October 1931
Appearance
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The following events occurred inOctober 1931:
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St_Bartholomews_and_The_Waldorf_Astoria_Hotel.jpg/150px-St_Bartholomews_and_The_Waldorf_Astoria_Hotel.jpg)
- The newWaldorf Astoriabuilding opened at 301 Park Avenue in New York City, after the former hotel located at 350 Fifth Avenue had been demolished in 1929 to make way for the Empire State Building. At the time, the building was the largest and tallest hotel in the world.[4]
- Rioting broke out inGlasgowinScotlandwhen police stopped a crowd protesting against unemployment from marching onGlasgow Green.MPJohn McGovernwas among those arrested for hitting a policeman.[5][6]A similar event took place in Salford,England where protesters against unemployment, cuts in unemployment benefits and the "means test" clashed with police.
- Born:Alan Wagner,television executive and opera critic, inHarlem,New York City (d. 2007)
- Riots continued in Glasgow as a crowd estimated at 50,000 people fought police, with some looting shops and smashing windows.[6]
- Pope Pius XIpromulgated a new encyclical,Nova Impendet,which called for a "Crusade of charity and of succour" to help the unemployed and poor, especially the children who "are bearing the worst of the burden."[7]
- Two Albanian officers were sentenced for the February 20 assassination attempt of KingZog.A former lieutenant was sentenced to seven years and a former army captain was sentenced to three years.[8]
- Born:Denise Scott Brown,Southern African-born American architect, inNkana,Northern Rhodesia
- Died:Carl Nielsen,66, Danish composer
- Incumbent Chilean presidentJuan Esteban Monterowas re-elected.
- TheSocialist Workers' Party of Germanywas founded.[9]
- The comic stripDick Tracy,written byChester Gouldand featuring the adventures of a police detective, made its debut. Originally calledPlainclothes Tracy,the strip appeared in theDetroit Mirror.[10]
- Clyde Pangbornand Hugh Herndon Jr. completed the first nonstop flight across the Pacific Ocean, making a controlled crash landing of their plane,Miss Veedol,nearWenatchee, Washington41 hours after taking off fromMisawa, Japan.[11]
- Died:Dwight Morrow,58, American businessman, ambassador and senator
- British Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonaldcalled a new general election for October 27.[12]
- U.S. PresidentHerbert Hooverannounced that the country's bankers were forming a $500 million privately financed national institution to help banks extend credit.[13]
- Al Caponewent on trial for tax evasion.[14]
- German ChancellorHeinrich Brüningand hisentire cabinetresigned. PresidentPaul von Hindenburgaccepted the resignations but asked Brüning to stay on and form a new government.[15]
- Niceto Alcalá-Zamoraresigned as Spain'sPresident of the Council of Ministersin a fit of anger after being accused of speaking out of turn. He withdrew his resignation fifteen minutes later.[16]
- Born:Riccardo Giacconi,Italian astrophysicist and Nobel laureate, inGenoa(d. 2018)
- A mob of unemployed demonstrators inManchesterwere repulsed trying to stormTown Hallwhile the council was in session. The protestors then sat in the street and refused to budge until they were dispersed by police batons and fire hoses. A total of 14 people were injured, including 5 police.[17][18]
- Born:
- Desmond Tutu,South African social rights activist, Anglican bishop and Nobel Peace Prize recipient, inKlerksdorp(d. 2021)
- Cotton Fitzsimmons,American basketball coach, inHannibal, Missouri(d. 2004)
- Benito Mussolinireviewed a huge parade of 40,000 Fascist youths in Rome.[19]
- William Walton's cantataBelshazzar's Feastwas performed for the first time inLeeds.[20]
- TheWomen's Industrial Service Leaguewas organized in the United States.
- The early television showPiano Lessonsfirst aired onW2XABin New York.
- Chancellor Brüning announced hisnew cabinet.The only changes wereCurt Joëlas Justice Minister, Hermann Warmbold as Minister of Economics and Brüning naming himself the new Foreign Minister.[21]
- Denmark held a state funeral forCarl Nielsen.[20]
October 10,1931 (Saturday)
[edit]- TheSt. Louis Cardinalswon theWorld Seriesin seven games with a 4–2 win over thePhiladelphia Athletics.
- Adolf Hitlermet with President Hindenburg for the first time, accompanied byHermann Göring.The private meeting lasted over an hour but was not productive.[22][23]
- Szilveszter Matuskawas arrested inAustriafor causing a train derailment inHungary,nearBiatorbágy,that had killed 22 people and injured 120 others on September 13.[24]Sentenced to life imprisonment in Hungary after extradition, Matuska escaped from prison inVácin 1945 and was never recaptured.
- The filmAlone,written and directed byLeonid TraubergandGrigori Kozintsev,premiered in the Soviet Union.
October 11,1931 (Sunday)
[edit]- A conference of Germany's right-wing factions, including the Nazis andAlfred Hugenberg'sDNVP,met inBad Harzburgto discuss how to defeat the Brüning government. An alliance was formed that became known as theHarzburg Front.[25][26]
October 12,1931 (Monday)
[edit]- The famousChrist the Redeemerstatue, 98 feet (30 m) tall and overlooking the city ofRio de Janeirofrom Corcovado Mountain, was dedicated.[27]
October 13,1931 (Tuesday)
[edit]- TheNaziandNational People'sparties ended their eight-month boycott of the Reichstag.[28]
- TheNoël CowardplayCavalcadepremiered atDrury Lane.[29]
- Lieut. Gov.Paul N. Cyrhad himself sworn in asGovernor of Louisiana,sayingHuey Longcould not hold office as a state governor and U.S. senator at the same time.[30]
- Born:Eddie Mathews,U.S. baseball player, inTexarkana, Texas(d. 2001)
- Died:Ernst Didring,62, Swedish author
October 14,1931 (Wednesday)
[edit]October 15,1931 (Thursday)
[edit]- The stage musicalThe Cat and the Fiddle,with music byJerome Kernand lyrics and book byOtto Harbach,premiered at the Globe Theatre on Broadway.[31]
- Born:
- A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,11th President of India; inRameswaram,British India(d. 2015)
- Freddy Cole,American jazz musician; inChicago(d. 2020)
October 16,1931 (Friday)
[edit]- Germany's Chancellor Brüning survived aconfidence votein the Reichstag by a count of 295 to 270. The Nazis and DNVP walked out again after the vote was taken.[32]"We will return only when there exists the possibility of preventing especially wicked measures directed against our people",Wilhelm Frickdeclared.[33]
- Born:
- Charles Colson,Special Counsel to U.S. President Nixon and one of theWatergate Seven;inBoston(d. 2012)
- James Chace,American historian; inFall River, Massachusetts(d. 2004)
- Rosa Rosal,Filipina actress; inManila
October 17,1931 (Saturday)
[edit]- In fighting between Nazis and Communists inBraunschweig,100 people were injured.[26]
- Born:
- José Alencar,Brazilian businessman and politician, inMuriaé(d. 2011)[34]
- Ernst Hinterberger,Austrian writer; inVienna(d. 2012)
- Died:Carin Göring,42, the first wife ofHermann Göring,died of heart failure
October 18,1931 (Sunday)
[edit]- Al Capone was convicted of three felony counts of tax evasion and two misdemeanor counts of failing to file a tax return.[14]
- Two died in another day of rioting between Nazis and Communists in Braunschweig as 75,000 Nazis paraded in the city before Hitler.[35]
- Died:Thomas Edison,84, American inventor and businessman
October 19,1931 (Monday)
[edit]- The dismembered bodies of two women stuffed into a two trunks and a suitcase were uncovered at theSouthern Pacificstation in Los Angeles. Dr. William Judd was taken into custody as detectives began a search for his wife,Winnie Ruth Judd.[36]
- Born:
- John le Carré(pen name for David Cornwell); English spy novelist, inPoole,Dorset(d. 2020)[37]
- Manolo Escobar,Spanish singer and actor, inEl Ejido,Almeria province (d. 2013)
October 20,1931 (Tuesday)
[edit]- Mahatma GandhivisitedChatham Housein London and gave a talk on 'The Future of India'.[38]
- Frankie Frischof theSt. Louis Cardinalswas named theMost Valuable Playerof baseball'sNational League.This was the first year that theBaseball Writers' Association of Americagave out the award, since the leagues themselves stopped naming MVPs after 1929.[39]
- Born:
- Mickey Mantle,American baseball player and Hall of Fame enshrinee; inSpavinaw, Oklahoma(d. 1995);
- Morris Cerullo,American Pentecostal televangelist; inPassaic, New Jersey(d. 2020)
- Alexander Plisetski,Soviet Russian ballet master and choreographer, inMoscow(d. 1985)
- Died:Emánuel Moór,68, Hungarian composer, pianist and inventor of the Moór Pianoforte
October 21,1931 (Wednesday)
[edit]- On the day ofThomas Edison's funeral, Americans were asked (at the request of U.S. President Hoover) to turn off the lights in their homes at 10:00 p.m.Eastern timefor one minute to mourn his passing.[40]In many cases, city government's turned off the streetlights for a full minute.[41]
- Died:Arthur Schnitzler,69, Austrian author and dramatist
October 22,1931 (Thursday)
[edit]- TheLeague of Nationsdrafted a statement ordering Japan to withdraw from Manchuria by November 16.[42]
- French Prime MinisterPierre Lavalarrived in Washington for talks with President Hoover.[43]
October 23,1931 (Friday)
[edit]- Japan rejected the League of Nations ultimatum.[44]
- Winnie Ruth Juddsurrendered to Los Angeles police.[45]
- Born:
- Jim Bunning,American baseball pitcher and Hall of Fame inductee, later a U.S. Senator; inSouthgate, Kentucky(d. 2017)
- Diana Dors,English film and television actress, inSwindon,Wiltshire(died from ovarian cancer, 1984)
October 24,1931 (Saturday)
[edit]- The opening ceremony was held for theGeorge Washington Bridgeconnecting Manhattan to New Jersey. GovernorsFranklin D. Rooseveltof New York andMorgan Larsonof New Jersey inaugurated the bridge in front of 30,000 spectators.[46]
- A mysterious submarine sinking occurred in theGulf of Finland.Initial reports indicated that a Soviet submarine hit a German steamer and sank with the loss of all 50 crew,[47]but a Soviet report said all the lives had been saved. The unidentified submarine was reportedly the old BritishHMSL55,which sank in 1919 but was raised by the Soviets in 1928.[48]
- Born:Sofia Gubaidulina,Tatar Russian composer; inChistopol,Tatar ASSR,Soviet Union
- Died:SirMurray Bisset,55, South African cricketer and later the BritishGovernor of Southern Rhodesia
October 25,1931 (Sunday)
[edit]- TheFree Democratic Partywon a plurality of seats infederal electionsin Switzerland.
- Born:Jimmy McIlroy,footballer, inLambeg,Northern Ireland(d. 2018)
October 26,1931 (Monday)
[edit]- Eleven political leaders in Poland went on trial for conspiring to overthrowJózef Piłsudski.[49]
- TheEugene O'NeillplayMourning Becomes Electrapremiered at theGuild Theatreon Broadway.[20]
- Died:Charles Comiskey,72, American baseball player, manager and team owner who founded the Chicago White Sox in 1901;Comiskey Parkwas named in his honor in 1913
October 27,1931 (Tuesday)
[edit]- TheUnited Kingdom general electionwas held. The informal coalition known as theNational Governmentwon a commanding 554 seats, with theConservative Partywinning 470 of them. TheLabour Partywas reduced to 46 seats.[50]Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald,running as a candidate for the newNational Labourparty, was re-elected to lead the coalition.[51]Oswald Mosley'sNew Partyhad a disastrous showing, garnering 0.2% of the vote and failing to win a single seat.[52]TheCommunist Partytook no seats either gaining a slightly larger share of the vote than the New Party.
October 28,1931 (Wednesday)
[edit]- The Soviet Union cut the prices of commodities sold in commercial shops by 30% effective November 1, offsetting a 50% increase enacted over the summer.[53]
- Lefty Groveof thePhiladelphia Athleticswas named theMost Valuable Playerof baseball'sAmerican Leagueby theBaseball Writers' Association of America.[54]
- Died:John McEntee Bowman,56, Canadian-born American businessman
October 29,1931 (Thursday)
[edit]- Symphony No. 1 "Afro-American"byWilliam Grant Stillwas performed for the first time at theEastman School of MusicinRochester, New York.[20]
- Died:Luciano Gallet,38, Brazilian composer, conductor and pianist
October 30,1931 (Friday)
[edit]- Adolf HitlernamedBaldur von SchirachtheReichsjugendführer(Youth Leader) of theHitler Youth.[28]
- Died:Guido Holzknecht,58, Austrian radiologist
October 31,1931 (Saturday)
[edit]- InGeneva,15 nations agreed to participate in a one-year moratorium on building armaments effective November 1.[55]
- The lastFord Model Arolled off the assembly line.[56]
- The romantic comedy filmPlatinum BlondestarringLoretta Young,Robert WilliamsandJean Harlowwas released.
- Born:Dan Rather,American journalist and former CBS News anchor; inWharton, Texas
- Died:Octave Uzanne,80, French bibliophile and writer
References
[edit]- ^attribution: Usrotors
- ^attribution: Famartin
- ^attribution: Reading Tom
- ^"Hotel History".Waldorf New York.Archived fromthe originalon November 27, 2013.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^"Glasgow Riot".The Advocate.Burnie. October 3, 1931. p. 1.
- ^abSteele, John (October 3, 1931). "50,000 Riot for Bread in Glasgow".Chicago Daily Tribune:1.
- ^"Nova Impendet".The Holy See.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^"Two Officers Sentenced for Attempt to Kill Zog".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 4, 1931. p. 5.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 4. Oktober 1931".chroniknet.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^Roberts, Garyn G. (2003).Dick Tracy and American Culture: Morality and Mythology, Text and Context.Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 60.ISBN978-0-7864-1698-1.
- ^Paur, Jason (October 5, 2010)."Oct. 5, 1931: First Nonstop Trans-Pacific Flight Ends in Cloud of Dust".Wired.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^"Oct. 27 Is Set By Britain as Election Date".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 6, 1931. p. 2.
- ^"Huge Fund to Balk Bad Times".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 7, 1931. p. 1.
- ^abPorazzo, Daniel M."The Al Capone Trial: A Chronology".UMKC School of Law.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^"German Cabinet Quits; Bruening to Form New One".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 7, 1931. p. 8.
- ^"Zamora Resigns as Spain's Head, then Relents".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 7, 1931. p. 8.
- ^"Howling Mob Riots in Manchester; Uses Passive Resistance".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 8, 1931. p. 11.
- ^"Manchester Riot".The Canberra Times.Canberra: 1. October 9, 1931.
- ^Darrah, David (October 9, 1931). "40,000 Fascist Youths Repeat 'March on Rome'".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 5.
- ^abcd"1931".Music And History.Archived fromthe originalon August 28, 2012.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^Schultz, Sigrid(October 10, 1931). "Bruening Picks an Iron Fisted German Cabinet".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 7.
- ^Schultz, Sigrid(October 11, 1931). "German Fascist Leader Warned to Toe the Mark".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 7.
- ^Domarus, Max (1990).The Complete Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations.Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 563.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 10. Oktober 1931".chroniknet.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^Plotkin, Abraham (2009).An American in Hitler's Berlin: Abraham Plotkin's Diary, 1932–33.University of Illinois Press. p. 159.ISBN978-0-252-07559-9.
- ^abMercer, Derrik (1989).Chronicle of the 20th Century.London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 407.ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^McCann Jr., Frank D. (1973).The Brazilian-American Alliance, 1937–1945.Princeton University Press. p. 18.
- ^ab"L'Allemagne en 1931".Krononations.Archived fromthe originalon May 22, 2015.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^Morley, Sheridan (2005).Noël Coward.London: Haus Publishing. p. 51.ISBN978-1-904341-88-8.
- ^"3d 'Governor of Louisiana' Takes the Oath".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 15, 1931. p. 1.
- ^Suskin, Steven (2009).The Sound of Broadway Music: A Book of Orchestrators and Orchestrations.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-979084-5.
- ^"Reichstag Vote Backs Cabinet of Bruening".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 16, 1931. p. 1.
- ^Schultz, Sigrid(October 17, 1931). "Bruening to Rule as a Dictator; Wins Confidence".Chicago Daily Tribune:6.
- ^Tom Phillips (1 April 2011)."José Alencar obituary".The Guardian.Retrieved1 August2022.
- ^Görtemaker, Heike B. (2012).Eva Braun: Life With Hitler.Vintage Books. p. 69.ISBN978-0-307-74260-5.
- ^"Trunks Reveal Slain Women".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 20, 1931. p. 1.
- ^Homberger, Eric (14 December 2020)."John le Carré obituary".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 14 December 2020.Retrieved14 December2020.
- ^"History".Chatham House.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
- ^"Frisch Named Most Valuable Player in League".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 21, 1931. p. 21.
- ^"Honor Edison; One Minute Dark Tonight".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 21, 1931. p. 1.
- ^"City Goes Dark Minute Tonight Honoring Edison",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,October 21, 1931, p. 1
- ^Swenson, Egbert (October 23, 1931). "League Orders Japan to Vacate China by Nov. 16".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 7.
- ^Henning, Arthur Sears (October 23, 1931). "Laval is Given Warm Welcome at White House".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^Swenson, Egbert (October 24, 1931). "Japanese Defy League; Refuse to Quit China".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 7.
- ^"Seize Mrs. Judd, Wounded".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 24, 1931. p. 1.
- ^Rockland, Michael Aaron (2008).The George Washington Bridge: Poetry in Steel.Rutgers University Press. p.65.ISBN978-0-8135-4375-8.
- ^"50 Lose Lives as Russian Sub Sinks in Crash".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 25, 1931. p. 4.
- ^"Russian Submarine".The Sydney Morning Herald.Sydney: 9. October 27, 1931.
- ^Nowinski, M. (October 27, 1931). "Poland Tries 11 Political Chiefs in Revolt Plot".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 18.
- ^Thorpe, Andrew (1994).The Longman Companion to Britain in the Era of the Two World Wars 1914–45.Routledge. p. 17.ISBN978-1-317-89747-7.
- ^"M'Donald Elected as National Party Captures 541 Seats".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 28, 1931. p. 1.
- ^Linehan, Thomas (2000).British Fascism, 1918–39: Parties, Ideology and Culture.Manchester University Press. p. 88.ISBN978-0-7190-5024-4.
- ^"Soviets Decree Price Cuts in Private Stores".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 29, 1931. p. 4.
- ^"Grove Most Valuable in American Loop".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 29, 1931. p. 21.
- ^"15 Nations Agree to Arms Truce Powers Sign Up".Chicago Daily Tribune.November 1, 1931. p. 14.
- ^Weiss, H. Eugene (2003).Chrysler, Ford, Durant and Sloan: Founding Giants of the American Automotive Industry.Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 52.ISBN978-0-7864-1611-0.