Danish and Norwegian Alpha bet

For broader coverage of this topic, seeDanish orthographyandNorwegian orthography.

TheDanishandNorwegianAlpha betis the set of symbols, forming a variant of theLatin Alpha bet,used for writing the Danish and Norwegian languages. It has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian) and 1948 (Danish):

Majuscule forms(also calleduppercaseorcapital letters)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Æ

Ø

Å

Minuscule forms(also calledlowercaseorsmall letters)

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

æ

ø

å

The letters⟨c⟩,⟨q⟩,⟨w⟩,⟨x⟩and⟨z⟩are not used in the spelling of indigenous words. They are rarely used in Norwegian, whereloan wordsroutinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system. Conversely, Danish has a greater tendency to preserve loan words' original spellings. In particular, a⟨c⟩that represents/s/is almost never normalized to⟨s⟩in Danish, as would most often happen in Norwegian. Many words originally derived fromLatinroots retain⟨c⟩in their Danish spelling, for example Norwegiansentrumvs Danishcentrum.

The "foreign" letters also sometimes appear in the spelling of otherwise-indigenous family names. For example, many of the Danish families that use the surnameSkov(meaning 'forest') spell itSchou.

The difference between the Dano-Norwegian and theSwedish Alpha betis that Swedish uses the variant⟨ä⟩instead of⟨æ⟩,and the variant⟨ö⟩instead of⟨ø⟩,similarly toGerman.Also, thecollating orderfor these three letters is different in Swedish:Å, Ä, Ö.⟨æ⟩and⟨ä⟩are sorted together in all Scandinavian languages, as well as Finnish, and so are⟨ø⟩and⟨ö⟩.

Letters and their names

The Danish Alpha bet read by a Dane.

The Norwegian Alpha bet read by a Norwegian.

The below pronunciations of the names of the letters do not necessarily represent how the letters are used to represent sounds. The list includes the number of each letter when following official ordering.

Letter		Number	Danish name	Norwegian name
A	a	1	[ɛˀ]	[ɑː]
B	b	2	[pe̝ˀ]	[beː]
C	c	3	[se̝ˀ]	[seː]
D	d	4	[te̝ˀ]	[deː]
E	e	5	[e̝ˀ]	[eː]
F	f	6	[ef]	[ɛfː]
G	g	7	[ke̝ˀ]	[ɡeː]
H	h	8	[hɔˀ]	[hoː]
I	i	9	[iˀ]	[iː]
J	j	10	[jʌð]	[jeː]or[jɔdː]
K	k	11	[kʰɔˀ]	[koː]
L	l	12	[el]	[ɛlː]
M	m	13	[em]	[ɛmː]
N	n	14	[en]	[ɛnː]
O	o	15	[oˀ]	[uː]
P	p	16	[pʰe̝ˀ]	[peː]
Q	q	17	[kʰuˀ]	[kʉː]
R	r	18	[ɛɐ̯]	[ærː]
S	s	19	[es]	[ɛsː]
T	t	20	[tsʰe̝ˀ]	[teː]
U	u	21	[uˀ]	[ʉː]
V	v	22	[ve̝ˀ]	[veː]
W	w	23	[tʌpəlve̝ˀ]	[ˈdɔ̀bːl̩tˌveː]
X	x	24	[eks]	[ɛks]
Y	y	25	[yˀ]	[yː]
Z	z	26	[set]	[sɛtː]
Æ	æ	27	[eˀ]	[æː]
Ø	ø	28	[øˀ]	[øː]
Å	å	29	[ɔˀ]	[oː]

The Norwegian Alpha bet read by a Norwegian, with the three most common pronunciations of R.

Ordering

Danish

When sorting in Alpha betical order in Danish, the numbers provided in the list above is used. Some peculiarities exist, however.

• The digraph⟨aa⟩is sorted as if it was⟨å⟩if it represents one vowel sound. This means it is sorted like two adjacent cases of⟨a⟩when it represents two syllables, e.g. as a result of a compound (e.g.klimaanlæg'air conditioner'). It does not matter which vowel sound is represented, meaning that words likeafrikaans'Afrikaans' andkanaanæer'Canaanite' should be sorted as if they have an⟨å⟩despite not containing any sounds commonly represented by⟨å⟩.If two entries contain the exact same letters except⟨å⟩and⟨aa⟩,the form with⟨å⟩comes first.
• If two entries only differ in capitalization, but otherwise contain the exact same letters, the word with capitalization comes first.
• Accents are not taken into account, except when it is the only difference, in which case the form without an accent comes first.
• In foreign proper names, the letters⟨ä, ö, ü, þ, ð⟩are sorted as⟨æ, ø, y, th, d⟩respectively. In the case of a Danish vs. non-Danish letter being the only difference in the names, the name with a Danish letter comes first.
• For expressions of multiple words (e.g.a cappella), one can choose between ignoring the space or sorting the space, the lack of any letter, first.

Diacritics

Danish

Danish orthographyhas no compulsory diacritics, but allows the use of anacute accent(accent aigu) for disambiguation. Most often, an accent on⟨e⟩marks a stressed syllable in one of a pair ofhomographsthat have different stresses, for exampleen dreng'a boy' versusén dreng'one boy', oralle'all, every, everyone' versusallé'avenue'. Less often, any vowel including⟨å⟩(where it is however recommended to avoid diacritics) may be accented to indicate stress on the word, as this can disambiguate the meaning of the sentence or ease the reading otherwise. For example:jeg stód op'I was standing' versusjeg stod óp'I got out of bed' (i.e. unit accentuation). Alternatively, some of these distinctions can be made using typographical emphasis (italics, underlining). TheRetskrivningsordbogendictionary explicitly allows the use of further diacritics when quoting names from other languages.This also means that the ring above⟨å⟩and the strike through⟨ø⟩are not regarded as diacritics, as these are separate letters.

Norwegian

Nynorskuses several letters withdiacriticsigns:⟨é⟩,⟨è⟩,⟨ê⟩,⟨ó⟩,⟨ò⟩,⟨ô⟩,and⟨ù⟩.The diacritic signs are not compulsory,but can be added to clarify the meaning of words (homonyms) that would otherwise be identical. One example isein gut( "a boy" ) versuséin gut( "one boy" ). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably⟨ü⟩,⟨á⟩,⟨à⟩and⟨é⟩,following the conventions of the original language. The Norwegian vowels⟨æ⟩,⟨ø⟩and⟨å⟩never take diacritics.

Bokmålis mostly spelled withoutdiacriticsigns. The only exception is one word of Norwegian origin, namelyfôr,to be distinguished fromfor(see below) as well as any subsequent compound words, egkåpefôr(coat lining) anddyrefôr(animal feed). There are also a small number of words in Norwegian which use the acute accent. The words areallé(avenue),diaré(diarrhea),kafé(cafe),idé(idea),entré(entrance),komité(committee),kupé(compartment),moské(mosque),supé(supper),trofé(trophy) anddiskré(discreet).An acute accent can also be used to differentiateen/ei(a) fromén/éi(one) eg.én gutt(one boy)en gutt(a boy).

The diacritic signs in use include theacute accent,grave accentand thecircumflex.A common example of how the diacritics change the meaning of a word, isfor:

• for(preposition.fororto),pronounced[ˈfɔrː]
• fór(verb.went,in the senseleft),pronounced[ˈfuːr]
• fòr(noun.furrow,only Nynorsk),pronounced[ˈfɔːr]
• fôr(noun.fodder),pronounced[ˈfuːr],the circumflex indicating the elision of the edh from the Norse spelling (foðr→fôr;veðr→vêr)
• fôr(nounlining,as in a garment)

Also used is the cedille, but only on a⟨c⟩in loanwords, when pronounced like⟨s⟩.

• Françoise
• provençalsk
• Curaçao

History

The letter⟨å⟩(HTMLå) was introduced in Norwegian in 1917, replacing⟨aa⟩.The new letter came from theSwedish Alpha bet,where it has been in official use since the 16th century.Similarly, the letter⟨å⟩was introduced in Danish in 1948, but the final decision on its place in the Alpha bet was not made. The initial proposal was to place it first, before⟨a⟩.Its place as the last letter of the Alpha bet, as in Norwegian, was decided in 1955.The formerdigraph⟨aa⟩still occurs in personal names, and in Danish geographical names. In Norway, geographical names tend to follow the current orthography, meaning that the letter⟨å⟩will be used. Family names may not follow modern orthography, and therefore retain the digraph⟨aa⟩where⟨å⟩would be used today.⟨aa⟩remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons.⟨aa⟩is treated like⟨å⟩inAlpha betical sorting,not like two adjacent letters⟨a⟩,meaning that while⟨a⟩is the first letter of the Alpha bet,⟨aa⟩is the last. In Norwegian (but not in Danish), this rule does not apply to non-Scandinavian names, so a modern atlas would list the German city ofAachenunder⟨a⟩,but list the Danish town ofAabenraaunder⟨å⟩.In Danish, the⟨aa⟩rule is applied, as long as it denotes one sound, for example German Aachen or Dutch kraal, but if it denotes 2 sounds like inekstraarbejde(extra work), the two⟨a⟩s are sorted as two.

In current Danish and Norwegian,⟨w⟩is recognized as a separate letter from⟨v⟩.In Danish, the transition was made in 1980;before that, the⟨w⟩was merely considered to be a variation of the letter⟨v⟩and words using it were sometimes Alpha betized accordingly (e.g.,Wandel, Vandstad, Wanscher, VarberginDansk Biografisk Leksikon,1904).The Danish version of theAlphabet songstill states that the Alpha bet has 28 letters; the last line readsotte-og-tyve skal der stå( "that makes twenty-eight" ). However, today, the letter⟨w⟩is considered an official letter.

Computing standards

Danish keyboard with keys for⟨æ⟩,⟨ø⟩,and⟨å⟩.On Norwegian keyboards,⟨æ⟩and⟨ø⟩trade places, having the corresponding places of⟨ä⟩and⟨ö⟩in the Swedish keyboard.

Incomputing,several different coding standards have existed for this Alpha bet:

• DS 2089(Danish) andNS 4551-1(Norwegian), later established in international standardISO 646
• IBM PCcode page865
• ISO 8859-1
• Unicode

See also

• Danish orthography
• Danish Braille
• Danish phonology
• Futhark,the Germanic runes used formerly
• Icelandic orthography
• Norwegian Braille
• Norwegian orthography
• Norwegian phonology
• Spelling Alpha bet#Latin Alpha bets
• Swedish Alpha bet
• Swedish Braille
• Swedish orthography

External links

• Type Danish characters online
• Type Norwegian characters online