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Coordinates:20°16′N85°49′E/ 20.27°N 85.82°E/20.27; 85.82
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This article is about the state of India. For the flowering plant, seeOdisha cleistantha.For other uses, seeOdisha (disambiguation).
"Orissa" redirects here. For other uses, seeOrissa (disambiguation).

Odisha
State
State of Odisha
Zigzag from Top-left:Konark Sun Temple,Jagannath Temple,Deomali,Rourkela Steel Plant,Mahanadi,Simlipal National Park,Chilika Lake,Ratnagiri,Leaning Temple of Huma,Sisupalgarh
Official emblem of Odisha
Emblem of Odisha
Etymology: Land ofOdias
Nickname(s):
Soul of India
India’s Best Kept Secret
Motto:
Satyameva Jayate(Truth alone triumphs)
Anthem:Bandē Utkaḷa Jananī[1][2]
(I Adore Thee, O Mother Utkala)

The map of India showing Odisha
Location of Odisha in India
Coordinates:20°16′N85°49′E/ 20.27°N 85.82°E/20.27; 85.82
CountryIndia
RegionEast India
Before wasOrissa Province
Formation1 April 1936;88 years ago(1936-04-01)
Utkala Dibasa
CapitalBhubaneswar
Largest cityBhubaneswar
Districts30 (3 divisions)
Government
• BodyGovernment of Odisha
•GovernorRaghubar Das
•Chief ministerMohan Charan Majhi(BJP)
•Deputy chief ministerKanak Vardhan Singh Deo(BJP)
Pravati Parida(BJP)
State LegislatureUnicameral
•AssemblyOdisha Legislative Assembly(147 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
•Rajya Sabha10 seats
•Lok Sabha21 seats
High CourtOdisha High Court
Area
• Total155,707 km2(60,119 sq mi)
• Rank8th
Dimensions
• Length500 km (300 mi)
• Width1,030 km (640 mi)
Elevation
[3]
900 m (3,000 ft)
Highest elevation
(Deomali[4])
1,672 m (5,486 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Bay of Bengal)
−1 m (−3 ft)
Population
(2011)[5]
• TotalNeutral increase41,974,218
• Rank11th
• Density269/km2(700/sq mi)
• Urban
16.69%
• Rural
83.31%
DemonymOdia
Language
•Official
•Official scriptOdia script
GDP
[8]
• Total(2023–24)Increase₹8.65 trillion(US$100 billion)
• Rank15th
• Per capita₹161,437(US$1,900) (2023-24)[7]Increase(21st)
Time zoneUTC+05:30(IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-OD[9]
Vehicle registrationOD[10]
HDI(2018)Increase0.649Medium[11](29th)
Literacy(2023)Increase75.15%[12](25th)
Sex ratio(2023)1063♀/1000♂[13](18th)
Websiteodisha.gov.in
Symbols of Odisha
Emblem of Odisha
SongBandē Utkaḷa Jananī[1][2]
(I Adore Thee, O Mother Utkala)

Foundation dayUtkala Dibasa
BirdIndian roller[15][16]
FishMahanadi mahseer[17]
FlowerAsoka[14]
MammalSambar[14]
TreeSacred Fig[14][18]
State highway mark
State highway of Odisha
OD SH1 – OD SH57
List of Indian state symbols

Odisha(English:/əˈdɪsə/;[19]Odia:[oɽiˈsa]ⓘ), formerlyOrissa(the official name until 2011),[20]is anIndian statelocated inEastern India.It is theeighth-largest state by area,and theeleventh-largest by population,with over 41 million inhabitants. The state also has the third-largest population ofScheduled TribesinIndia.[21]It neighbours the states ofJharkhandandWest Bengalto the north,Chhattisgarhto the west, andAndhra Pradeshto the south. Odisha has acoastlineof 485 kilometres (301 mi) along theBay of Bengalin theIndian Ocean.[22]The region is also known asUtkaḷaand is mentioned by this name in India's national anthem,Jana Gana Mana.[23]The language of Odisha isOdia,which is one of theClassical languages of India.[24]

The ancient kingdom ofKalinga,which was invaded by theMauryanEmperorAshokain 261 BCE resulting in theKalinga War,coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha.[25]The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by theBritish Indiangovernment, theOrissa Provincewas established on 1 April 1936, consisting of the Odia-speaking districts ofBihar and Orissa Province,Madras PresidencyandCentral Provinces.[25]Utkala Dibasa(lit. 'Odisha Day') is celebrated on 1 April.[26]Cuttackwas made the capital of the region byAnantavarman Chodagangainc. 1135,[27]after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1968. Thereafter,Bhubaneswarbecame the capital of Odisha.[28]

The economy of Odisha is the15th-largest state economyin India with₹5.86 trillion(US$70 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of₹127,383(US$1,500).[8]Odisha ranks32ndamong Indian states inHuman Development Index.[29]

Etymology

[edit]
See also:History of Odisha § Historical names of Odisha

The termsOdishaandOrissa(Odia:ଓଡ଼ିଶା,Oṛissa) derive from the ancientPrakritword"Odda Visaya"(also "Udra Bibhasha"or"Odra Bibhasha") as in theTirumalaiinscription ofRajendra Chola I,which is dated to 1025.[30]Sarala Das,who translated theMahabharatainto theOdia languagein the 15th century, calls the region 'Odra Rashtra' as Odisha. The inscriptions ofKapilendra Devaof theGajapati Kingdom(1435–67) on the walls of temples inPuricall the regionOdishaorOdisha Rajya.[31]

In 2011, the English rendering ofଓଡ଼ିଶାwas changed from "Orissa" to "Odisha", and the name of its language from "Oriya" to "Odia", by the passage of theOrissa (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2010and theConstitution (113th Amendment) Bill, 2010in theParliament.The Hindi renderingउड़ीसा(uṛīsā) was also modified toओड़िशा(or̥iśā). After a brief debate, the lower house,Lok Sabha,passed the bill and amendment on 9 November 2010.[32]On 24 March 2011,Rajya Sabha,the upper house ofParliament,also passed the bill and the amendment.[33]The changes in spelling were made with the intention of having the English and Hindi renditions conform to the Odia transliteration.[34]However, the underlying Odia texts were nevertheless transliterated incorrectly as per theHunterian system,the official national transliteration standard, in which the transliterations would beOrishaandOriainstead.

History

[edit]
Main articles:History of OdishaandHistoric sites in Odisha
Lingaraja Templebuilt by the Somavanshi king Jajati Keshari

PrehistoricAcheuliantools dating toLower Paleolithicera have been discovered in various places in the region, implying an early settlement by humans.[35]Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts likeMahabharata,Vayu PuranaandMahagovinda Suttanta.[36][37]

According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalingajanapadaoriginally comprised the area covered by thePuriandGanjamdistricts.[38]TheSabar peopleof Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata.[39][40]Baudhayanamentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced byVedictraditions, implying it followed mostly tribal traditions.[41]

Hathigumphaon theUdayagiri Hillsbuilt inc. 150BCE
Shanti Stupa at Dhauliis the location whereKalinga Warwas fought inc. 260BCE

Ashokaof theMauryandynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloodyKalinga Warin 261 BCE,[42]which was the eighth year of his reign.[43]According to his ownedicts,in that war about 100,000 people were killed, 150,000 were captured and more were affected.[42]The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism.[43][44]

By c. 150 BCE, EmperorKharavela,who was possibly a contemporary ofDemetrius I of Bactria,[45]conquered a major part of the Indian sub-continent. Kharavela was aJainruler. He also built the monastery atop theUdayagirihill.[46]Subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such asSamudragupta[47]andShashanka.[48]It was also a part ofHarsha's empire.[49]

The city ofBrahmapurin Odisha is also known to have been the capital of thePauravasduring the closing years of 4th century CE. Nothing was heard from the Pauravas from about the 3rd century CE, because they were annexed by theYaudheya Republic,who in turn submitted to theMauryans.It was only at the end of 4th century CE, that they established royalty at Brahmapur, after about 700 years.

Later, the kings of theSomavamsidynasty began to unite the region. By the reign of Yayati II, c. 1025 CE, they had integrated the region into a single kingdom. Yayati II is supposed to have built theLingaraj templeatBhubaneswar.[25]They were replaced by theEastern Ganga dynasty.Notable rulers of the dynasty wereAnantavarman Chodaganga,who began reconstruction on the present-day ShriJagannath TempleinPuri(c. 1135), andNarasimhadeva I,who constructed theKonark temple(c. 1250).[50][51]

The Eastern Ganga Dynasty was followed by theGajapati Kingdom.The region resisted integration into theMughal empireuntil 1568, when it was conquered bySultanate of Bengal.[52]Mukunda Deva, who is considered the last independent king of Kalinga, was defeated and was killed in battle by a rebel Ramachandra Bhanja. Ramachandra Bhanja himself was killed byBayazid Khan Karrani.[53]In 1591,Man Singh I,then governor ofBihar,led an army to take Odisha from theKarranis of Bengal.They agreed to treaty because their leader Qutlu Khan Lohani had recently died. But they then broke the treaty by attacking the temple town ofPuri.Man Singh returned in 1592 and pacified the region.[54]

In 1751, the Nawab of BengalAlivardi Khanceded the region to theMaratha Empire.[25]

TheBritishhad occupied theNorthern Circars,comprising the southern coast of Odisha, as a result of theSecond Carnatic Warby 1760, and incorporated them into theMadras Presidencygradually.[55]In 1803, the British ousted the Marathas from the Puri-Cuttack region of Odisha during theSecond Anglo-Maratha War.The northern and western districts of Odisha were incorporated into theBengal Presidency.[56]

TheOrissa famine of 1866caused an estimated 1 million deaths.[57]Following this, large-scaleirrigationprojects were undertaken.[58]In 1903, theUtkal Sammilaniorganisation was founded to demand the unification ofOdia-speaking regions into one state.[59]On 1 April 1912, theBihar and Orissa Provincewas formed.[60]On 1 April 1936,Biharand Orissa were split into separate provinces.[61]The newprovince of Orissacame into existence on a linguistic basis during the British rule in India, with Sir John Austen Hubback as the first governor.[61][62]FollowingIndia's independence,on 15 August 1947, 27princely statessigned the document to join Orissa.[63]Most of theOrissa Tributary States,a group of princely states, acceded to Orissa in 1948, after the collapse of theEastern States Union.[64]

Geography

[edit]
Main article:Geography of Odisha
Mahanadiriver near Cuttack

Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707 km2,which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450 km.[65]In the eastern part of the state lies the coastal plain. It extends from theSubarnarekha Riverin the north to theRushikulyaRiver in the south. The lakeChilikais part of the coastal plains. The plains are rich in fertilesiltdeposited by the six major rivers flowing into theBay of Bengal:Subarnarekha,Budhabalanga,Baitarani,Brahmani,Mahanadi,andRushikulya.[65]TheCentral Rice Research Institute(CRRI), aFood and Agriculture Organization-recognised ricegene bankand research institute, is situated on the banks of Mahanadi inCuttack.[66]The stretch between Puri and Bhadrak in Odisha juts out a little into the sea, making it vulnerable to any cyclonic activity.[67]

Satellite view of theMahanadiriver delta

Three-quarters of the state is covered in mountain ranges. Deep and broad valleys have been made in them by rivers. These valleys have fertile soil and are densely populated. Odisha also hasplateausandrolling uplands,which have lower elevation than the plateaus.[65]Thehighest point in the stateisDeomaliat 1,672 metres inKoraput district.Some other high peaks are: Sinkaram (1,620 m), Golikoda (1,617 m), and Yendrika (1,582 metres).[68]

Climate

[edit]

The state experiences fourmeteorological seasons:winter(January to February),pre-monsoon season(March to May),south-west monsoon season(June to September) andnorth east monsoon season(October–December). However, locally the year is divided into six traditional seasons (orrutus):Grishma(summer),Barsha(rainy season),Sharata(autumn),Hemanta(dewy),Sheeta(winter season) andBasanta(spring).[65]

Mean Temp and Precipitation of Selected Weather Stations[69]
Bhubaneswar
(1952–2000) 		Balasore
(1901–2000) 		Gopalpur
(1901–2000) 		Sambalpur
(1901–2000)
Max (°C) Min (°C) Rainfall (mm) Max (°C) Min (°C) Rainfall (mm) Max (°C) Min (°C) Rainfall (mm) Max (°C) Min (°C) Rainfall (mm)
January 28.5 15.5 13.1 27.0 13.9 17.0 27.2 16.9 11.0 27.6 12.6 14.2
February 31.6 18.6 25.5 29.5 16.7 36.3 28.9 19.5 23.6 30.1 15.1 28.0
March 35.1 22.3 25.2 33.7 21.0 39.4 30.7 22.6 18.1 35.0 19.0 20.9
April 37.2 25.1 30.8 36.0 24.4 54.8 31.2 25.0 20.3 39.3 23.5 14.2
May 37.5 26.5 68.2 36.1 26.0 108.6 32.4 26.7 53.8 41.4 27.0 22.7
June 35.2 26.1 204.9 34.2 26.2 233.4 32.3 26.8 138.1 36.9 26.7 218.9
July 32.0 25.2 326.2 31.8 25.8 297.9 31.0 26.1 174.6 31.1 24.9 459.0
August 31.6 25.1 366.8 31.4 25.8 318.3 31.2 25.9 195.9 30.7 24.8 487.5
September 31.9 24.8 256.3 31.7 25.5 275.8 31.7 25.7 192.0 31.7 24.6 243.5
October 31.7 23.0 190.7 31.3 23.0 184.0 31.4 23.8 237.8 31.7 21.8 56.6
November 30.2 18.8 41.7 29.2 17.8 41.6 29.5 19.7 95.3 29.4 16.2 17.6
December 28.3 15.2 4.9 26.9 13.7 6.5 27.4 16.4 11.4 27.2 12.1 4.8

Biodiversity

[edit]
Main articles:Flora and fauna of OdishaandForests in Odisha

According to aForest Survey of Indiareport released in 2012, Odisha has 48,903 km2of wild forest, covering 31.41% of the state's total area. The forests are classified into areas of dense forest (7,060 km2), medium dense forest (21,366 km2), open forest (forest without closedcanopy;20,477 km2) andscrub forestor scrubland (4,734 km2). The state also hasbamboo forests(10,518 km2) and tidal areas ofmangroveswamp (221 km2). The state is gradually losing its wilderness areas totimber smuggling,deforestation,destructive mining, and general urban industrialisation, as well as livestockgrazing.There have been attempts at conservation andreforestation.[70]

Due to the climate and good rainfall, Odisha's evergreen and moist forests are uniquely suitable habitats for wildorchids.Around 130 species have been reported from the state.[71]Around 97 of them are found inMayurbhanj districtalone. The Orchid House of theNandankanan Zoological Parkmaintains some of these species.[72]

Simlipal National Parkis a protected wildlife area and Bengal tiger reserve spread over 2,750 km2of the northern part ofMayurbhanj district.The park has around 1,078 species of plants, including 94 of the aforementioned orchids. Thesalis the primary tree species. For fauna, the park is home to around 55 species ofmammal,including theBengal tiger,chital,chousingha,common langur,gaur,Indian elephant,Indian giant squirrel,jungle cat,leopard,muntjac,sambar,small Indian civetandwild boar.There are over 300 species of birds in the park, such as thecommon hill myna,as well asgrey,Indian piedandMalabar pied hornbills.There are also some 60 species of reptiles and amphibians, including the famedking cobra,plusbanded kraitandtricarinate hill turtle.There is also amugger crocodilebreeding programme in nearby Ramtirtha.[73]

TheChandaka Elephant Sanctuaryis a 190 km2protected area near the capital city, Bhubaneswar. However, urban expansion and over-grazing have reduced the forests, driving the herds of elephants to migrate away, as well as increasing human-elephant conflicts—which sometimes results in injury and death (on both sides). Some elephants have died in conflicts with villagers, while some have died during migration after being accidentally electrocuted by power lines or even hit by trains. Outside the protected area, they are killed by ivorypoachers.In 2002, there were about 80 elephants, but by 2012, their numbers had been reduced to 20. Many of the animals have migrated toward the Barbara Reserve forest, Chilika,Nayagarh district,andAthagad.[74][75]Besides elephants, the sanctuary also has leopards, jungle cats and herds of chital.[76]

TheBhitarkanika National ParkinKendrapara districtcovers 650 km2,of which 150 km2are mangroves.Gahirmatha Beach,in Bhitarkanika, is the world's largest nesting site forolive ridley sea turtles.[77]In 2013, the Indian Coast Guard initiatedOperation Oliverto protect the endangered sea turtle population of the region.[78]Other major nesting grounds for the turtle in the state areRushikulya,inGanjam district,[79]and the mouth of theDevi river.[80]The Bhitarkanika sanctuary is also noted for its large population ofsaltwater crocodilesandAsian water monitors,[81]the second-largest lizard species on earth,[82]in addition toaxis deerandrhesus macaques.[81]The coastal mangrove environments are home to several types ofmudskippers,including thebarred,Boddart's blue-spottedandgreat blue-spotted mudskippers.[81]

In winter, Bhitarkanika is also visited bymigratory birds.Among the many species, both resident and migratory, arekingfishers(includingblack-capped,collaredandcommon kingfishers),herons(such asblack-crowned night,grey,purpleandstriated herons),Indian cormorants,openbill storks,Oriental white ibis,pheasant-tailed jacana,sarus cranes,spotted owletsandwhite-bellied sea-eagles.[83][81]The possibly endangeredhorseshoe crabis also found in this region.[84]

Chilika Lakeis a brackish water lagoon on the east coast of Odisha with an area of 1,105 km2.It is connected to theBay of Bengalby a 35-km-long narrow channel and is a part of the Mahanadi delta. In the dry season, the tides bring in salt water. In the rainy season, the rivers falling into the lagoon decrease its salinity.[85]Birds from places as far as theCaspian Sea,Lake Baikal(and other parts of Russia),Central Asia,Southeast Asia,Ladakhand theHimalayasmigrate to the lagoon in winter.[86]Among thewaterfowlandwading birdsspotted there areEurasian wigeon,pintail,bar-headed goose,greylag goose,greater flamingo,commonmallardandGoliath heron.[87][88]The lagoon also has a small population of the endangeredIrrawaddy dolphins.[89]The state's coastal region has also had sightings of the rarefinless porpoise,as well as the more commonbottlenose dolphin,humpback dolphinandspinner dolphinsin its waters.[90]

Satapadais situated close to the northeast cape of Chilika Lake and Bay of Bengal. It is famous for dolphin watching in their natural habitat. There is a tiny island en route for watching dolphins, where tourists often take a short stop. Apart from that, this island is also home for tiny red crabs.[91]

According to a census conducted in 2016, there are around 2000 elephants in the state. [92]

Government and politics

[edit]
Odisha State Secretariat building inBhubaneswar
Main article:Government of Odisha

All states in India are governed by aparliamentary systemof government based onuniversal adult franchise.[94][95]

The main parties active in the politics of Odisha are theBiju Janata Dal,theIndian National CongressandBharatiya Janata Party.Following theOdisha State Assembly Election in 2019,theNaveen Patnaik-ledBiju Janata Dalstayed in power for the sixth consecutive term until 2024.[96]Currently, BJP, who won for the first time, formed the government after winning the majority in2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election.He is the 17th Chief Minister of Odisha.[97]

Legislative assembly

[edit]
Main articles:Odisha Legislative AssemblyandVidhan Sabha

The Odisha state has aunicamerallegislature.[98]TheOdisha Legislative Assemblyconsists of 147 elected members,[96]and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker, or by the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence.[99]Executive authorityis vested in the Council of Ministers headed by theChief Minister,although the titular head of government is theGovernor of Odisha.The governor is appointed by thePresident of India.The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.[100]The 147 elected representatives are calledMembers of the Legislative Assembly,or MLAs. One MLA may be nominated from theAnglo-Indiancommunity by the governor.[101]The term of the office is for five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term.[99]

Thejudiciaryis composed of theOdisha High Court,located at Cuttack, and a system of lower courts.

Subdivisions

[edit]
Main article:List of districts of Odisha

Odisha has been divided into 30 districts. These 30 districts have been placed under three different revenue divisions to streamline their governance. The divisions are North, Central and South, with their headquarters atSambalpur,CuttackandBerhampurrespectively. Each division consists of ten districts and has as its administrative head a RevenueDivisional Commissioner(RDC).[102]The position of the RDC in the administrative hierarchy is that between that of the district administration and the state secretariat.[103]The RDCs report to the Board of Revenue, which is headed by a senior officer of theIndian Administrative Service.[102]

Map of districts of Odisha
Division-wise list of districts[104]
Northern Division (HQ – Sambalpur) Central Division (HQ – Cuttack) Southern Division (HQ – Berhampur)

Each district is governed by a collector and district magistrate, who is appointed from theIndian Administrative Serviceor a very senior officer from Odisha Administrative Service.[105][106]The collector and district magistrate is responsible for collecting the revenue and maintaining law and order in the district. Each district is separated into sub-divisions, each governed by a sub-collector and sub-divisional magistrate. The sub-divisions are further divided into tahasils. The tahasils are headed by tahasildar. Odisha has 58 sub-divisions, 317 tahasils and 314 blocks.[104]Blocks consists ofPanchayats(village councils) and town municipalities.

The capital of the state isBhubaneswarand the largest city isCuttack,which also functions as the deputy capital of the state. The other major cities are,Rourkela,BerhampurandSambalpur.Municipal Corporations in Odisha includeBhubaneswar,Cuttack,Berhampur,SambalpurandRourkela.

Other municipalities of Odisha includeAngul,Asika,Balangir,Balasore,Barbil,Bargarh,Baripada,Basudevpur,Belpahar,Bhadrak,Bhanjanagar,Bhawanipatna,Biramitrapur,Boudh,Brajarajnagar,Byasanagar,Chhatrapur,Deogarh,Dhamra,Dhenkanal,Gopalpur,Gunupur,Hinjilicut,Jagatsinghpur,Jajpur,Jeypore,Jharsuguda,Joda,Kendrapara,Kendujhar,Khordha,Konark,Koraput,Malkangiri,Nabarangpur,Nayagarh,Nuapada,Paradeep,Paralakhemundi,Phulbani,Puri,Rajgangpur,Rayagada,Sonepur,Sundargarh,Talcher,Titilagarh,Karanjia,Chatrapur,Asika,Kantabanji,Nimapada,Baudhgarh,andUmerkote.

Largest cities or towns in Odisha
As of the2011 Census
Rank Name District Pop.
Cuttack
Cuttack
Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar 		1 Cuttack Cuttack 921,321 Rourkela
Rourkela
Brahmapur
Brahmapur
2 Bhubaneswar Khordha 881,988
3 Rourkela Sundargarh 552,970
4 Brahmapur Ganjam 355,823
5 Sambalpur Sambalpur 270,331
6 Puri Puri 201,026
7 Balasore Balasore 144,373
8 Bhadrak Bhadrak 121,338
9 Baripada Mayurbhanj 116,874
10 Balangir Balangir 98,238

Auxiliary authorities known aspanchayats,for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs in rural areas.

Economy

[edit]
Main article:Economy of Odisha

Macro-economic trend

[edit]

Odisha is experiencing a rapid economic growth post-Covid. The impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Odisha's growth rate is above the national average.[107]The central Government's Urban Development Ministry has recently announced the names of 20 cities selected to be developed assmart cities.The state capitalBhubaneswaris the first city in the list ofsmart Citiesreleased in January 2016, a pet project of the Indian Government. The announcement also marked with sanction of Rs 508.02 billion over the five years for development.[108]

Industrial development

[edit]
One of the iron ore mines inKeonjhar district
Rourkela Steel Plant

Odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. Odisha has emerged as the most preferred destination for overseas investors with investment proposals.[109]It contains a fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of itsbauxitereserves and most of thechromite.

Rourkela Steel Plant[110]was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India, built with collaboration ofGermany.

Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $10 billion. Russian majorMagnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company (MMK)plans to set up a 10 MT steel plant in Odisha, too.Nippon Steel Corporationhas recently announced to set up their own plants, one of which will be the world's largest and most advanced steel plant in Odisha, with a production capacity of 30 MT annually.[111]Bandhabahalis a major area of open cast coal mines in Odisha. The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminium, coal-based power plants, petrochemicals, and information technology as well. In power generation,Reliance Power(Anil Ambani Group) is putting up the world's largest power plant with an investment of US$13 billion at Hirma inJharsuguda district.[112]

In 2009 Odisha was the second top domestic investment destination withGujaratfirst andAndhra Pradeshin third place according to an analysis ofASSOCHAMInvestment Meter (AIM) study on corporate investments. Odisha's share was 12.6 per cent in total investment in the country. It received an investment proposal worth₹2.01 trillion(equivalent to₹4.5 trillion or US$54 billion in 2023) in 2010. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.[113]

The recently concluded Make in Odisha Conclave 2022 saw the state generate investment proposals worth ₹10.5 trillion with an employment potential for 10,37,701 people. Out of the total investment proposals received, the metals, ancillary and downstream sectors fetched ₹5.50 lakhs crore (trillion), power, green energy, and renewable energy sector fetched ₹2.38 trillion, and chemicals-petrochemicals and logistics-infrastructure sector attracted ₹76,000 crores and ₹1.20 trillion, respectively. Odisha has the potential to become a trillion-dollar economy by 2030.

Transportation

[edit]

Odisha has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports.Bhubaneswaris well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes.[114][115]Odisha Government Plans Mega Metro Rail Project to Connect Puri and Bhubaneswar[116]The metro rail proposal was given to connect trains between Puri- Bhubaneswar – Cuttack.[117]The Odisha government has planned a new Expressway that will connect Biju Patnaik International Airport airport at Bhubaneswar with the proposed Shri Jagannath International Airport at Puri.[118]

Air

[edit]
Biju Patnaik International Airport,Bhubaneswar

Odisha has a total of three operational airports, 16 airstrips and 16 helipads.[119][120][121]The airport at Jharsuguda was upgraded to a full-fledged domestic airport in May 2018. Rourkela Airport became operational in December 2022.The Dhamra Port Company Limited plans to buildDhamra Airport20 km fromDhamra Port.[122]

Seaports

[edit]
Gopalpur Port
East Coast Railway headquarters, Bhubaneswar
Dhamra Port

Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres (301 mi). It has one major port at Paradip and few minor ports. some of them are:[123][124]

Railways

[edit]

Major cities of Odisha are well connected to all the major cities of India by direct daily trains and weekly trains. Most of the railway network in Odisha lies under the jurisdiction of theEast Coast Railway(ECoR) with headquarters atBhubaneswarand some parts underSouth Eastern RailwayandSouth East Central Railway.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
190110,302,917—
191111,378,875+10.4%
192111,158,586−1.9%
193112,491,056+11.9%
194113,767,988+10.2%
195114,645,946+6.4%
196117,548,846+19.8%
197121,944,615+25.0%
198126,370,271+20.2%
199131,659,736+20.1%
200136,804,660+16.3%
201141,974,218+14.0%
Source: Census of India[125]
Tribal peopleofKoraput,Odisha

According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Odisha is 41,974,218, of which 21,212,136 (50.54%) are male and 20,762,082 (49.46%) are female, or 978 females per 1000 males. This represents a 13.97% increase over the population in 2001. The population density is 270 per km2.[5]

The literacy rate is 73%, with 82% of males and 64% of females being literate, according to the 2011 census.

The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2004–2005 was 57.15% which was nearly double the Indian average of 26.10%. Since 2005 the state has reduced poverty rate dramatically by 24.6 percentage points. According to current estimate proportion of people living under poverty line was 32.6%[126][127]

Data of 1996–2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has abirth rateof 23.2 per 1,000 people per year, adeath rateof 9.1 per 1,000 people per year, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Odisha has aHuman Development Indexof 0.606 as of 2018.[128]

District Headquarters Population
(2011)		 Males Females Percentage
decadal
growth
2001–2011		 Sex ratio Density
(persons
per
km2)		 Child
population
0–6 years		 Child
sex
ratio		 Literacy rate
Angul Angul 1,271,703 654,898 616,805 11.55 942 199 145,690 884 78.96
Balangir Balangir 1,648,574 831,349 817,225 23.29 983 251 206,964 951 65.50
Balasore Baleswar 2,317,419 1,184,371 1,133,048 14.47 957 609 274,432 941 80.66
Bargarh Bargarh 1,478,833 748,332 730,501 9.84 976 253 156,185 946 75.16
Bhadrak Bhadrak 1,506,522 760,591 745,931 12.95 981 601 176,793 931 83.25
Boudh Boudh 439,917 220,993 218,924 17.82 991 142 59,094 975 72.51
Cuttack Cuttack 2,618,708 1,339,153 1,279,555 11.87 955 666 251,152 913 84.20
Debagarh Debagarh 312,164 158,017 154,147 13.88 976 106 38,621 917 73.07
Dhenkanal Dhenkanal 1,192,948 612,597 580,351 11.82 947 268 132,647 870 79.41
Gajapati Paralakhemundi 575,880 282,041 293,839 10.99 1,042 133 82,777 964 54.29
Ganjam Chhatrapur 3,520,151 1,777,324 1,742,827 11.37 981 429 397,920 899 71.88
Jagatsinghpur Jagatsinghpur 1,136,604 577,699 558,905 7.44 967 681 103,517 929 87.13
Jajpur Jajpur 1,826,275 926,058 900,217 12.43 972 630 207,310 921 80.44
Jharsuguda Jharsuguda 579,499 297,014 282,485 12.56 951 274 61,823 938 78.36
Kalahandi Bhawanipatna 1,573,054 785,179 787,875 17.79 1,003 199 214,111 947 60.22
Kandhamal Phulbani 731,952 359,401 372,551 12.92 1,037 91 106,379 960 65.12
Kendrapara Kendrapara 1,439,891 717,695 722,196 10.59 1,006 545 153,443 921 85.93
Kendujhar Kendujhar 1,802,777 907,135 895,642 15.42 987 217 253,418 957 69.00
Khordha Khordha 2,246,341 1,166,949 1,079,392 19.65 925 799 222,275 910 87.51
Koraput Koraput 1,376,934 677,864 699,070 16.63 1,031 156 215,518 970 49.87
Malkangiri Malkangiri 612,727 303,913 308,814 21.53 1,016 106 105,636 979 49.49
Mayurbhanj Baripada 2,513,895 1,253,633 1,260,262 13.06 1,005 241 337,757 952 63.98
Nabarangapur Nabarangpur 1,218,762 604,046 614,716 18.81 1,018 230 201,901 988 48.20
Nayagarh Nayagarh 962,215 502,194 460,021 11.30 916 247 101,337 851 79.17
Nuapada Nuapada 606,490 300,307 306,183 14.28 1,020 157 84,893 971 58.20
Puri Puri 1,697,983 865,209 832,774 13.00 963 488 164,388 924 85.37
Rayagada Rayagada 961,959 469,672 492,287 15.74 1,048 136 141,167 955 50.88
Sambalpur Sambalpur 1,044,410 529,424 514,986 12.24 973 158 112,946 931 76.91
Subarnapur Sonepur 652,107 332,897 319,210 20.35 959 279 76,536 947 74.42
Sundergarh Sundergarh 2,080,664 1,055,723 1,024,941 13.66 971 214 249,020 937 74.13

Religion

[edit]
See also:Hinduism in Odisha,Christianity in Odisha,andOdia Muslims

Religion in Odisha (2011)[129]

Hindu(93.63%)
Christian(2.77%)
Muslim(2.17%)
Other religion (1.14%)
Sikh(0.05%)
Buddhist(0.03%)
Jain(0.02%)
No religion(0.18%)
Gita Govinda

The majority (almost 94%[129]) of people in Odisha are Hindu and there is also a rich cultural heritage in the state. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu figures.Sant Bhima Bhoiwas a leader of theMahima sect.Sarala Das,a HinduKhandayat,was the translator of the epicMahabharatainto Odia. Chaitanya Das was aBuddhistic-Vaishnavaand writer of theNirguna Mahatmya.Jayadevawas the author of theGita Govinda.

TheOdisha Temple Authorisation Actof 1948 empowered the government of Odisha to open temples for all Hindus, including Dalits.[130]

Perhaps the oldest scripture of Odisha is theMadala Panjifrom the Puri Temple believed from 1042 AD. Famous Hindu Odia scripture includes the 16th-centuryBhagabataofJagannatha Dasa.[131]In the modern timesMadhusudan Raowas a major Odia writer, who was aBrahmo Samajistand shaped modern Odia literature at the start of the 20th century.[132]

Christians in Odishaare 2.8% of the population, mainly tribals and Dalits.Odia Muslimslive in the urban areas of coastal Odisha. TheSikh,Buddhist,andJaincommunities together account for 0.1% of the population.[129]

Decadal variations among religious communities

[edit]
Religious composition of Odisha (Source:[133][134][135][136][137][138])
Religion 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population % Population % Population % Population % Population % Population % Population %
Hinduism 14,368,411 98.11 17,123,194 97.57 21,121,056 96.25 25,161,725 95.42 29,971,257 94.67 34,726,129 94.35 39,300,341 93.63
Islam 176,338 1.20 215,319 1.23 326,507 1.49 422,266 1.60 577,775 1.82 761,985 2.07 911,670 2.17
Christianity 141,934 0.97 201,017 1.15 378,888 1.73 480,426 1.82 666,220 2.10 897,861 2.44 1,161,708 2.77
Sikhism 4,163 0.03 9,316 0.05 10,204 0.04 14,270 0.05 17,296 0.05 17,492 0.05 21,991 0.05
Jainism 1,248 0.01 6,521 0.03 6,642 0.03 6,302 0.02 9,154 0.02 9,420 0.02
Buddhism 969 0.01 8,462 0.04 8,028 0.03 9,153 0.03 9,863 0.03 13,852 0.03
Other Religions and Persuasions 2,883 0.02 91,859 0.42 273,596 1.04 397,798 1.26 361,981 0.98 478,317 1.14
Not Stated NA NA 1,118 0.01 3,318 0.01 13,935 0.04 20,195 0.05 76,919 0.18
Total 14,645,946 100 17,548,846 100 21,944,615 100 26,370,271 100 31,659,736 100 36,804,660 100 41,974,218 100

Languages

[edit]
Main article:Odia language
Bilingual signboard in English and Odia

Languages of Odisha (2011)[139]

Odia(82.70%)
Kui(2.24%)
Santali(2.06%)
Urdu(1.60%)
Telugu(1.59%)
Hindi(1.23%)
Bengali(1.20%)
Mundari(1.09%)
Others (6.29%)
Linguistic maps of Odisha

Odiais the official language of Odisha[140]and is spoken by 82.70% of the population according to the2011 census of India.[139]It is also one of theclassical languages of India.English is the official language of correspondence between state and the union of India. Spoken Odia is not homogeneous as one can find different dialects spoken across the state. Some of the major dialects found inside the state areSambalpuri,Cuttacki, Puri,Baleswari,Ganjami,Desiya,KalahandiaandPhulbani.The standard language is based on the Cuttacki dialect. In addition to Odia, significant populations of people speaking other major Indian languages likeHindi,Telugu,UrduandBengaliare also found in the state, mainly in cities.[141]

The differenttribal (Adivasi) communitieswho mostly reside in western and southern Odisha have their own languages belonging toMundaandDravidianfamily of languages. Some of these major tribal languages areSantali,Kui,MundariandHo.Due to increasing contact with outsiders, migration and socioeconomic reasons many of these indigenous languages are slowly getting extinct or are on the verge of getting extinct.[142]

The Odisha Sahitya Academy Award was established in 1957 to actively develop Odia language and literature. The Odisha government launched a portal in 2018 to promote Odia language and literature.[143]

Education

[edit]
Main article:Education in Odisha
Utkal Universitymain gate
Panoramic view ofRavenshaw University,Cuttack

Educational institutions

[edit]

Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralisedOdisha Joint Entrance Examination,conducted by theBiju Patnaik University of Technology(BPUT),Rourkela,since 2003, where seats are provided according to order of merit.[144]Few of the engineering institutes enroll students by throughJoint Entrance Examination.For medical courses, there is a correspondingNational Eligibility Cum Entrance Test.

Culture

[edit]
Main article:Culture of Odisha
Mayurbhanj Chhau

Cuisine

[edit]
Main article:Cuisine of Odisha

Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries. The kitchen of theShri Jagannath Temple, Puriis reputed to be the largest in the world, with 1,000 chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths calledchulas,to feed over 10,000 people each day.[145][146]

The syrupy dessertPahala rasagolamade in Odisha is known throughout the world.[147]Chhenapodais another major Odisha sweet cuisine, which originated inNayagarh.[148]Dalma (a mix of dal and selected vegetables) is widely known cuisine, better served with ghee.[citation needed]

The "OdishaRasagola"was awarded a GI tag 29 July 2019 after a long battle about the origin of the famous sweet with West Bengal.[149]

Dance

[edit]
Main article:Odissi
Sharmila BiswasperformingOdissidance

Odissidance and music are classical art forms. Odissi is the oldest surviving dance form in India on the basis of archaeological evidence.[150]Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years, and finds mention in theNatyashastraofBharatamuni,possibly written c. 200 BC. However, the dance form nearly became extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few gurus.

The variety of dances includesGhumura dance,Chhau dance,Jhumair,Mahari dance,Dalkhai,DhemsaandGotipua.

Sports

[edit]
Main article:Sports in Odisha
Barabati StadiuminCuttack

The state of Odisha has hosted several international sporting events, including the2018 Men's Hockey World Cup,2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cupand2023 Men's Hockey World Cup.

Sports stadiums in Odisha include:

  1. Kalinga Stadium
  2. Barabati Stadium
  3. Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
  4. East Coast Railway Stadium
  5. Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium
  6. KIIT Stadium
  7. Veer Surendra Sai Stadium
  8. Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium[151]

There are some High Performance Centres in the state as well which have been set up at Kalinga Stadium for the development of respective sports in Odisha. Some of the HPCs are as follows:

Tourism

[edit]
Main article:Tourism in Odisha

The Lingaraja Temple atBhubaneswarhas a 150-foot (46 m) high deula while theJagannath Temple,Puriis about 200 feet (61 m) high and dominates the skyline. Only a portion of theKonark Sun TempleatKonarkinPuri district,the largest of the temples of the "Holy Golden Triangle" exists today, and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a masterpiece in Odisha architecture.Sarala Temple,regarded as one of the most spiritually elevated expressions of Shaktism is inJagatsinghpur district.It is also one of the holiest places in Odisha and a major tourist attraction.Maa Tarini Templesituated inKendujhar districtis also a famous pilgrimage destination. Every day thousands of coconuts are given to Maa Tarini by devotees for fulfilling their wishes.[156]

Odisha's varying topography – from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin – has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems. This creates treasure troves of flora and fauna that are inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles.Bhitarkanika National ParkinKendrapada districtis famous for its second largest mangrove ecosystem. The bird sanctuary inChilika Lake(Asia's largest brackish water lake). The tiger reserve and waterfalls inSimlipal National Park,Mayurbhanj districtare integral parts of eco-tourism in Odisha,arranged by Odisha Tourism.[157]

Daringbadiis a hill station in theKandhamal district.It is known as "Kashmir of Odisha", for its climatic similarity. Chandipur, inBaleswar districtis a calm and serene site, is mostly unexplored by tourists. The unique speciality of this beach is the ebb tides that recede up to 4 km and tend to disappear rhythmically.

In the western part of Odisha,Hirakud DaminSambalpur districtis the longest earthen dam in the World. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia. TheDebrigarh Wildlife Sanctuaryis situated near Hirakud Dam.Samaleswari Templeis a Hindu temple inSambalpurcity, dedicated to the goddess known as 'Samaleswari', the presiding deity of Sambalpur, is a strong religious force in western part of Odisha andChhattisgarhstate. TheLeaning Temple of Humais located near Sambalpur. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Lord Bimaleshwar. Sri SriHarishankarDevasthana, is a temple on the slopes ofGandhamardhan hills,Balangir district.It is popular for its scenes of nature and connection to two Hindu lords,VishnuandShiva.On the opposite side of the Gandhamardhan hills is the temple of SriNrusinghanath,is situated at the foothills of Gandhamardhan Hill nearPaikmal,Bargarh district.

In the southern part of Odisha, TheTaratarini Templeon the Kumari hills at the bank of the Rushikulya River nearBerhampurcity inGanjam district.Here worshiped as the Breast Shrine (Sthana Peetha) and manifestations of Adi Shakti. The Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha is one of the oldest pilgrimage centers of the Mother Goddess and is one of four major ancient Tantra Peetha andShakti Peethasin India.Deomaliis a mountain peak of theEastern Ghats.It is located inKoraput district.This peak with an elevation of about 1,672 m, is the highest peak in Odisha.

The share of foreign tourists' arrival in the state is below one per cent of total foreign tourist arrivals at all India level.[158]

See also

[edit]

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Government
General information
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