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OECD

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withOSCE.
"OCED" redirects here. The abbreviation may also meanOffice of Community Economic Development.

Organisation for EconomicCo-operationand Development
Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques
Abbreviation
  • OECD
  • OCDE
Established16 April 1948(76 years ago)(1948-04-16)(asOEEC)
30 September 1961(62 years ago)(1961-09-30)(as OECD)
TypeIntergovernmental organisation
HeadquartersChâteau de la Muette
Paris,France
Membership
38 countries[1][2]
Official languages
  • English
  • French
Mathias Cormann
Deputy Secretaries-General
  • Ulrik Vestergaard Knudsen
  • Yoshiki Takeuchi
  • Fabrizia Lapecorella
Budget
€383.4 million (2023)[3]
Websiteoecd.org
Part ofa serieson
Economics
Branches andclassifications
Concepts, theory and techniques
By application
Notableeconomists
Lists

TheOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD;French:Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques,OCDE) is anintergovernmental organisationwith 38 member countries,[1][4]founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress andworld trade.It is aforumwhose member countries describe themselves as committed todemocracyand themarket economy,providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

The majority of OECD members arehigh-income economiesranked as "very high" in theHuman Development Index,and are regarded asdeveloped countries.As of 2024 their collective population is 1.38 billion[5]people with an average life expectancy of 80 years and amedian ageof 40, against a global average of 30.[6]As of 2017,OECD Member countries collectively comprised 62.2% ofglobal nominal GDP(USD49.6 trillion)[7]and 42.8% of globalGDP(Int$54.2 trillion) atpurchasing power parity.[8]The OECD is an officialUnited Nations observer.[9]OECD nations have strongsocial security systems;their averagesocial welfare spendingstood at roughly 21% of GDP.[10][11][12]

The OECD's headquarters are at theChâteau de la MuetteinParis,France, which housed its predecessor organization, the Organization for European Economic Co-operation.[13]The OECD is funded by contributions from member countries at varying rates and had a total budget of€338.3 million in 2023,[3]and is recognised as a highly influential publisher of mostly economic data through publications as well as annual evaluations and rankings of member countries.[14]

History

[edit]

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

[edit]

The OECD is the successor organization to the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),[15]established in April 1948among the European recipients ofMarshall Planaid for the reconstruction of Europe afterWorld War II.[16][17][18]Only Western European states were members of the OEEC, whose primary function was the allocation of American aid. Its Secretaries-General[19]were the FrenchmenRobert Marjolin(1948–1955) and René Sergent (1955–1960). It was headquartered in theChâteau de la Muettein Paris.

Following the end of Marshall aid in 1952, the OEEC focused on economic issues.[15]Its coordinating role was challenged after the 1957Rome Treatiesestablishing theEuropean Economic CommunityandEuratom.The OEEC provided a framework for negotiations aimed at setting up aEuropean Free Trade Area,to bring the EEC'sInner Sixand other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, aEuropean Nuclear Energy Agencywas set up in response to Euratom.

By this time, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose but could be adapted to fulfil a more global mission, which proved to be a cumbersome task. Following several (occasionally unruly) meetings at theHotel Majesticin Paris, which began in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would not only solve European and Atlantic economic issues, but also devise policies that could assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members, and the OEEC would set to work straight away on convincingJapanto join the organisation.[20][21][22]

Founding

[edit]

TheConvention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentwas signed on 14 December 1960, and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961, consisting of the European founder countries of the OEEC, with the additions of the United States and Canada. Three countries, (Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy)—all OEEC members—ratified the OECD Convention after September 1961, but are nevertheless considered founding members. The official founding members are the following:

  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • Canada
  • Denmark
  • France
  • West Germany
  • Greece
  • Iceland
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Luxembourg
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Portugal
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • Turkey
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Japan became a member in 1964, and over the following decade,Finland,Australia,andNew Zealandalso joined the organisation.Yugoslaviahad observer status in the organisation, starting with the establishment of the OECD, until itsdissolution as a country.[23]The OECD also created agencies such as theOECD Development Centre(1961),International Energy Agency(IEA, 1974), andFinancial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

The aims of the OECD are stated in Article 1 of the Convention[24]as:

  1. to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability
  2. to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries
  3. to contribute to the expansion of world trade

Unlike the Organisations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling "Organisation" with an "s" in its name rather than "organization", together with a hyphenated "Co-operation".

Enlargement to Eastern Europe

[edit]

Following theRevolutions of 1989,the OECD began assisting countries in Central and Eastern Europe (especially theVisegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the programme, "Partners in Transition", was launched to offer a partnership toCzechoslovakia,Hungary and Poland,[25]including a membership option for these countries.[25]As a result of this,Poland,[26]Hungary,theCzech RepublicandSlovakia,as well asSouth Korea[27]andMexico,became members of the OECD between 1996 and 2000.

Reform and further enlargement

[edit]

East Germanyjoined on 3 October 1990 throughreunificationwith West Germany. In the 1990s, several European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the Organisation. In 1995,Cyprusapplied for membership, but according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed byTurkey.[28]In 1996,Estonia,Latvia,andLithuaniasigned a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become members of the OECD,[29]andSloveniaalso applied for membership that same year.[30]In 2005,Maltaapplied to join the Organisation.[31]The EU is lobbying for the admission of allEU member states.[32]Romaniareaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the Organisation through the letter addressed by Romanian Prime MinisterVictor Pontato OECD Secretary-GeneralJosé Ángel Gurría.[33]In September 2012, the government ofBulgariaconfirmed it would apply for membership before the OECD Secretariat.[34]

The OECD established a working group headed by ambassador Seiichiro Noboru to work out a plan for the enlargement with non-members. The working group defined four criteria that must be fulfilled: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations." The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 May 2004, and on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions withChile,Estonia,Israel,Russia,andSlovenia,and to strengthen cooperation withBrazil,China,India,Indonesia,andSouth Africathrough a process of enhanced engagement.[35]Chile, Slovenia, Israel, and Estonia all became members in 2010.[36]In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks with Russia in response to its role in the2014 Annexation of Crimea.[37][38]

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks withColombiaandLatvia.In 2015, the Organisation opened talks withCosta RicaandLithuania.[39]Latvia became a member on 1 July 2016, and Lithuania soon followed on 5 July 2018.[40][41]Colombia signed the accession agreement on 30 May 2018 and became a member on 28 April 2020.[42]On 15 May 2020, the OECD decided to extend a formal invitation for Costa Rica to join the OECD,[43]which joined as a member on 25 May 2021.[2]

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership areArgentina,Brazil,[44]Croatia,[45]Malaysia[46]andPeru.[47]

In January 2022, the OECD reported that membership talks were underway withArgentina,Brazil,Bulgaria,Croatia,PeruandRomania.[48]

In March 2022, the OECD suspended the participation ofRussiaandBelarusdue to the ongoing2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[49]

In June 2022, during the annual OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD Convention forBrazil,Bulgaria,Croatia,PeruandRomaniawere adopted.[50]

Objectives and issues

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Taxation

[edit]

The OECD sets the rules governinginternational taxationfor multinationals through the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, a Model Tax Convention and country-by-country reporting rules.

Payrollandincome taxby OECD country

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for allocating taxation rights between countries. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings). Additionally, the OECD has published and updated the Transfer Pricing Guidelines since 1995. The Transfer Pricing Guidelines serve as a template for the profit allocation of inter-company transactions to countries. The latest version, of July 2017, incorporates the approved Actions developed under theBase Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS) project initiated by the G20.[citation needed]

Pillar 1
An OECD proposal to allocate multinational profits (for ta xing purposes) to countries where they do business, by a formula, including to markets which multinationals sell into without a physical presence. This is hoped to eliminate the need for Digital Services Tax implemented by several countries, including France. There are exclusions and minimum thresholds, including banking and extractive industries. The proposal involves allocating only residual profit (i.e., profits above what is established through transfer pricing, thus creating a hybrid mechanism). This is essentially no change to what is currently allowed (routine profits allocated using transfer pricing + residual profits allocated through profit split).
Pillar 2
On 1 July 2021, finance officials from 130 countries agreed on plans for a new international taxation policy known as theglobal minimum corporate tax(of 15%). If a country taxes a multinational at a lower rate, the multinational's HQ will receive the difference.

It is not certain when the proposals will be implemented.

All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15% income tax in the countries they operate. This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates. Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue, estimated at $100 billion to $240 billion each year. The new system was promoted by theBiden Administration in the United Statesand the OECD. Secretary-GeneralMathias Cormannof the OECD said, "This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere."[51]

Multinational corporations

[edit]

TheOECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprisesare a set of legally non-binding guidelines attached as an annex to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. They are recommendations providing principles and standards for responsible business conduct formultinational corporationsoperating in or from countries adhering to the Declaration.[52]

Publications

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The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers, and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed viaOECD iLibrary.The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from theCommittee for European Economic Co-operation(CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment.[53]

Books

[edit]
Reports on a wide range of topics for sale at the OECD's Conference Centre Bookshop in 2019

The OECD releases about 600 books and over 400 papers yearly on topics spanning public policy. The publications are updated to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

  • TheOECD Economic Outlook,published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries. The OECD exceptionally published the 2020 Economic Outlook on 10 June 2020 to adjust economic forecasts greatly impacted by theCoronavirussince the March Interim Economic Outlook. The June Economic Outlook assesses the economic impact of COVID-19 and provides projections for economic impact if a second outbreak were to occur.[54]
  • TheMain Economic Indicators,published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
  • TheOECD Factbookis published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app, and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables, and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data inExcelformat via StatLinks.
  • TheOECD Communications Outlookand the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
  • In 2007 the OECD publishedHuman Capital: How what you know shapes your life,the first book in theOECD Insightsseries. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration. The series was discontinued in 2017.[55]

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.[53]

Magazine

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OECD Observer,an award-winning magazine,[n 1]was launched in 1962.[56]The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of theOECD Yearbook,launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.[57]The online and mobile[58]editions contained news, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges and listings of the latest OECD books.[59]An OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.[60]TheOECD Observer was last issuedin the fourth quarter of 2019, with a double edition looking ahead at artificial intelligence, and a cover leading on why statistical offices should hire a comedian. The OECD Observer website closed in the first quarter of 2021; the archive can be consulted at oecd.org.

Statistics

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The OECD is known as astatistical agency,as it publishes comparable statistics on numerous subjects. In July 2014, the OECD publicly released its mainstatistical databasesthrough the OECD Data Portal, an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators.[61][62]

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

  • as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal,
  • as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
  • as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
  • as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is aURLthat links to the underlying data).

In July 2024, the OECD announced that it "has transitioned to [an] open-access information model" and that Creative CommonsCC‑BY‑4.0 attribution licenseswill be used on all data and publications. [63]

Working papers

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There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

Reference works

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The OECD is responsible for theOECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals,a continuously updated document that is ade factostandard (i.e., soft law).[64]

It published theOECD Environmental Outlook to 2030in March 2008, which argues that tackling key environmental problems—includingclimate change,biodiversity loss,water scarcity,and the health impacts ofpollution—is both achievable and affordable.[65]

SDG Pathfinder

[edit]

In 2020, the inaugural University Press Redux Sustainability Award was given to OECD by theAssociation of Learned and Professional Society Publishers(ALPSP) andCambridge University Press.[66]The award recognized the development of the SDG Pathfinder, an open-access digital discovery tool for finding content and data relating to theSustainable Development Goals(SDGs).[67][68]

Structure

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The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:[69]

  • The OECDmember countries,each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organisation.
  • The OECD SubstantiveCommittees,one for each work area of the OECD, plus their various subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
  • The OECDSecretariat,led by the Secretary-General (currentlyMathias Cormann), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organised into Directorates, which include about2,500 staff.

Meetings

[edit]
The main entrance to the OECD Conference Centre in Paris

Delegates from the member countries attend committee and other meetings. FormerDeputy Secretary-GeneralPierre Vinde[sv]estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.[70]This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations.[citation needed]In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

The OECD regularly holds minister-level meetings and forums as platforms for a discussion on a broad spectrum of thematic issues relevant to the OECD charter, member countries, and non-member countries.[71]

Noteworthy meetings include:

  • The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
  • The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. Held every year since June 2000, the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions, is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM.
  • Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (i.e., all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
  • The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.
  • TheForum for Harmful Tax Practices
  • TheCommittee on Fiscal Affairs[citation needed]
  • OECD Eurasia Week, which includes several high-level policy dialogue discussions to share best practices and experiences in addressing common development and economic challenges in Eurasia.[72]

Secretariat

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The exterior of the Château de la Muette and the grounds of the OECD Conference Centre

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:[73]

  • Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities
  • Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
  • Development Co-operation Directorate
  • Directorate for Education and Skills
  • Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
  • Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
  • Directorate for Science, Technology, and Innovation
  • Economics Department
  • Environment Directorate
  • Public Governance Directorate
  • Statistics Directorate
  • Trade and Agriculture Directorate
  • General Secretariat
  • Executive Directorate
  • Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

Secretary-General

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The head of the OECD Secretariat and chair of the OECD Council is the Secretary-General. Secretary-General selections are made byconsensus,meaning all member states must agree on a candidate.[74]

Secretary-General of the OEEC
No. Secretary-General Time served Country of origin
1 Robert Marjolin 1948 – 1955 FranceFrance
2 René Sergent 1955 – 1960 FranceFrance
3 Thorkil Kristensen 1960 – 30 September 1961 DenmarkDenmark
Secretary-General of the OECD[75]
No. Secretary-General Time served Country of origin Notes
1 Thorkil Kristensen 30 September 1961 – 30 September 1969 DenmarkDenmark
2 Emiel van Lennep 1 October 1969 – 30 September 1984 NetherlandsNetherlands
3 Jean-Claude Paye 1 October 1984 – 30 September 1994 FranceFrance
— Staffan Sohlman (interim) 1 October 1994 – November 1994 SwedenSweden [76][77]
3 Jean-Claude Paye November 1994 – 31 May 1996 FranceFrance [78]
4 Donald Johnston 1 June 1996 – 31 May 2006 CanadaCanada
5 José Ángel Gurría 1 June 2006 – 31 May 2021 MexicoMexico [79]
6 Mathias Cormann 1 June 2021 – present AustraliaAustralia [80]

Committees

[edit]
A meeting room in the Château de la Muette

Representatives of member and observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education, development assistance or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.[81]

Special bodies

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OECD has a number of specialised bodies:[82]

Voting

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OECD decisions are made through voting, which requires unanimity among all of those voting. Each member country has one vote.[83]However, dissenting members which do not wish to block a decision but merely to signal their disapproval can abstain from voting.[84]22 of the OECD member countries are also EU member states.[85]

Member countries

[edit]

Current members

[edit]

As of May 2021there are 38 members of the OECD:[1][2]

Country Application Negotiations Invitation Membership[1] Geographic location Notes
Australia 7 June 1971 Oceania
Austria 29 September 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Belgium 13 September 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Canada 10 April 1961 North America
Chile November 2003[86][87] 16 May 2007[35] 15 December 2009[88] 7 May 2010 South America
Colombia 24 January 2011[89] 30 May 2013[39] 25 May 2018[90] 28 April 2020 South America
Costa Rica 9 April 2015[2] 15 May 2020[2] 25 May 2021[2] Central America
Czech Republic January 1994[91] 8 June 1994[92] 24 November 1995[91] 21 December 1995 Europe
Denmark 30 May 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Estonia 16 May 2007[35] 10 May 2010[93] 9 December 2010 Europe
Finland 28 January 1969 Europe
France 7 August 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Germany 27 September 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).[94]Previously represented by theTrizone.[15]
Greece 27 September 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Hungary December 1993[95] 8 June 1994[92] 7 May 1996 Europe
Iceland 5 June 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Ireland 17 August 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Israel 15 March 2004[96] 16 May 2007[35] 10 May 2010[93] 7 September 2010 Middle East
Italy 29 March 1962 Europe OEEC member[15]
Japan November 1962[97] July 1963[97] 28 April 1964 Asia
Latvia 29 May 2013[98] 11 May 2016[99] 1 July 2016[100] Europe
Lithuania 9 April 2015[101] 31 May 2018 5 July 2018[101] Europe
Luxembourg 7 December 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Mexico 14 April 1994[102] 18 May 1994 North America
Netherlands 13 November 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
New Zealand 29 May 1973 Oceania
Norway 4 July 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Poland 1 February 1994[103] 8 June 1994[92] 11 July 1996[104] 22 November 1996 Europe
Portugal 4 August 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Slovakia February 1994[105] 8 June 1994[92] July 2000[105] 14 December 2000 Europe
Slovenia March 1996[106] 16 May 2007[35] 10 May 2010[93] 21 July 2010 Europe
South Korea 29 March 1995[107] 25 October 1996[27] 12 December 1996 Asia Officially the Republic of Korea
Spain 3 August 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1958[108]
Sweden 28 September 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Switzerland 28 September 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
Turkey 2 August 1961 Middle East OEEC member[15]
United Kingdom 2 May 1961 Europe OEEC member[15]
United States 12 April 1961 North America

Dependent territories

[edit]

Dependent territoriesof member states are not members in their own right, but may have membership as part of theirsovereign state.[109]As of January 2021, theDutch Caribbeanand the British territories ofGuernsey,Jersey,theIsle of Man,Gibraltar,andBermudaareincluded as part of the OECD memberships of theNetherlandsand theU.K.,respectively.[110][111]Other dependent territories of OECD member statesare notmembers of the OECD.

Participating partners

[edit]

TheEuropean Commissionparticipates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU member states.[112]The OECD designatesBrazil,China,India,Indonesia,andSouth Africaas Key Partners, which participate in policy discussions in OECD bodies, and take part in regular OECD surveys.[113][114]

Negotiating membership

[edit]

Applicants

[edit]

Expressed interest

[edit]

Former members

[edit]

TheFree Territory of Trieste(Zone A) was a member of the OEEC until 1954, when it merged withItalyand ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity.[15]

Accession talks terminated

[edit]

In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.[35]In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks in response to Russia's role in that year'sCrimean Annexationand continuous human and civil rights abuses.[37][38]On 25 February 2022, the OECD terminated the accession process with Russia after itinvaded Ukraine.[121] In March 2022, Belarus was suspended from any participation in the OECD.[122]

Budget

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As of 2023,the OECD's budget is composed of Part I and Part II programmes of work. All member countries contribute funding to the Part I budget, representing around two thirds of OECD Part I expenditure. The contributions (see table below) are based on both a proportion that is shared equally among member countries and a scale that is proportional to the relative size of their economies. The Part I budget for 2023 is €219.6 million. The part II budgets, meanwhile, cover programmes that are of interest to a limited number of members and are funded according to scales of contributions or other agreements among the participating countries. The consolidated Part II budgets for 2023 amount to €118.7 million.[3]

The overall combined OECD budget for 2023 comes to €338.3 million.[3]

Member countries' percentage shares of Part I budget contributions for 2023
Country % contribution
Australia 3.1
Austria 1.5
Belgium 1.7
Canada 3.6
Chile 1.2
Colombia 1.2
Czech Republic 1.2
Denmark 1.4
Estonia 0.8
Finland 1.2
France 5.1
Germany 7.5
Greece 1.1
Hungary 1.0
Iceland 0.6
Ireland 1.3
Israel 1.5
Italy 3.9
Japan 9.0
South Korea 3.5
Latvia 0.8
Lithuania 0.9
Luxembourg 0.8
Mexico 2.6
Netherlands 2.3
New Zealand 1.1
Norway 1.5
Poland 1.7
Portugal 1.1
Slovakia 1.0
Slovenia 0.9
Spain 2.9
Sweden 1.6
Switzerland 2.1
Turkey 1.9
United Kingdom 5.4
United States 19.1
Total 100.0

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Highly Commended certificate in the annual ALPSP/Charlesworth awards from the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers 2002; see article[1].

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcd"List of OECD Member countries – Ratification of the Convention on the OECD".OECD.Retrieved9 June2018.
  2. ^abcdef"OECD welcomes Costa Rica as its 38th Member"(Press release). OECD. 25 May 2021.Retrieved25 May2021.
  3. ^abcd"Member Countries' Budget Contributions for 2023".OECD.Retrieved22 March2023.
  4. ^Shields, Bevan (13 January 2021)."Mathias Cormann confirmed as a frontrunner for OECD post following candidate cull".The Sydney Morning Herald.Retrieved11 September2022.OECD's 38 member countries.
  5. ^"Population, total – OECD members".
  6. ^"OECD Economic Data | Data".World Economics.Retrieved22 March2024.
  7. ^"World Economic Outlook Database".International Monetary Fund.17 April 2018.
  8. ^"Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)".IMF.Retrieved9 May2018.
  9. ^"Intergovernmental Organizations".United Nations.Archived fromthe originalon 2 December 2018.
  10. ^Kenworthy, Lane (1999)."Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment"(PDF).Social Forces.77(3): 1119–1139.doi:10.2307/3005973.JSTOR3005973.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 August 2013.
  11. ^Moller, Stephanie; Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D.; Bradley, David; Nielsen, François (2003). "Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies".American Sociological Review.68(1): 22–51.doi:10.2307/3088901.JSTOR3088901.
  12. ^"Social Expenditure – Aggregated data".Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  13. ^"Getting to the OECD".OECD.Retrieved28 April2016.
  14. ^"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved8 September2020.
  15. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrst"Organisation for European Economic Co-operation".OECD.Retrieved29 November2011.
  16. ^"The Economic Cooperation Authority".Marshallfoundation.org. Archived fromthe originalon 17 February 2007.Retrieved30 May2013.
  17. ^Christopher, Warren (1998).In the stream of history: shaping foreign policy for a new era.Stanford University Press. p. 165.ISBN978-0-8047-3468-4.
  18. ^Lintott, H. J. B. (1949)."Machinery for Rebuilding the European Economy: II. The Organization for European Economic Cooperation".International Organization.3(2): 269–277.doi:10.1017/S0020818300020609.ISSN1531-5088.
  19. ^"Definition of SECRETARY-GENERAL".Merriam-Webster.Retrieved14 December2022.
  20. ^OECD."OECD 60th anniversary".OECD 60th anniversary.Retrieved14 December2022.
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