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Intuitive Machines Nova-C

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This article is about a class of lunar landers. For a series of NASA rocket designs, seeNova (rocket).

Nova-Clunar lander
Odysseusin preparation for launch
ManufacturerIntuitive Machines
DesignerIntuitive Machines
Country of originUnited States
OperatorIntuitive Machines
ApplicationsLunar payload delivery and support
Specifications
Spacecraft typeLunar lander
BusNova-C bus
Launch mass1,900 kg (4,200 lb)[1]
Payload capacity100 kg (220 lb)[2]
Power200 W (0.27 hp)[2]
Design life14 days after landing
Dimensions
Length3 m (9.8 ft)[3]
Diameter2 m (6 ft 7 in)[3]
Production
StatusIn production
On order3
Built2
Launched1
Retired1
Maiden launch01:05 a.m. EST, 15 February 2024[4]
Related spacecraft
Derived fromProject Morpheus[2]
Additional flight information
Launch vehicle Falcon 9 Block 5
Avg. cost per spacecraft $118 million US[5]
Proximate missions
Last mission IM-1
Last mission launch date 15 February 2024[6]
Next mission IM-2
Next mission launch date December 2024 (or after)[7]

TheIntuitive Machines Nova-C,or simplyNova-C,is a class oflunar landersdesigned byIntuitive Machines(IM) to deliver smallpayloadsto the surface of theMoon.Intuitive Machines was one of three service providers awarded task orders in 2019 for delivery ofNASAscience payloads to the Moon.[8]TheIM-1lunar lander, namedOdysseus(pronounced/əˈdɪsiəs/ə-DISS-ee-əs), was launched by aSpaceXFalcon 9[6]rocket on 15 February 2024, reached lunar orbit on 21 February, and landed on the lunar surface on 22 February. This marked the inaugural Nova-C landing on the Moon and the first American spacecraft to perform asoft landingon the Moon in over 50 years.[9][10]It is the first spacecraft to usemethaloxpropulsion to navigate between the Earth and the Moon.

The second Nova-C lander with the IM-2 mission is scheduled to launch no earlier than December 2024, and a third Nova-C lander on the IM-3 mission is scheduled for no earlier than October 2025.[7]SpaceXis under contract to provideFalcon 9launches for each of the three landers.[11][12][13][14][15]

Funding

[edit]

In 2017,Space Policy Directive 1signaled the intention of returning NASA astronauts to the Moon.[16]NASA documents obtained byThe New York Timessuggested the agency would involve the private spaceflight sector in the effort.[17] In 2018,NASAsolicited bids from nine companies, including Intuitive Machines, for theCommercial Lunar Payload Services(CLPS) program.[18]CLPS is part of the NASAArtemis program;one of the long term goals of Artemis is establishing apermanent crewed base on the Moon.Intuitive Machines was one of three service providers awarded task orders in 2019 for delivery of NASA science payloads to the Moon.[8]

In 2021, Intuitive Machines received a NASA contract that was initially valued at US$77 million to conduct lunar landings for NASA.[19]After contract modifications, the total contract value came to US$118 million in 2024.[5]

Overview

[edit]

Structure

[edit]

The lander structure is a hexagonal cylinder with six landing legs and is 3.938 m (12.92 ft) tall. It has a launch mass of 1,908 kg (4,206 lb) and can hold a payload of 100 kg (220 lb).[2][20]

Propulsion

[edit]
Nova-CClass lander model on display

Nova-C was developed by Intuitive Machines, inheriting technology from NASA'sProject Morpheus.ItsgimbaledVR900 main engine used methane and oxygen (methalox) asliquid propellants,pressurizedby helium gas, to produce 3,100 N (700 lbf) of thrust.[21]For attitude[a]control the vehicle uses a heliumreaction control system.[22]Each thruster in the RCS uses cold helium gas to produce 4.45 N (1 lbf) of thrust to adjust the spacecraft's attitude. At launch Nova-C is filled with 845 kg (1,863 lb) of liquid oxygen, 422 kg (930 lb) kg of liquid methane and 17 kg (37 lb) of gaseous helium.[23][24]Propellant is loaded onto Nova-C at thelaunch padalongside propellant loading of thelaunch vehicle.[25]Use of liquid methane and liquid oxygen is believed to be an enabling technology for future deep space missions. Propellants aboard the lander were stored in composite over-wrap liner-less cryogenic tanks. Thermodynamic venting systems provide cryogenic cooling.[26]

Electric power

[edit]

Nova-C landers use solar panels as a source of electrical power. Most areas of the lunar surface are sunlit duringlunar days,which last approximately fourteen Earth days.

Electrical power is generated by aphotovoltaic systemwith three solar panels, a top deck panel and two body panels, generating a combined maximum of 200 W on the lunar surface. A 25 amp-hour battery supplies power to a 28 VDC bus for use by the spacecraft when power generation lags consumption.[23]

Communications

[edit]

Nova-C is capable of 24/7 data coverage for its client payloads[2]

Landing

[edit]

The lander is designed to stay upright when landing on a slope of up to 10 degrees.[27]The lander includes autonomous landing and hazard detection technology and once landed is still capable of relocating itself to a second landing site by performing a vertical takeoff, cruise, and vertical landing.[2][1]

Missions

[edit]

Intuitive Machines is conducting the first three Nova-C missions for the NASACommercial Lunar Payload Servicesprogram.[19]The landers are tasked with delivering small science and technology-development payloads.[28]

IM-1 mission

[edit]
Main article:IM-1

The lander for the first Nova-C mission, IM-1, was namedOdysseus.[29][30]A contract for the mission was signed in 2021, with later modifications.[5]The mission launched 15 February 2024 on aFalcon 9launch vehicle and landed with a "rough"[citation needed]- soft landing on 22 February 2024 in the South Pole region of the moon, approximately at 80.13° South latitude and 1.44° East longitude, inside a shallow 1 km diameter crater with a 12° slope. The lander came to rest about 1.5 km away from the intended landing site near the Malapert A crater. The line of approach broughtOdysseusin from the northeast over Schomberger crater. Upon initial contact with the lunar surface, the lander broke a leg off of the hexagonal body, and bounced back along the line of approach, with the main engine and RCS firing to null out vertical and lateral velocities. After landing vertically, the lander slowly settled onto the lunar surface with the top solar array pointed in the general direction of Schomberger crater. One of the rectangular arrays, originally intended to be vertical, is on top and angled 30° with the horizontal, or about 18° with the lunar surface.[9][31][32][33][34]IM announced that until entering standby mode on February 29, 2024,Odysseushad transmitted over 350 megabytes of science and engineering data from all payloads, and it will try to reviveOdysseusduring the next lunar day.[35]

Odysseus's "rough" - soft Moon landing is the first soft landing of any kind for an American made spacecraft sinceApollo 17,more than 50 years ago, and the first by aprivate company.[36][37]The softOdysseuslanding also qualifies theOdysseusmission as the first liquid methane and liquid oxygen (methalox) powered spacecraft to fire beyond low earth orbit, as well as the first methalox spacecraft to land on an off-world celestial body.[38]

After the landingOdysseuswas resting on the surface at a 30° angle with the horizontal.[citation needed]It has been confirmed by Tim Crain, CTO of Intuitive Machines, that one of the landing leg struts broke off during the landing, and that the lander is resting on a helium tank and/or a computer shelf that was strapped outside of the main fuselage. Based on telemetry received by mission controllersOdysseusappeared in "good health." The antennas were not vertically aligned as initially planned, and transmissions from the lander were somewhat reduced. Both science and engineering data were received from the lander. It was hoped that a data link could be restored with Odysseus after lunar sunrise occurs atMalapert Acrater, although this was not a requirement of the mission, On March 23 Intuitive Machines announced that Odysseus would not wake up and that the mission had ended[39][40][41]

Odysseustouched down on the Moon in the middle of a lunar day, and was expected to remain functional for approximately six Earth days (until February 27), when the cold lunar night will set in and the solar panels will no longer be able to supply power.[42][34]IM engineers announced that they may be able to maintain communication withOdysseusfor an additional 10 to 20 hours after the sun has gone down over theOdysseuslanding site, due toOdysseus's battery capacity. It was also announced that theOdysseusdata feed back to Earth has been sending back payload related science data as well as images.[43]

IM and NASA held a joint press conference on February 28 to discuss and review the IM-1 mission.[44]

IM-2 mission

[edit]
Main article:IM-2

IMwas selected in October 2020 in order to land its second Nova-C lander near thelunar south pole.As of August 2024, IM-2 is expected to be launched no earlier than December 2024.[7]In May 2024, the company shared IM-2 entered into its final assembly stage.[45]The primary payload,PRIME-1,includes the TRIDENT ice drill to sample ice from below the lunar surface and the MSolo mass spectrometer to measure the amount of ice in the samples.[46][47]

ILO-1 prime contractorCanadensysis working to deliver "a flight-ready low-cost optical payload for the ILO-1 mission, ruggedized for the Moon South Pole environment". It could potentially be ready for integration on the IM-2 mission.[48]

The μNova (Micro-Nova) Hopper will separate from the Nova-C lander after landing and function as a standalone hopper lander, exploring multiple difficult-to-reach areas such as deep craters on the lunar surface.[49][50]

A lunarcommunications satellitewill be deployed on this mission to facilitate communications between the lander and ground stations on Earth.[50]

Spaceflightwill deliver rideshare payloads on this mission aboard itsSherpa EScape (Sherpa-ES)space tugcalledGeo Pathfinder.[51][52]

The MiniPIX TPX3 SPACE payload, provided by the Czech companyADVACAM,will be onboard the Nova-C lunar lander. This payload is designed to monitor the radiation field on the Moon and help understand how to protect crew and equipment from the negative effects of cosmic rays. This marks the first Czech payload planned to be delivered to the Moon's surface.[53][54]

Space technology companyLunar Outpostwill send their first lunar rover, the Mobile Autonomous Prospecting Platform (MAPP), on this mission in a partnership withNokia Bell LabsandIM.MAPP will collect lunar samples forNASAunder a contract worth just $1, which is symbolic of a new incentive for the emerging commercial space industry to access resources in space.[55][56]Photos of the samples and other data will be transmitted through radio equipment and antennas to communicate with the Nova-C lander.[57][58]

A collaboration in order to demonstrate4Gcellular connectivity, in partnership withNokia Bell Labsand NASA will be aboard the lander.[59]Nokia's equipment is aNetwork-In-a-Boxand will connect the Nova-C lander with Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover and IM's Micro-Nova Hopper. This4G/LTEnetwork will provide more bandwidth than the more conventionalultra-high frequency(UHF) systems used for space communication. Nokia says they hope that future missions will use shared infrastructure to interlink bases on the lunar surface.[60]

IM-3 mission

[edit]
CADRE ATLO Team presents completed rovers

NASA selected a Nova-C mission forCLPStask order CP-11.[61]It will deliver payloads to thelunar swirlin theReiner Gammaregion.[62]In August 2021, Intuitive Machines selected SpaceX to launch its third lunar mission, IM-3.[13]As of August 2024, the launch of IM-3 is expected to take place no earlier than October 2025.[7][63]The lander will conduct experiments investigating the properties of the unexpected magnetic field that has been detected in the vicinity of the Reiner Gamma swirl.[64]

The Reiner Gamma landing site was announced for the firstPRISMopportunity and the JHUApplied Physics Laboratory'sLunar Vertexpayload was selected to conducted a detailed scientific analysis of the surface and surface environment. David Blewett (APL) is the principal investigator and leads the science team. Lunar Vertex includes payload elements on the Nova-C lander (APL magnetometer,SwRIplasma spectrometer, andRedwirecamera arrays) and on aLunar Outpostrover (APL magnetometer andCanadensysmicroscopic imager). APL also provided overall management, systems engineer, SMA, and rover integration and testing.[65]

Additional IM-3 payloads include the Cooperative Autonomous Distributed Robotic Explorers (CADRE) rovers, ESA's MoonLIGHT Pointing Actuator (MPAc) and KASI's Lunar Space Environment Monitor (LUSEM).[61]

IM-C1 mission

[edit]

Intuitive Machines have indicated that they are working on a 'commercial' mission, named IM-C1.[26]

Further Nova-C missions

[edit]

The Nova-C lander was designed to be compatible with methane and oxygen fuel sources that are believed to be available on both the Moon and onMars.For future missions, methane and oxygen could potentially be "harvested" wherever the Nova-C lander may be based usingIn-situ resource utilization (ISRU)(off-world resource processing technologies).[66][67]The Nova-C lander technology platform can be scaled up to mid and large lander classes, capable of accommodating larger payloads.[28]

Successors

[edit]

Nova-D

[edit]

In an interview with NASA recorded in October 2023, Tim Crain,CTOof Intuitive Machines, mentioned the possible development of aNova-Dlander.[68]Early reports of the in-development Nova-D state that it will use two of the VR-900 engines and be capable of carrying more than 500 kg to the lunar surface.[69]

In August 2024, Intuitive Machines proposed a mission to deliver NASA'sVIPERrover to the Moon on a Nova-D lander no earlier than late 2027.[7]

Nova-M

[edit]

Intuitive Machines is developing another lander, theNova-Mwhich, according to early reports, will use two VR-3500 engines originally developed forBoeingand theirHLSto carry 5,000 kg to the lunar surface.[69]

See also

[edit]
Other commercial lunar lander programs
Lunar lander programs by country

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^attitudehere refers to orientation of the spacecraft

References

[edit]
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