Noël Browne

Not to be confused withNoel Brown.

Noël Browne
Minister for Health
In office 18 February 1948 – 11 April 1951
Taoiseach	John A. Costello
Preceded by	James Ryan
Succeeded by	John A. Costello
Leader of theNational Progressive Democrats
In office 23 July 1958 – 4 April 1963
Preceded by	New office
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Teachta Dála
In office June 1981–February 1982
Constituency	Dublin North-Central
In office June 1977–June 1981
Constituency	Dublin Artane
In office June 1969–February 1973
Constituency	Dublin South-East
In office March 1957–April 1965
Constituency	Dublin South-East
In office February 1948–May 1954
Constituency	Dublin South-East
Senator
In office 1 June 1973 – 16 June 1977
Constituency	Dublin University
Personal details
Born	(1915-12-20)20 December 1915 Waterford,Ireland
Died	21 May 1997(1997-05-21)(aged 81) Baile na hAbhann, County Galway,Ireland
Political party	Independent(1951–1953, 1955–1958, 1977–1981, 1982–1997)
Other political affiliations	Clann na Poblachta (1946–1954) Fianna Fáil(1953–1957) National Progressive Democrats(1958–1963) Labour Party(1963–1977) Socialist Labour Party (1977–1982)
Spouse	Phyllis Harrison ​ (m.1947)​
Children	2
Education	Beaumont College
Alma mater	Trinity College Dublin

Noël Christopher Browne(20 December 1915 – 21 May 1997) was an Irish politician who served asMinister for Healthfrom 1948 to 1951 and Leader of theNational Progressive Democratsfrom 1958 to 1963. He was aTeachta Dála(TD) from 1948 to 1954, 1957 to 1973 and 1977 to 1982, and held aSenateseat for theDublin Universityconstituency from 1973 to 1977.

He holds the distinction of being one of only sevenTDsto beappointed to the cabinet on the start of their first term in the Dáil.As Minister for Health, Browne is credited with waging a successful total war ontuberculosis.However, his attempt to implement theMother and Child Schemein effect brought down theFirst Inter-Party GovernmentofTaoiseachJohn A. Costelloin 1951 and remains one of the greatest political controversies in modern Irish political history.

Browne was a well-known but at times, controversial, public representative and managed to be a TD for five political parties (two of which he co-founded), as well as anindependentTD. These wereClann na Poblachta(resigned),Fianna Fáil(expelled),National Progressive Democrats(co-founder),Labour Party(resigned) and theSocialist Labour Party(co-founder). Browne is widely acknowledged to have had a propensity for grudges and feuds. However, he is also widely credited as being a progressive force in Ireland who advocated against corporal punishment and apartheid while supporting contraceptives, abortion and theLGBT communitymany decades before those positions became mainstream.

Early life and career

Noël Browne was born at Bath Street inWaterford,but grew up in theBogsidearea ofDerry.The Browne family also lived inAthloneandBallinrobefor a period of time. His mother Mary Therese (née Cooney) was born in 1885 in Hollymount,County Mayo;a plaque has been erected there in her memory. His father Joseph Brown, anRICsergeant, later worked as an inspector for theNational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Childrenand, partly as a result of this work, all of the Browne family became infected withtuberculosis.Both parents died of the disease during the 1920s; his father was the first to die, leaving only £100 behind to support his wife and seven children. Fearing that if she and the children remained in Ireland that they would be forced into aworkhouse,Mary (already by this point dying of TB) sold every possession the Brownes had and took the family toLondon,England. Within two days of their arrival, Mary was dead, later buried in apauper's grave.Of her seven children, six contracted tuberculosis. Noël was only one of two Browne children to survive into adulthood after those bouts with TB. The only sibling who survived with him was his brother Jody, who developed both ahunchbackand acleft palate.Because of Jody's conditions, Noël described Jody as "completely unwanted" by society, which led his sister to commit Jody to a workhouse. There, Jody later died on an operating table when, in Noël's own words, a doctor performed "experimental" plastic surgery on Jody. Jody too was buried in a pauper's grave.

In 1929, he was admitted free of charge to St Anthony's, a preparatory school inEastbourne.He then won a scholarship toBeaumont College,theJesuitpublic schoolnearOld Windsor,Berkshire,where he befriended Neville Chance, a wealthy boy from Dublin. Neville's father, the eminent surgeon Arthur Chance (son of surgeon Sir Arthur Chance), subsequently paid Browne's way through medical school atTrinity College Dublin.

In 1940, while still a student, Browne suffered a serious relapse of tuberculosis. His treatment at asanatoriuminMidhurst,Sussex,was paid for by the Chance family. He recovered, passed his medical exams in 1942, and started his career as a medical intern atDr Steevens' Hospitalin Dublin, where he worked underBethel SolomonsHe subsequently worked in numerous sanatoria throughout Ireland and England, witnessing the ravages of the disease. He soon concluded that politics was the only way in which he could make an attack on the scourge of tuberculosis.

Entry into politics

The poverty and tragedy that had shaped Browne's childhood deeply affected him. He considered both his survival and his level of education a complete fluke, a stroke of random chance that saved him when he was seemingly destined to die unknown and in poverty like the rest of his family. Browne found this completely distasteful and was moved to enter politics as a means to ensure no one else would suffer the same fate that had befallen his family.

Browne joined the newIrish republicanpartyClann na Poblachtaand was elected toDáil Éireannfor theDublin South-Eastconstituency at the1948 general election.To the surprise of many, party leaderSeán MacBridechose Browne to be one of the party's two ministers inthe new government.Browne became one of the few TDs appointed a Minister on their first day in Dáil Éireann, when he was appointedMinister for Health.

Minister for Health

AWhite paperon proposed healthcare reforms had been prepared by the previous government and resulted in the 1947 Health Act. In February 1948, Browne became Minister for Health and started the reforms advocated by the Paper and introduced by the Act.

The health reforms coincided with the development of a new vaccine and of new drugs (e.g.BCGandpenicillin) that helped to treat a previously untreatable group of medical conditions. Browne introduced mass free screening for tuberculosis sufferers and launched a huge construction programme to build new hospitals and sanitoria, financed by the income and accumulated investments from theHealth Department-controlled Hospital Sweeps funds. This, along with the introduction ofStreptomycin,helped dramatically reduce the incidence of tuberculosis in Ireland.

As Minister for Health Browne came into conflict with the bishops of theCatholic Churchand the medical profession over theMother and Child Scheme.This plan, also introduced by the 1947 Health Act, provided free state-funded healthcare for all mothers and children aged under 16, with nomeans test,a move which was regarded as radical at the time in Ireland, but not in the rest ofEurope.Virtually all doctors in private practice opposed the scheme, because it would undermine the "fee for service" model on which their income depended.

The Church hierarchy, which controlled many hospitals, vigorously opposed the expansion of "socialised medicine" in the Irish Republic (though they never objected to its provision viathe British National Health Service in Northern Ireland). They claimed that the Mother and Child Scheme interfered with parental rights and feared that the provision of non-religious medical advice to mothers would lead tobirth controlcontrary to Catholic teaching. They greatly disliked Browne, seeing him as a "Trinity Catholic" (one who had defied the Church's ruling that the faithful should not attend Trinity College Dublin, which had been founded by Protestants and for many years did not allow Catholics to study there).

Under pressure from bishops, the coalition government backed away from the Mother and Child Scheme and forced Browne's resignation as Minister for Health.

He gave his version of events in his resignation speech to the Dáil on 12 April 1951. In particular, he deplored that the government had referred his Scheme to the Church for approval, taking care to describe it to the Church as his plan and not as government policy, giving him no option but to resign as Minister.TheTaoiseach,John A. Costello,immediately retorted that "I have seldom listened to a statement in which there were so many — let me say it as charitably as possible — inaccuracies, misstatements and misrepresentations", and delivered his full reply several hours later.Following his departure from government, Browne embarrassed his opponents by arranging forThe Irish Timesto publish Costello's and MacBride's correspondence with the Catholic hierarchy, which detailed their capitulation to the bishops.

The controversy over the Mother and Child Scheme led to the fall of the coalition government in which Browne had served as a Minister. But Church opposition to socialised medicine continued under the subsequentFianna Fáil-led government. The hierarchy would not accept a no-means-test mother-and-infant scheme even when Fianna Fáil reduced the age limit from sixteen years to six weeks, and the government again backed down.

Later political career

Monument to Browne in County Waterford

After his resignation as Minister for Health, Browne left Clann na Poblachta, but was re-elected to the Dáil as anIndependentTDfrom Dublin South-East in the subsequent election.

Browne joined Fianna Fáil in 1953,but lost hisDáilseat at the1954 general election.He failed to be selected as a candidate for the1957 general electionand he resigned from the party.He was re-elected at that election for Dublin South-East as an Independent TD.

In 1958, he founded theNational Progressive DemocratswithJack McQuillan.Browne held on to his seat at the1961 general election,but in 1963, he and McQuillan joined theLabour Party,disbanding the National Progressive Democrats. However, Browne lost his seat at the1965 general election.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Browne became a vocal opponent ofApartheidin South Africa; In 1970 Browne was amongst those who protested outsideThomond Parkin Limerick andLansdowne Roadin Dublin when Ireland played the South African rugby team.Browne publicly called for a "progressively expanding boycott on the importation of South African produce, as advocated by theANC".

He was re-elected as a Labour Party TD at the1969 general election,again for Dublin South-East. He did not seek a nomination by the Labour Party for the1973 general election,but instead won a seat inSeanad ÉireannforDublin University.He remained in the Seanad until the1977 general election,when he gained theDublin Artaneseat as an Independent Labour TD, having again failed to get the Party nomination.

In 1977 Browne was the first Irish parliamentarian to call for law reforms in regards to homosexuality, which was illegal at the time, and in 1979 was one of the few Irish politicians to attend the opening of the Hirschfeld Centre, Dublin's first full-time LGBT community space.In 2021Leo Varadkarsuggested that during Browne's time in the Seanad, Browne was the first member of theOireachtasto ever to advocate for therapeutic legal abortion.

Upon its formation, Browne joined the newSocialist Labour Partyand was briefly its only TD, securing election forDublin North-Centralat the1981 general election.Browne retired from politics at theFebruary 1982 general election.

Offer of presidential candidacy

In 1990, a number of left-wing representatives within the Labour Party, led byMichael D. Higgins,approached Browne and suggested that he should be the party's candidate inthe presidential electiondue later that year. Though in failing health, Browne agreed. However, the offer horrified party leaderDick Springand his close associates for two reasons. Firstly, the leadership had secretly decided to runMary Robinson,a barrister and former senator. Secondly, many around Spring were "appalled" at the idea of running Browne, believing he had "little or no respect for the party" and "was likely in any event to self-destruct as a candidate."When Spring informed Browne by telephone that the party's Administrative Council had chosen Robinson over him, Browne hung up the telephone.

Browne spent the remaining seven years of his life constantly criticising Robinson, who had gone on to win the election, thus becoming the seventhPresident of Ireland,and who was considered highly popularduring her term. During the campaign he also indicated support for the rivalFine Gaelcandidate,Austin Currie.

Personality

Few figures in 20th-century Ireland were as controversial as Noël Browne.To his supporters he was a dynamic liberal who stood up to conservative and reactionary Catholicism. To his opponents he was an unstable, temperamental and difficult individual who was the author of most of his own misfortune. Browne further alienated the middle ground in 1986, with the publishing of his autobiographyAgainst the Tide,which became what theIrish Timescalled a "publishing sensation" and sold over 80,000 copies in short order.Historians like Dr. Ruth Barrington, who had written extensively about Irish health policy and had access to the files from the 1940s and 1950s, questioned the book's reliability.

Writing a decade later, one of the chief officials of the Labour Party,Fergus Finlay,said Browne had developed into a "bad tempered and curmudgeonly old man".Historian and political scientistMaurice Manningwrote that Browne "had the capacity to inspire fierce loyalty, but many of those who worked with and against him over the years found him difficult, self-centred, unwilling to accept the good faith of his opponents and often profoundly unfair in his intolerance of those who disagreed with him".

However, some of this alleged "difficulty" arose from the fact that Browne was deaf in one ear from an infection. A riposte to these depictions appeared in 2000, based on a much earlier extensive interview with Browne.

After retiring from politics, Browne moved with his wife Phyllis toBaile na hAbhann,County Galway,where he died on 21 May 1997, aged 81.

Legacy

In a 2010RTÉpublic poll, he came in the top 10 ofIreland's Greatest.

In 2021Leo Varadkargave a dedicated lecture on Browne to students ofTrinity College Dublin,in which he summarised Browne's career. Varadkar noted Browne's cantankerous reputation but generally praised Browne, with Varadkar stating that he always "admired his idealism, his passion, and his determination to stand up for the causes and the people he believed in".

Sources

• Noël Browne,Against the Tide,Gill & Macmillan,ISBN0-7171-1458-9.
• Ruth Barrington,Health, Medicine and Politics in Ireland 1900-1970,Institute of Public Administration, 1987,ISBN0-906980-72-0.
• Fergus Finlay,Snakes and Ladders,New Island Books, 1998,ISBN1-874597-76-6.
• Kurt Jacobsen, "An Interview with Dr Noel Browne" inMaverick Voices: Conversations with Political and Cultural Rebels.Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.ISBN978-0742533950
• Gabriel Kelly et al. (eds),Irish Social Policy in Context,UCD Press, 1999,ISBN1-900621-25-8.
• Maurice Manning,James Dillon: A Biography,Wolfhound Press, 2000,ISBN0-86327-823-X.
• Lorna Siggins,The Woman Who Took Power in the Park,Mainstream Publishing, 1997,ISBN1-85158-805-1.
• John Horgan,Noël Browne: Passionate Outsider,Gill & Macmillan, 2000,ISBN0-7171-2809-1.