Bahnaric languages

Bahnaric
Bahnaric
Geographic; distribution	Mainland Southeast Asia
Linguistic classification	Austroasiatic Bahnaric;
Proto-language	Proto-Bahnaric
Subdivisions	Central Bahnaric; North Bahnaric; West Bahnaric;
Glottolog	bahn1264
	Bahnaric

TheBahnaric languagesare a group of about thirtyAustroasiatic languagesspoken by about 700,000 people inVietnam,Cambodia,andLaos.Paul Sidwellnotes that Austroasiatic/Mon–Khmer languagesare lexically more similar to Bahnaric andKatuic languagesthe closer they are geographically, independently of which branch of the family they belong to, but that Bahnaric and Katuic do not have anyshared innovationsthat would suggest that together they form a branch of the Austroasiatic family, rather forming separate branches.

Internal controversy

Internal diversity suggests that the family broke up about 3,000 years ago.^{[citation needed]}North Bahnaric is characterized by aregistercontrast betweenbreathyandmodalvoice, which in Sedang has tensed to become modal–creakyvoice.

Lamamis a clan name of the neighboring Tampuon and Kaco’.

Sidwell (2009) tentatively classifies the Bahnaric languages into four branches, withCua(Kor) classified independently as East Bahnaric.^[1]^[2]

Unclassified Bahnaric languages of Cambodia includeMel,Khaonh,Ra’ong,andThmon.^[3]

Bahnaric
- West Bahnaric
  - Jru'(Laven),Juk,Su'
  - Nyaheun
  - Oi,The,Sok,Sapuan,Cheng
  - Brao,Laveh,Krung,Kravet
- Central Bahnaric
  - Taliang(Kasseng)
  - Alak
  - Central South
    - Tampuon
    - Bahnar
    - South Bahnaric
      - Chrau
      - Sre
      - Stieng
      - Mnong
- North Bahnaric
  - Halang,Kayong
  - Jeh
  - Kotau
  - Tadrah,Modrah
  - Sedang
  - Hrê
  - Monom(Bonam)
  - Rengao
  - Kaco’,Ramam
- East Bahnaric
  - Cua(Kor)

North Bahnaric

North Bahnaric consists of adialect chainspoken to the north of theChamic languages.^[4]Sedang and Hre have the most speakers, each with about 100,000.

North Bahnaric
- Jeh
- Halang
- - Kayong
  - - Romam–Kaco’
    - - Takua
      - Monom(Bonam, Monam)
        
        Todrah(Didrah, Modrah)
        
        Sedang
        
        Rengao
        
        Hrê

Other Northern Bahnaric languages, too poorly known to classify further, areDuanandKatua.

West Bahnaric

West Bahnaric is a dialect chain to the west of North Bahnaric,^[5]Unlike the other Bahnaric languages to the east, the West Bahnaric languages were under Khmer rather than Chamic influence, and also by the Katuic languages as part of a Katuic-West Bahnaric sprachbund (Sidwell 2003).

West Bahnaric
- Brao–Kavet:Lave(Brao),Kru'ng,Kravet
- Laven,Sou[split?]
- Nyaheun
- Oi–The:Jeng;Oy,Sok,Sapuan,The

Sidwell (2003) proposes the following West Bahnaric groupings, with Lavi branching off first, Jru'/Laven, Su', and Juk as forming a branch that had branched off secondarily, and the rest within a core group.Jru'andBraoeach have tens of thousands of speakers, while the other languages have no more than 1,000 speakers each.

West Bahnaric
- Lavi
- - Jru'/Laven,Su',Juk
  - - Nyaheun
    - Sapuan
    - Oi/Sok/Cheng
    - Laveh/Brao

Central Bahnaric

Central Bahnaric is a language family divided by the Chamic languages,^[5]^[6]Bahnar, Mnong, and Sre (Koho) each have over 100,000 speakers.

Central Bahnaric
- Alak
- Cua
- Taliang(Kassang)
- Central South: to the southwest of Chamic:
  - Tampuon
  - Bahnar
  - South Bahnaric
    - Stieng–Chrau:Chrau,^[6]Stieng(Bulo, Budeh)
    - Sre–Mnong:Koho,Mnong

Kassang is a Bahnaric language (Sidwell 2003), thoughEthnologuelists it asKatuic.

Sidwell (2002, quoted in Sidwell 2003) gives the following classification for the Central Bahnaric languages.^[7]Note that Sidwell (2009) later classifiesCuaas an independent branch, namely East Bahnaric.

Central Bahnaric
- North Central
  - Alak(Halak)
- West Central
  - Kasseng/Taliang
  - Yaeh
- East Central
  - Cua
- South Central
  - Tampuon
  - Bahnar
    - South Bahnaric
      - Chrau
      - Koho
      - Ma'
      - Stieng
      - Mnong

Language diagrams

North Bahnaric (2022)

North Bahnaric
- - Sedang
    - Halang
    - Sedang
    - Todrah
    - Monom
    - Kayong
  - Hre
  - Bahnar-Rengao
    - Bahnar
    - Rengao
- - Jeh
  - Trieng
- Romam
- Katua

Lexical innovations

Paul Sidwell(2015:183)^[8]lists the following Bahnariclexical innovationsthat had replaced originalProto-Austroasiaticforms.

Gloss	Proto-Bahnaric	Proto-Austroasiatic
bone	*kʦɨːŋ	*cʔaːŋ
fire	*ʔuɲ	*ʔus
tongue	*lpiət	*lntaːk

References

^Sidwell, Paul. 2009. "How many branches in a tree? Cua and East (North) Bahnaric".In Evans, Bethwyn (ed).Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross.Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
^Sidwell, Paul. 2010. "Cua (Kor) historical phonology and classification Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine."Mon-Khmer Studies39:105-122.
^Barr, Julie and Eric Pawley. 2013.Bahnaric Language Cluster survey of Mondul Kiri and Kratie Provinces, Cambodia.SIL International.
^Sidwell, Edmondson, & Gregerson. 2011. "The North Bahnaric Clade: A Computational Approach." In Srichampa, Sidwell & Gregerson (eds.)Austroasiatic Studies: papers from the ICAAL4: Mon-Khmer Studies Journal Special Issue No. 3,pp.23-37
^^a ^b"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-06-11.Retrieved2012-04-03.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^^a ^b"Central Bahnaric languages".anu.edu.au.Archived fromthe originalon 2007-07-06.
^Sidwell, Paul (2002). "Genetic classification of the Bahnaric languages: a comprehensive review."Mon-Khmer Studies: A Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 32: 1-24.
^Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages.Leiden: Brill.

External links

SEALang SALA provisional classification of Mon–Khmer
Bahnaric languages (2003)
http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaaiRWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6711-8@viewBahnaric languages in RWAAI Digital Archive

[1] Sidwell, Paul. 2009. "How many branches in a tree? Cua and East (North) Bahnaric".In Evans, Bethwyn (ed).Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross.Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[2] Sidwell, Paul. 2010. "Cua (Kor) historical phonology and classification Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine."Mon-Khmer Studies39:105-122.

[BarrPawley-3] Barr, Julie and Eric Pawley. 2013.Bahnaric Language Cluster survey of Mondul Kiri and Kratie Provinces, Cambodia.SIL International.

[4] Sidwell, Edmondson, & Gregerson. 2011. "The North Bahnaric Clade: A Computational Approach." In Srichampa, Sidwell & Gregerson (eds.)Austroasiatic Studies: papers from the ICAAL4: Mon-Khmer Studies Journal Special Issue No. 3,pp.23-37

[draft-5] "Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-06-11.Retrieved2012-04-03.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[autogenerated1-6] "Central Bahnaric languages".anu.edu.au.Archived fromthe originalon 2007-07-06.

[7] Sidwell, Paul (2002). "Genetic classification of the Bahnaric languages: a comprehensive review."Mon-Khmer Studies: A Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 32: 1-24.

[8] Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages.Leiden: Brill.

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