Nootka Convention

For other uses, seeNootka (disambiguation).

Nootka Sound Conventions

Date	Nootka Sound Convention:October 28, 1790 Nootka Claims Convention:February 12, 1793 Convention for the Mutual Abandonment of Nootka:January 11, 1794
Location	Madrid,Spain
Also known as	Nootka Sound Convention Nootka Claims Convention Convention for the Mutual Abandonment of Nootka
Participants	Spain Great Britain
Outcome	Britain and Spain were guaranteed freedom of the seas

TheNootka Sound Conventionswere a series of three agreements between the Kingdom ofSpainand theKingdom of Great Britain,signed in the 1790s, which averted a war between the two countries over overlapping claims to portions of thePacific Northwestcoast ofNorth America.

Claims of Spain

The claims of Spain dated back nearly 300 years to thepapal bull of 1493that, along with the followingTreaty of Tordesillas,defined and delineated a zone of Spanish rights exclusive of Portugal. In relation to other states the agreement was legally ineffective (res inter alios acta). Spain interpreted it in the widest possible sense, deducing that it gave them full sovereignty. Other European powers did not recognize theInter caetera,and even Spain and Portugal only adhered to it when it was useful and convenient.Britain's claims to the region were dated back to the voyage of SirFrancis Drakein 1579, and also by right of prior discovery by CaptainJames Cookin 1778, although the Spanish had explored and claimed the region in 1774, underJuan Pérez,and in 1775, underBruno de HecetaandBodega y Quadra.

Disputed sovereignty

The Nootka Sound dispute began in 1789 when Spain sentJosé Martínezto occupyNootka Soundand establish exclusive Spanish sovereignty. During the summer of 1789 a number of fur trading vessels, British and American, arrived at Nootka. A conflict over sovereignty arose between the captain of the BritishArgonaut,James Colnett,and Martínez. By the end of the summer Martínez had arrested Colnett, seized several British ships, and arrested their crews. Colnett had come to Nootka Sound intending to build a permanent trading post and colony on land previously acquired by his business associateJohn Meares.At the end of the summer Martínez abandoned Nootka and took the captured ships and prisoners toSan Blas,New Spain.The news about these events triggered a confrontation between Spain and Britain known as theNootka Crisis,which nearly led to war.

Nootka Conventions

The Nootka Conventions of the 1790s, carried out in part byGeorge Vancouverand his Spanish counterpartJuan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra,prevented the dispute from escalating to war. The first Convention was signed on October 28, 1790.and was purposefully vague. Its preamble contained the statement, "setting aside all retrospective discussions of the rights and pretensions of the two parties". Its first article said that all "the buildings and tracts of land" at Nootka Sound that had been seized by Martínez would be restored to Britain. For this purpose Vancouver and Bodega y Quadra were sent to Nootka Sound in 1792. However, no buildings had been seized and Bodega said no land had been acquired by the British, as attested by the indigenous chiefMaquinnaas well as the American tradersRobert GrayandJoseph Ingraham,who were present in 1789.Vancouver was unwilling to accept Bodega's various counter-offers and the whole matter was sent back to the British and Spanish governments.

First Nootka Convention

Thefirst Nootka Conventionplays a role in the disputedsovereignty of the Falkland Islandsbetween theUnited KingdomandArgentina.Article VI provided that neither party would form new establishments on any of the islands adjacent to the east and west coasts of South America then occupied by Spain. Both retained the right to land and erect temporary structures on the coasts and islands for fishery-related purposes. However, there was an additional secret article that stipulated that Article VI shall remain in force only so long as no establishment shall have been formed by the subjects of any other power on the coasts in question. This secret article had the same force as if it were inserted in the convention. The Nootka Convention's applicability to the Falklands dispute is controversial and complicated. TheUnited Provinces of the Río de la Platawas not a party to the convention. Therefore, it is defined in the convention as 'other power' and the occupation of the settlement (atPort Louis) by subjects of any other power negated Article VI and allowed Great Britain to re-assert prior sovereignty and form new settlements.

Second Nootka Convention

Thesecond Nootka Convention,known as the Nootka Claims Convention, was signed in February 1793 and awarded compensation to John Meares for the Spanish seizure of his ships at Nootka in 1789.

Third Nootka Convention

Thethird Nootka Convention,also known as the Convention for the Mutual Abandonment of Nootka, was signed on January 11, 1794.It called for the mutual abandonment of Nootka Sound. Britain and Spain were both free to use Nootka Sound as a port and erect temporary structures, but, "neither... shall form any permanent establishment in the said port or claim any right of sovereignty or territorial dominion there to the exclusion of the other. And Their said Majesties will mutually aid each other to maintain for their subjects free access to the port of Nootka against any other nation which may attempt to establish there any sovereignty or dominion".

Unresolved borders

Although the Nootka Crisis originally revolved around the issue of sovereignty and the northern limits ofNew Spain,the basic issues were left unresolved. Both sides took up positions regarding the border, with Britain desiring it set just north ofSan Franciscoand Spain at theStrait of Juan de Fuca.After Vancouver rejected Bodega's proposal of the Strait of Juan de Fuca the border question was not again addressed and instead left unspecified. The third convention addressed the issue of sovereignty only for the port of Nootka Sound itself.

U.S. claims

The fledglingUnited Stateshad no claim in this area at the time of the first Nootka Convention. US claims in the region began withRobert Gray'sColumbia River expedition.They were strengthened and enlarged by theLewis and Clark Expeditionand the establishment ofFort Astoriaby thePacific Fur Company.The Spanish claims to the Pacific Northwest were acquired by the United States by theAdams-Onís Treaty,signed in 1819. TheUnited States governmentargued that it had acquired a right of exclusive sovereignty from Spain. This position led to a dispute with Britain known as theOregon boundary dispute.This dispute was not resolved until the signing of theOregon Treatyin 1846, which divided the disputed territory and established what later became the international boundary betweenCanadaand the United States.

Although the Nootka Conventions theoretically opened the Pacific Northwest coast from northern California to Alaska to British settlement, the advent of theNapoleonic Warsdistracted any efforts towards this (as recommended by Vancouver at the time) and the proposed colony in the region was to be abandoned,TheHudson's Bay Company,the remaining British presence in the region, was averse to settlement and any economic activity other than its own, such that settlement and resource development did not take place to any degree until theFraser Canyon Gold Rushof 1858, which formalized British claims on the mainland still residual from the Nootka Conventions into theColony of British Columbia.

See also

• Fort San Miguel
• Santa Cruz de Nuca