAlbany, Oregon,was detained by police for plotting to attack his high school with explosives and firearms. Notebooks found by police detailed how the student planned to usenapalmgrenades, and to play the theme song from "No Russian" in his car during the shooting.[47]The perpetrator of the2011 Norway attacks,Anders Behring Breivik,calledCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2a "training-simulation", and some journalists commented on a potential link between the attacks and "No Russian". The level was not explicitly referenced in Breivik'smanifestohowever, and media scholar Gareth Schott argues journalists ignored the majority of the manifesto and instead used video games as ascapegoat.[48]

"No Russian" reappears in the game's sequel,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3(2011) during a flashback scene where the game's playable character, Yuri, reveals toCaptain Pricethat he had attempted to stop the massacre, but failed.[49]The version of "No Russian" featured inModern Warfare 2 Campaign Remastered(2020) was updated to account for this scene.[49]Similarly to the original game, this version of the game was not sold in Russia, which journalists speculated to be due to "No Russian."[50]The level is referenced in the rebootedModern Warfareseries, specificallyCall of Duty: Modern Warfare II(2022) andCall of Duty: Modern Warfare III(2023),[51]with the latter featuring a mission inspired by it.[52]

References

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  2. ^abKlepek, Patrick (October 23, 2015)."That TimeCall of Dutylet you shoot up an Air-Port ".Kotaku.Univision Communications.Archivedfrom the original on August 12, 2016.RetrievedAugust 1,2016.
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  4. ^abcdPayne, Matthew (April 2016)."The First-Personal Shooter".Playing War: Military Video Games After 9/11.New York University Press.pp. 80–84.ISBN9781479805228.Archivedfrom the original on February 9, 2023.RetrievedNovember 18,2020.
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  10. ^abGillen, Kieron(November 19, 2009)."Wot I Think: About That Level".Rock, Paper, Shotgun.Archivedfrom the original on October 9, 2016.RetrievedAugust 1,2016.
  11. ^abcdGaudiosi, John (November 19, 2009)."Modern Warfare 2 writer: 'the airport level was a risk we had to take'".GamePro.Archived fromthe originalon February 7, 2011.RetrievedAugust 18,2017.
  12. ^abcdeHester, Blake (October 28, 2019)."'Remember, No Russian:' Critics and Developers Remember Call of Duty's Most Infamous Mission ".USGamer.Archivedfrom the original on August 6, 2020.RetrievedAugust 1,2020.
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  40. ^Payne 2016,p. 84.
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Further reading

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