October 2
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October 2is the 275th day of the year (276th inleap years) in theGregorian calendar;90 days remain until the end of the year.
Events
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 829–Theophilossucceeds his fatherMichael IIasByzantine Emperor.[1]
- 939–Battle of Andernach:Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor,crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition ofEberhard of Franconiaand other Frankish dukes.[2]
- 1263– TheBattle of Largsis fought between Norwegians and Scots.[3]
- 1470–The Earl of Warwick's rebellion forces KingEdward IV of Englandto flee to theNetherlands,[4]restoringHenry VIto the throne.[5]
- 1552– Russo-Kazan Wars: Russian troopsenter Kazan.[6]
1601–1900
[edit]- 1780–American Revolutionary War:John André,a British Army officer, is hanged as a spy by the Continental Army.[7]
- 1789– TheUnited States Bill of Rightsis sent to the various States for ratification.[8]
- 1835– Texas Revolution: Mexican troops attempt todisarm the people of Gonzales,but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.[9]
- 1864–American Civil War:Confederatesdefeata Union attack on Saltville, Virginia. A massacre of wounded Union prisoners ensues.[10]
- 1870– Byplebiscite,the citizens of the Papal States acceptannexation by the Kingdom of Italy.[11]
1901–present
[edit]- 1920–Ukrainian War of Independence:Mikhail Frunzeorders theRed Armyto immediately cease hostilities with theRevolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.[12]
- 1928– The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known asOpus Dei,is founded.[13][14]
- 1937–Rafael Trujilloorders theexecution of Haitiansliving in the border region of the Dominican Republic.[15]
- 1942–World War II:Ocean LinerRMSQueen Maryaccidentally rams and sinksHMSCuracoa,killing over 300 crewmen aboardCuracoa.[16]
- 1944– World War II: German troops end theWarsaw Uprising.[17]
- 1958–Guineadeclares its independence from France.[18]
- 1967–Thurgood Marshallis sworn in as the first African-American justice of the United States Supreme Court.[18]
- 1968– Mexican PresidentGustavo Díaz Ordazorders soldiers tosuppress a demonstration of unarmed students,ten days before the start of the1968 Summer Olympics.[19]
- 1970– An aircraft carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators, and supporterscrashesin Colorado, killing 31 people.[20]
- 1971– South Vietnamese PresidentNguyen Van Thieuisre-electedin a one-man election.[21]
- 1971 –British European Airways Flight 706crashes nearAarsele,Belgium, killing 63.[22]
- 1980–Michael Myersbecomes the first member of either chamber of Congress to beexpelledsince theCivil War.[23]
- 1990– Xiamen Airlines Flight 8301 is hijacked and lands at Guangzhou, where itcrashesinto two other airliners on the ground, killing 132.[24]
- 1992– Military police storm the Carandiru Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil during a prison riot. The resultingmassacreleaves 111 prisoners dead.[25]
- 1996–Aeroperú Flight 603crashes into the ocean near Peru, killing all 70 people on board.[26]
- 1996 – TheElectronic Freedom of Information Act Amendmentsare signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.[27]
- 2002– TheBeltway sniper attacksbegin in Washington, D.C., extending over three weeks and killing 10 people.[28]
- 2004– The firstparkrun,then known as the Bushy Park Time Trial, takes place inBushy Park,London,UK.[29]
- 2006– Five Amish girls are murdered in ashooting at a schoolin Pennsylvania, United States.[30]
- 2007– President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea goes to North Korea for anInter-Korean summitwith North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.[31]
- 2016–Ethiopian protestsbreak out during a festival in the Oromia region, killing dozens of people.[32]
- 2018–The Washington PostjournalistJamal Khashoggiisassassinatedin the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.[33]
- 2019– A privately-ownedBoeing B-17 Flying Fortressconducting aliving historyexhibition flightcrashes shortly after takeofffromWindsor Locks, Connecticut,killing seven.[34]
Births
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 1452–Richard III of England(d. 1485)[35]
- 1470 –Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal,Daughter ofIsabella I of CastileandFerdinand II of Aragon(d. 1498)[36]
- 1527–William Drury,English politician (d. 1579)[37]
- 1538–Charles Borromeo,Italian cardinal and saint (d. 1584)[38]
1601–1900
[edit]- 1718–Elizabeth Montagu,English author and critic (d. 1800)[39]
- 1768–William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford,English general and politician (d. 1854)[40]
- 1798–Charles Albert, King of Sardinia (1831–49)(d. 1849)[41]
- 1800–Nat Turner,American slave and uprising leader (d. 1831)[42]
- 1815–James Agnew,Irish-Australian politician,Premier of Tasmania(d. 1901)[43]
- 1821–Alexander P. Stewart,American general (d. 1908)[44]
- 1828–Charles Floquet,French lawyer and politician,Prime Minister of France(d. 1896)[45]
- 1832–Edward Burnett Tylor,English anthropologist (d. 1917)[46]
- 1847–Paul von Hindenburg,German field marshal and politician, 2ndPresident of Germany(d. 1934)[47]
- 1851–Ferdinand Foch,French field marshal (d. 1929)[48]
- 1852–William Ramsay,Scottish chemist and academic,Nobel Prizelaureate (d. 1916)[49]
- 1854–Patrick Geddes,Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, and philanthropist (d. 1932)[50]
- 1866–Swami Abhedananda,Indian mystic and philosopher (d. 1939)[51]
- 1869–Mahatma Gandhi,Indian freedom fighter, activist and philosopher (d. 1948)[18]
- 1871–Cordell Hull,American politician,United States Secretary of State,Nobel Prizelaureate (d. 1955)[18]
- 1871 –Martha Brookes Hutcheson,American landscaper and author (d. 1959)[52]
- 1873–Stephen Warfield Gambrill,American lawyer and politician (d. 1924)[53]
- 1873 –Pelham Warner,English cricketer and manager (d. 1963)[54]
- 1875–Pattie Ruffner Jacobs,American suffragist (d. 1935)[55]
- 1879–Wallace Stevens,American poet (d. 1955)[56]
- 1882–Boris Shaposhnikov,Russian colonel (d. 1945)[57]
- 1883–Karl von Terzaghi,Austrian geologist and engineer (d. 1963)[58]
- 1890–Groucho Marx,American comedian and actor (d. 1977)[18]
- 1893–Leroy Shield,American composer and conductor (d. 1962)[59]
- 1895–Ruth Cheney Streeter,American colonel (d. 1990)[60]
- 1900–Leela Roy Nag,Indian freedom fighter, social reformer and politician (d. 1970)[61]
1901–present
[edit]- 1902–Leopold Figl,Austrian politician,Chancellor of Austria(d. 1965)[62]
- 1904–Graham Greene,English novelist, playwright, and critic (d. 1991)[18]
- 1904 –Lal Bahadur Shastri,Indian and politician,Prime Minister of India(d. 1966)[63]
- 1905–Franjo Šeper,Croatian cardinal (d. 1981)[64]
- 1906–Thomas Hollway,Australian politician,Premier of Victoria(d. 1971)[65]
- 1907–Víctor Paz Estenssoro,Bolivian politician,President of Bolivia(d. 2001)[66]
- 1907 –Alexander R. Todd,Scottish biochemist and academic,Nobel Prizelaureate (d. 1997)[67]
- 1909–Alex Raymond,American cartoonist, creator of Flash Gordon (d. 1956)[68]
- 1912–Frank Malina,American engineer and painter (d. 1981)[69]
- 1914–Jack Parsons,American chemist, occultist, and engineer (d. 1952)[70]
- 1914 –Bernarr Rainbow,English organist, conductor, and historian (d. 1998)[71]
- 1915–Chuck Williams,American author and businessman, foundedWilliams Sonoma(d. 2015)[72]
- 1917–Christian de Duve,Belgian cytologist and biochemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d. 2013)[73]
- 1917 –Charles Drake,American actor (d. 1994)[74]
- 1919–John W. Duarte,English guitarist and composer (d. 2004)[75]
- 1921–Edmund Crispin,English writer and composer (d. 1978)[76]
- 1921 –Albert Scott Crossfield,American pilot and engineer (d. 2006)[77]
- 1921 –Robert Runcie,English archbishop (d. 2000)[78]
- 1925–Wren Blair,Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2013)[79]
- 1926–Jan Morris,Welsh historian and author (d. 2020)[80]
- 1928–George McFarland,American actor (d. 1993)[81]
- 1928 –Wolfhart Pannenberg,Polish-German theologian and academic (d. 2014)[82][83]
- 1929–Peter Bronfman,Canadian businessman (d. 1996)[84]
- 1929 –Moses Gunn,American actor (d. 1993)[18]
- 1930–Dave Barrett,Canadian social worker and politician, 26thPremier of British Columbia(d. 2018)[85]
- 1932–Maury Wills,American baseball player and manager (d. 2022)[86]
- 1933–John Gurdon,English biologist and academic,Nobel Prizelaureate[87]
- 1933 –Dave Somerville,Canadian singer (d. 2015)[88]
- 1934–Richard Scott, Baron Scott of Foscote,English lawyer and judge[89]
- 1934 –Earl Wilson,American baseball player (d. 2005)[90]
- 1935–Omar Sívori,Italian-Argentine footballer and manager (d. 2005)[91]
- 1936–Dick Barnett,American basketball player[92]
- 1936 –Connie Dierking,American basketball player (d. 2013)[93]
- 1937–Johnnie Cochran,American lawyer (d. 2005)[94]
- 1938–Waheed Murad,Pakistani actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1983)[95]
- 1938 –Rex Reed,American film critic[96]
- 1939–Budhi Kunderan,Indian cricketer (d. 2006)[97]
- 1941–Diana Hendry,English poet and author[98]
- 1941 –Ron Meagher,American rock bass player[99]
- 1942–Steve Sabol,American director and producer, co-foundedNFL Films(d. 2012)[100]
- 1943–Anna Ford,English journalist[101]
- 1943 –Henri Szeps,Australian actor[102]
- 1944–Vernor Vinge,American author (d. 2024)[103]
- 1945–Martin Hellman,American cryptographer and academic[104]
- 1945 –Don McLean,American singer-songwriter[105]
- 1946–Sonthi Boonyaratglin,Thai general and politician[106]
- 1947–Ward Churchill,American author and activist[107]
- 1948–Trevor Brooking,English footballer and manager[108]
- 1948 –Avery Brooks,American actor[109]
- 1948 –Donna Karan,American fashion designer, foundedDKNY[110]
- 1948 –Siim Kallas,Estonian politician,Prime Minister of Estonia[111]
- 1948 –Persis Khambatta,Indian model and actress, (d. 1998)[112]
- 1949–Richard Hell,American singer-songwriter and bass player[113]
- 1949 –Annie Leibovitz,American photographer[105]
- 1950–Mike Rutherford,English guitarist[114]
- 1951–Sting,English singer-songwriter and actor[105]
- 1952–Robin Riker,American actress[115]
- 1953–Vanessa Bell Armstrong,American singer[116]
- 1953 –Tom Boswell,American basketball player[117]
- 1954–Lorraine Bracco,American actress[115]
- 1955–Philip Oakey,English singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer[118]
- 1956–Freddie Jackson,American soul singer[119]
- 1957–John Cook,American golfer[120]
- 1957 –Wade Dooley,English rugby player[121]
- 1958–Robbie Nevil,American singer-songwriter[115]
- 1960–Glenn Anderson,Canadian ice hockey player[122]
- 1960 –Django Bates,English musician and composer[123]
- 1960 –Joe Sacco,Maltese-American journalist and cartoonist[124]
- 1960 –Dereck Whittenburg,American basketball player and coach[125]
- 1962–Mark Rypien,Canadian-American football player[126]
- 1963–Keith Bradshaw,Australian cricketer[127]
- 1963 –Maria Ressa,Filipino-American journalist[128]
- 1964–Dirk Brinkmann,German field hockey player[129]
- 1965–Darren Cahill,Australian tennis player[130]
- 1965 –Tom Moody,Australian cricketer[131]
- 1965 –Ferhan and Ferzan Önder,Turkish-Austrian pianists[132][133]
- 1966–Yokozuna,American wrestler (d. 2000)[134]
- 1967–Frankie Fredericks,Namibian sprinter[135]
- 1967 –Thomas Muster,Austrian tennis player[136]
- 1967 –Gillian Welch,American singer-songwriter and guitarist[137]
- 1968–Jana Novotná,Czech tennis player and sportscaster (d. 2017)[138]
- 1968 –Joey Slotnick,American actor[115]
- 1968 –Glen Wesley,Canadian ice hockey player[139]
- 1968 –Kelly Willis,American country music singer-songwriter[140]
- 1969–Badly Drawn Boy,English musician[141]
- 1970–Eddie Guardado,American baseball player[142]
- 1970 –Patricia O'Callaghan,Canadian soprano[143]
- 1970 –Kelly Ripa,American actress and talk show host[105]
- 1970 –Maribel Verdú,Spanish actress[144]
- 1971–Tiffany Darwish,American singer-songwriter[145]
- 1971 –Jim Root,American guitarist and songwriter[146]
- 1971 –Chris Savino,American comic book artist, writer, animator and creator ofThe Loud House[147]
- 1972–Aaron McKie,American basketball player[148]
- 1973–Melissa Harris-Perry,American journalist, author, and educator[149]
- 1973 –Lene Nystrøm,Norwegian singer, songwriter, and musician[115]
- 1973 –Efren Ramirez,American actor[115]
- 1973 –Scott Schoeneweis,American baseball player[150]
- 1974–Bjarke Ingels,Danish architect[151]
- 1974 –Brian Knight,American baseball player[152]
- 1974 –Matthew Nicholson,Australian cricketer[153]
- 1974 –Sam Roberts,Canadian singer-songwriter and musician[154]
- 1974 –Paul Teutul Jr.,American motorcycle designer, co-foundedOrange County Choppers[105]
- 1976–Mark Chilton,English cricketer[155]
- 1977–Didier Défago,Swiss skier[156]
- 1978–Ayumi Hamasaki,Japanese singer, songwriter, actress[157]
- 1979–Primož Brezec,Slovenian basketball player[158]
- 1981–Santi Kolk,Dutch footballer[159]
- 1981 –Luke Wilkshire,Australian footballer[160]
- 1982–Tyson Chandler,American basketball player[161]
- 1982 –Esra Gümüş,Turkish volleyball player[162]
- 1984–Marion Bartoli,French tennis player[163]
- 1985–Çağlar Birinci,Turkish footballer[164]
- 1985 –Brandon Jackson,American football player[165]
- 1986–Camilla Belle,American actress[166]
- 1987–Bojana Bobusic,Australian tennis player[167]
- 1987 –Joe Ingles,Australian basketball player[168]
- 1987 –Phil Kessel,American ice hockey player[169]
- 1987 –Christopher Larkin,South Korean-American actor[115]
- 1987 –Joel Reinders,American football player[170]
- 1987 –Ricky Stenhouse Jr.,American race car driver[171]
- 1988–Kirara Asuka,Japanese model and adult video actress[172]
- 1988 –Brittany Howard,American singer-songwriter and guitarist[173]
- 1989–Frederik Andersen,Danish ice hockey player[174]
- 1989 –Josh Bailey,Canadian ice hockey player[175]
- 1989 –Aaron Hicks,American baseball player[176]
- 1989 –George Nash,English rower[177]
- 1990–Samantha Barks,Manx actress and singer[115]
- 1991–Roberto Firmino,Brazilian footballer[178]
- 1992–Alisson Becker,Brazilian footballer[179]
- 1992 –Shane Larkin,American-Turkish basketball player[180]
- 1993–Lance McCullers Jr.,American baseball player[181]
- 1993 –Elizabeth McLaughlin,American actress[115]
- 1994–Joana Eidukonytė,Lithuanian tennis player[182]
- 1995–Tepai Moeroa,Cook Islands rugby league player[183]
- 1996–Tom Trbojevic,Australian rugby league player[184]
Deaths
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 534–Athalaric,king of the Ostrogoths in Italy[185]
- 829–Michael II,Byzantine emperor[186]
- 939–Eberhard of Franconia[2]
- 939 –Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine[2]
- 1264–Pope Urban IV[187]
- 1559–Jacquet of Mantua,French-Italian composer (b. 1483)[188]
1601–1900
[edit]- 1626–Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar,Spanish academic and diplomat (b. 1567)[189]
- 1629–Antonio Cifra,Italian composer (b. 1584)[190]
- 1629 –Pierre de Bérulle,French cardinal and theologian (b. 1575)[191]
- 1674–George Frederick of Nassau-Siegen,officer in the Dutch Army (b. 1606)[192]
- 1678–Wu Sangui,Qing Chinese general (b. 1612)[193]
- 1708–Anne Jules de Noailles,French general (b. 1650)[194]
- 1709–Ivan Mazepa,Ukrainian diplomat (b. 1639)[195]
- 1724–François-Timoléon de Choisy,French historian and author (b. 1644)[196]
- 1746–Josiah Burchett,English admiral and politician (b. 1666)[197]
- 1764–William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire,English politician,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom(b. 1720)[198]
- 1780–John André,English soldier (b. 1750)[7]
- 1782–Charles Lee,English-born American general (b. 1732)[199]
- 1786–Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel,English admiral and politician (b. 1725)[200]
- 1803–Samuel Adams,American politician,Governor of Massachusetts(b. 1722)[201]
- 1804–Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot,French engineer (b. 1725)[202]
- 1850–Sarah Biffen,English painter (b. 1784)[203]
- 1853–François Arago,French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and politician (b. 1786)[204]
1901–present
[edit]- 1920–Max Bruch,German composer and conductor (b. 1838)[205]
- 1927–Svante Arrhenius,Swedish physicist and chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (b. 1859)[206]
- 1938–Alexandru Averescu,Romanian military leader and politician, 24thPrime Minister of Romania(b. 1859)[207]
- 1943–John Evans,English-Australian politician, 21stPremier of Tasmania(b. 1855)[208]
- 1953–John Marin,American painter (b. 1870)[209]
- 1955–William R. Orthwein,American swimmer and water polo player (b. 1881)[210]
- 1968–Marcel Duchamp,French painter and sculptor (b. 1887)[211]
- 1971–Jessie Arms Botke,American painter (b. 1883)[212]
- 1973–Paul Hartman,American actor and dancer (b. 1904)[213]
- 1973 –Paavo Nurmi,Finnish runner (b. 1897)[214]
- 1974–Vasily Shukshin,Russian actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1929)[215]
- 1975–K. Kamaraj,Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1903)[216]
- 1981–Harry Golden,American journalist and author (b. 1902)[217]
- 1981 –Hazel Scott,Trinidadian-American activist, actress, and musician (b. 1920)[218]
- 1985–Rock Hudson,American actor (b. 1925)[219]
- 1987–Madeleine Carroll,English actress (b. 1906)[220]
- 1987 –Peter Medawar,Brazilian-English biologist and zoologist,Nobel Prizelaureate (b. 1915)[221]
- 1988–Alec Issigonis,English car designer, designed theMini(b. 1906)[222]
- 1988 –Hamengkubuwono IX,Indonesian politician,Vice President of Indonesia(b. 1912)[223]
- 1991–Hazen Argue,Canadian politician (b. 1921)[224]
- 1991 –Demetrios I of Constantinople(b. 1914)[225]
- 1996–Robert Bourassa,Canadian lawyer and politician,Premier of Quebec(b. 1933)[226]
- 1996 –Andrey Lukanov,Bulgarian politician, 40thPrime Minister of Bulgaria(b. 1938)[227]
- 1998–Gene Autry,American actor, singer, and guitarist (b. 1907)[228]
- 1999–Heinz G. Konsalik,German journalist and author (b. 1921)[229]
- 2000–David Tonkin,Australian politician,Premier of South Australia(b. 1929)[230]
- 2001–Franz Biebl,German composer and academic (b. 1906)[231]
- 2002–Heinz von Foerster,Austrian-American physicist and philosopher (b. 1911)[232]
- 2003–John Thomas Dunlop,American scholar and politician,United States Secretary of Labor(b. 1914)[233]
- 2005–Nipsey Russell,American comedian and actor (b. 1918)[234]
- 2005 –August Wilson,American author and playwright (b. 1945)[235]
- 2006–Helen Chenoweth-Hage,American politician (b. 1938)[236]
- 2006 –Paul Halmos,Hungarian-American mathematician (b. 1916)[237]
- 2007–Tex Coulter,American football player (b. 1924)[238][239]
- 2007 –George Grizzard,American actor (b. 1928)[240]
- 2007 –Dan Keating,Irish Republican Armyvolunteer (b. 1902)[241]
- 2010–Kwa Geok Choo,Singaporean lawyer and scholar (b. 1920)[242]
- 2012–Nguyễn Chí Thiện,Vietnamese-American poet and activist (b. 1939)[243]
- 2012 –Charles Roach,Trinidadian-Canadian lawyer and activist (b. 1933)[244]
- 2012 –J. Philippe Rushton,English-Canadian psychologist, theorist, academic (b. 1943)[245]
- 2013–Abraham Nemeth,American mathematician and academic (b. 1918)[246]
- 2014–Robert Flower,Australian footballer (b. 1955)[247]
- 2015–Brian Friel,Irish author, playwright, and director (b. 1929)[248]
- 2015 –Coleridge Goode,Jamaican-English bassist and composer (b. 1914)[249]
- 2015 –Johnny Paton,Scottish footballer and coach (b. 1923)[250]
- 2016–Neville Marriner,British conductor (b. 1924)[251]
- 2017–Tom Petty,American musician (b. 1950)[252]
- 2018–Jamal Khashoggi,Saudi journalist (b. 1958)[253]
- 2020–Anne-Marie Hutchinson,British lawyer (b. 1957)[254]
- 2022–Sacheen Littlefeather,American actress, model and activist for Native American civil rights (b. 1946)[255]
- 2023–Francis Lee,English football player (b. 1944)[256]
Holidays and observances
[edit]- Batik Day(Indonesia)[257]
- Christianfeast day:
- Gandhi's birthday-related observances:
- Independence Day,celebrates the independence ofGuineafrom France in 1958[18]
- National Grandparents Day (Italy)[261]
References
[edit]- ^Skylitzes, John; Wortley, John (7 October 2010).John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057: Translation and Notes.Cambridge University Press. p. 51.ISBN978-1-139-48915-7.
- ^abcBachrach, David S.; Bachrach, Bernard S. (29 December 2020).Writing the Military History of Pre-Crusade Europe: Studies in Sources and Source Criticism.Routledge. p. 91.ISBN978-1-000-30013-0.
- ^Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (5 May 2005).Viking Empires.Cambridge University Press. p. 256.ISBN978-0-521-82992-2.
- ^Wagner, John A.; Wagner, Edward Ed (2001).Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses.ABC-CLIO. p. 102.ISBN978-1-85109-358-8.
- ^"Henry VI | Biography & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved4 September2021.
- ^Hartley, Janet M. (12 January 2021).The Volga: A History.Yale University Press. p. 45.ISBN978-0-300-24564-6.
- ^ab"John André | British military officer".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved4 September2021.
- ^States, U. S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original (1992).The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 242.ISBN978-0-945612-29-2.
- ^Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta; Pierpaoli (Jr.), Paul G.; Cutrer, Thomas W.; Santoni, Pedro (2013).The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History.ABC-CLIO. p. 226.ISBN978-1-85109-853-8.
- ^Shaffer, Michael (2018).In Memory of Self and Comrades: Thomas Wallace Colley's Recollections of Civil War Service in the 1st Virginia Cavalry.Univ. of Tennessee Press. p. 272.ISBN978-1-62190-430-4.
- ^Bartolini, Giulio (2 April 2020).A History of International Law in Italy.Oxford University Press. p. 311.ISBN978-0-19-884293-4.
- ^Malet, Michael (1982).Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War.London:Palgrave Macmillan.p. 64.ISBN978-0-333-25969-6.OCLC8514426.
- ^"Opus Dei | Meaning, Beliefs, Members, & Controversy".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^"Saint Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer | Biography & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^Bishop, Marlon; Fernandez, Tatiana (7 October 2017)."80 Years On, Dominicans And Haitians Revisit Painful Memories Of Parsley Massacre".NPR.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^"Queen Mary's deadly drama at sea".scotsman.17 April 2006.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^"Warsaw Uprising | Polish history".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^abcdefghiChase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months.Rowman & Littlefield. 24 September 2019. p. 492.ISBN978-1-64143-316-7.
- ^"Mexico's 1968 Massacre: What Really Happened?".NPR.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^"Three generations later, the secrets of Wichita State's devastating plane crash are still unfolding".ESPN.1 October 2020.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^Penniman, Howard R. (1972).Elections in South Vietnam.Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. pp. 126–146.
- ^Ranter, Harro."ASN Aircraft accident Vickers 951 Vanguard G-APEC Aarsele".aviation-safety.net.Retrieved2022-10-01.
- ^Hunter, Marjorie (3 October 1980)."Myers Is First Member of House To Be Expelled Since Civil War; 'Support of Rebellion' Two Attempts at Expulsion Powell Was Not Seated".The New York Times.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^Haine, Edgar A. (2000).Disaster in the Air.Associated University Presses. p. 53.ISBN978-0-8453-4777-5.
- ^"Brazil police on trial over 1992 Carandiru jail massacre".BBC News.18 February 2014.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^Matthewman, Steve (29 April 2016).Disasters, Risks and Revelation: Making Sense of Our Times.Springer. p. 65.ISBN978-1-137-29426-5.
- ^Commission, United States Federal Communications (1997).FCC Record: A Comprehensive Compilation of Decisions, Reports, Public Notices, and Other Documents of the Federal Communications Commission of the United States.The Commission. p. 8491.
- ^"Beltway sniper attacks | Description, History, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^"Our story".parkrun.Retrieved18 August2019.
- ^"'The happening': 10 years after the Amish shooting ".The Guardian.2 October 2016.Retrieved5 September2021.
- ^"South Korean president crosses border for landmark summit".The Guardian.2 October 2007.Retrieved4 September2021.
- ^"Ethiopia: After a year of protests, time to address grave human rights concerns".Amnesty International.9 November 2016.Retrieved4 September2021.
- ^"Jamal Khashoggi: An unauthorized Turkey source says journalist was murdered in Saudi consulate".BBC News.7 October 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2018.Retrieved12 December2018.
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