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Trinitarians

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This article is about the Catholic religious order. For other uses, seeTrinitarian (disambiguation).
"Order of the Holy Trinity" redirects here. For the Ethiopian house order, seeOrder of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia).
Trinitarians
Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives
Latin:Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et Captivorum
AbbreviationOSsT
NicknameTrinitarians
Formation17 December 1198;825 years ago(17 December 1198)
FoundersJohn of MathaandFelix of Valois
TypeMendicant order
PurposeTo ransom Christian captives
HeadquartersBasilica of San CrisogonoRome,Italy
Membership(2018)
610 (415 priests)[1]
Minister General
Luigi Buccarello, OSsT
Parent organization
Catholic Church
Websitetrinitari.org

TheTrinitarians,formally known as theOrder of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives(Latin:Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et Captivorum;abbreviatedOSsT), is amendicant orderof theCatholic Churchfor men founded inCerfroid,outsideParis,in the late 12th century. From the very outset, a special dedication to the mystery of theHoly Trinityhas been a constitutive element of the order's life.

Papal documents refer to the founder only as Brother John, but tradition identifies him asJohn de Matha,whosefeast dayis celebrated on 17 December. The founding-intention for the order was theransomof Christians held captive byMuslims,a consequence of crusading and of piracy along theMediterraneancoast of Europe.[2]

Background

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14th century Trinitarian cross atSt Robert's Church, Pannal

Between the eighth and the fifteenth centuries medieval Europe was in a state of intermittent warfare between the Christian kingdoms of southern Europe and the Muslim polities of North Africa, Southern France, Sicily and portions of Spain. According to James W. Brodman, the threat of capture, whether by pirates or coastal raiders, or during one of the region's intermittent wars, was a continuous threat to residents ofCatalonia,Languedoc,and the other coastal provinces of medieval Christian Europe.[3]Raids by militias, bands, and armies from both sides was an almost annual occurrence.[4]

The redemption of captives is listed among the corporal works of mercy. The period of theCrusades,when so many Christians were in danger of falling into the hands of Muslims, witnessed the rise of religious orders vowed exclusively to this pious work.[5]

History

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Juan Carreño de Miranda.Founding of Trinitarian Order (Mass of St John of Matha)
Main article:John of Matha

The Order of the Trinitarians (Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives) was founded by St. John de Matha after his vision of Christ with two captives around 1193.[6][7]Pope Innocent IIIgranted the order and itsruleapproval with his letterOperante divine dispositionis clementia,issued on 17 December 1198.[2]Soon after papal approbation, the Trinitarian ministry to Christian captives was incorporated into the Order's title:Order of the Holy Trinity and of Captives.In addition to the Order's purpose of ransoming Christian captives, each local community of Trinitarians served the people of its area. And so, theirministryincluded hospitality, care of the sick and poor, churches, education, etc.[2]Eventually, the Trinitarians also assumed the work ofevangelization.

Brother John's founding intention expanded quickly beyond the three initial foundations (Cerfroid, Planels,Bourg-la-Reine) into a considerable network of houses committed to the ransom of Christian captives and the works of mercy conducted in their locales. Trinitarian tradition considers St.Felix of Valoisco-founder of the Order and companion of John of Matha at Cerfroid, near Paris. In Cerfroid the first Trinitarian community was established and it is considered the mother house of the whole Order.[8]Among the earliest recruits were some Englishmen, and the first to go on the special mission of the order were two English friars, who in 1200 went toMoroccoand returned to France with 186 liberated Christian captives.[9]

The first generation of Trinitarians could count some fifty foundations. In northern France, the Trinitarians were known as "Mathurins" because they were based in the church of Saint-Mathurin in Paris from 1228 onwards.[10]Ransoming captives required economic resources. Fundraising and economic expertise constituted important aspects of the Order's life. The Rule's requirement of "the tertia pars", or setting aside one-third of all income for the ransom of Christian captives, became a noted characteristic of the Order.

Louis IXinstalled a house of their order in his château of Fontainebleau. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains, and was accompanied by them on his crusades.[5]The Master of the Trinity was taken captive together with Louis IX after theBattle of Al Mansurah.[11]

The rule initially was theAugustinian,supplemented by regulations of an austere character. The habit was white, with the red and blue cross depicted above on the breast.[9]Through the centuries, the Trinitarian Rule underwent several revisions,[5]notably in 1267 and in 1631. It has been complemented bystatutesandconstitutions.The thirteenth century was a time of vitality, whereas the following centuries brought periods of difficulty and even decline in some areas. TheCouncil of Trent(1545–1563) was a major turning-point in the life of the Catholic Church. Its twenty-fifth session dealt withregularsandnunsand the reform ofreligious orders.Reforming interests and energies manifested themselves among Trinitarians inFrancewith the foundation atPontoise,north of Paris, during the last quarter of the sixteenth century. Reform-minded Trinitarians inSpainfirst established the movement known as the Recollection and then, under the leadership of St. John Baptist of the Conception,[8]a movement atValdepeñas(Ciudad Real) known as the Spanish Discalced Trinitarians at the very end of the sixteenth century. Far-reaching periods of growth and development followed this rebirth, and at the beginning of the 18th century there were still 250 houses.[9]

Stone shield of the Trinitarian Order on the façade ofSan Carlo alle Quattro Fontane(1638–1641) inRome.

In succeeding centuries,Europeanevents such as revolution, government suppression and civil war had very serious consequences for the Trinitarian Order and it declined significantly. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, the Trinitarians began to grow slowly inItalyand Spain. Its members dedicated themselves to fostering and promoting devotion to the Holy Trinity, evangelising non-Christians, assistingimmigrants,educating the young, and toparishwork.

The Trinitarian Family

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Today the Trinitarian family is composed of priests, brothers, women (cloistered nuns and active sisters) as well as committedlaity.Members of the Trinitarian family include the Trinitarian religious; the Trinitarian contemplative nuns; theTrinitarian Sisters of Valence;theTrinitarian Sisters of Rome,Valencia, Madrid, Mallorca, and Seville; the Oblates of the Most Holy Trinity; the Third Order Secular (tertiaries) and other Trinitarian laity.[8]All are distinguished by thecrossof red and blue which dates from the origins of the Order. Trinitarians are found throughoutEuropeand in theAmericasas well as inAfrica,India,Koreaand thePhilippines.

Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity

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In 2000 the Vatican Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life approved "The Trinitarian Way" rule of life which would guide all the lay groups associated with the Trinitarians: the Third Order Secular, the Trinitarian Movement, Confraternities, etc.[12]

There have beentertiariesof theOrder of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captivessince the beginnings of the Order though they were not known by that name. Layconfrereswere admitted already in 1198 by the permission ofPope Innocent III.Statutes attributed to William the Scotsman, the third Minister General of the Order (1217–1222), give some idea of the primitive organization of the Trinitarian Fraternity. In the 1203 contract between the Bishop of Arles and St. John de Matha, reference is made to affiliates of the convent.[13]There were Trinitarian Confraternities, of the Redemption, and of Our Lady of Remedy aggregated to the Order.

The first knownStatutes of the Trinitarian Third Orderwere published in 1584, and were approved by the General of the Order, Father Bernard Dominici. The firstRule of Lifefor the Third Order attached to the Discalced Trinitarians was approved by Pope Leo XII on 6 June 1828.

Charism

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The Glory of the Most Holy Trinity and the ransom of Christian Captives. Along with the Order's mission of ransoming Christian captives, each Trinitarian Community served the people of its area by performing works of mercy; redemption and mercy are at the center of the Trinitarian charism.[2]

Our Lady of Good Remedy

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Our Lady of Good Remedyis the patroness of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity. Devotion to Mary under this ancient title is widely known in Europe and Latin America. Her feast day is celebrated on 8 October.[14]

Scapular of the Most Blessed Trinity

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Part ofa serieson
Scapulars
of theCatholic Church
Sacramentalgarments
General
Specific scapulars
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TheScapular of the Holy Trinityis adevotional scapularassociated with the Confraternity of The Holy Trinity and the Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity. It is a white scapular with a cross of which the transverse shaft is blue and the longitudinal shaft red.[15]It is worn by Tertiaries as well as members of the Confraternity of the Blessed Trinity (or other Trinitarian associations that make use of the scapular) after investment with this scapular. It is a sign of consecration to the Holy Trinity and of fraternity.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives (O.SS.T.)".GCatholic.
  2. ^abcd"About the Trinitarians: Our Roots".trinitarians.org.Retrieved2017-06-19.
  3. ^Brodman, James William."Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain:The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier ".The Library of Iberian Resources Online.Retrieved2021-10-05.
  4. ^Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, ed. Paul Casanova and Henri Pérès, trans. William MacGuckin, baron de Slane (Paris, 1925–56), 3: 116-17
  5. ^abc"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Order of Trinitarians".newadvent.org.Retrieved2017-06-19.
  6. ^Henry Charles Lea, 2002,A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church,Adamant Media Corp.ISBN1-4021-6108-5page 497
  7. ^The Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives: Andrew Witko 2008
  8. ^abc"Welcome into the Home Page of Trinitari.org".trinitari.org.Retrieved2017-06-19.
  9. ^abcButler 1911.
  10. ^Alban Butler, Paul Burns,Butler's Lives of the Saints(Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 5.
  11. ^Jean de JoinvilleMemoirs of Louis IX
  12. ^"THE TRINITARIAN WAY".trinitari.org.Retrieved2017-06-19.
  13. ^"Trinitarian laity", Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives
  14. ^"Our Lady Of Good Remedy".ewtn.Retrieved2017-06-19.
  15. ^"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Scapular".newadvent.org.Retrieved2017-06-19.

Sources

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