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Oeyo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ōmidaidokoro
Với giang cùng
Oeyo
Portrait of Oeyo
Born
Ogo ( tiểu đốc )

1573
DiedOctober 26, 1626(1626-10-26)(aged 52–53)
Edo Castle,Musashi,Japan
SpouseSaji Kazunari
Toyotomi Hidekatsu
Tokugawa Hidetada
Parents
FamilyAzai clan
Toyotomi clan
Tokugawa clan
HonoursJunior First Rank (従 một vị, 1626)

Oeyo(Với giang cùng),Gō(Giang),Ogō(Tiểu đốc)orSatoko(Đạt tử):1573 – September 15, 1626) was a prominent noblewoman in Japan'sAzuchi–Momoyama periodand earlyEdo period.[1][2]She was a daughter ofOichiand the sister ofYodo-donoandOhatsu.When she rose to higher political status during theTokugawa shogunate,she took the title of "Ōmidaidokoro".[3]Following the fall of theCouncil of Five Elders,Oeyo and her sisters were key figures in maintaining a diplomatic relationship between the two most powerful clans of their time,ToyotomiandTokugawa.Due to her great contributions to politics at the beginning of theEdo periodshe was posthumously inducted into theJunior First Rank of the Imperial Court,the second highest honor that could be conferred by theEmperor of Japan.

Oeyo married three times, first toSaji Kazunari,her cousin, then toToyotomi Hideyoshi's nephew,Toyotomi Hidekatsu.She had a daughter with Hidekatsu named Toyotomi Sadako later marriedKujō Yukiie.Her third and last husbandTokugawa Hidetadabecame the secondTokugawashōgun.[1]She was also the mother of his successorIemitsu,the thirdshōgun.[3]She hadSenhime,Tamahime,Katsuhime,Hatsuhime, Takechiyo (Iemitsu), and Tadanaga.[4]Hatsuhime was adopted by Oeyo's sister Ohatsu, who is married toKyōgoku Takatsugu.

Surviving record books from merchants of luxury goods provide insight into patterns of patronage and taste amongst the privileged class of women like Oeyo and her sisters.[5]

Genealogy

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Oeyo, also known as Ogō, was the third and youngest daughter of theSengoku-perioddaimyōAzai Nagamasa.Her mother,Oichiwas the younger sister ofOda Nobunaga.[6]Toyotomi Hideyoshibecame the adoptive father and protector of Oeyo in the period before her marriage.[7]

Oeyo's oldest sister, styledYodo-dono,Cha-Cha in birth name, was a prominent concubine of Hideyoshi who gave birth to his heir,Toyotomi Hideyori.[6]

Oeyo's middle sister,Ohatsuwas the wife ofKyōgoku Takatsuguand the mother ofKyōgoku Tadataka.[6]

Name

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Oeyo also known as Sugoin-in, was initially engaged to Saji Kazunari but was later separated from him by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. She subsequently married her adoptive nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu, and bore a daughter named Sadatako. Tragically, Hidekatsu died suddenly. For her third marriage, she wed Tokugawa Hidetada, who would become the second shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate. She had two sons and five daughters, including a daughter named Takako.

Regarding her name, "Sugoin-in" was part of her posthumous title. There has been debate over its pronunciation. The authoritative "Kokushi Daijiten" suggests it should be pronounced as "Sūgen'in," with the character "Sùng" read as "sū." However, a document believed to be authored by Kasuga no Tsubone in the possession of Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto uses the reading "Sōgen'in-sama." Additionally, a provisional edition of "Kansei Shoka Keizu Den" also reads "Sùng nguyên viện điện" as "Sōgen'in den." These sources suggest that she may have been referred to as "Sōgen'in" during her time.

Her childhood name (commonly used name) was "Kogou" based on the oldest record found in "Taikō Sosei Ki." However, different historical sources have assigned the characters "Giang" or "Hương" to her name. The change from the character "Đốc" to "Giang" may have been due to her marriage to Tokugawa Hidetada, who was known as "Edo-chunagon" at the time.

In pre-modern Japan, most women retained their childhood names throughout their lives and did not have formal given names. However, in the upper classes, women were sometimes given given names to be used in official documents, especially when receiving titles or honors. In the case of Sugoin-in, a formal given name "Michiko" was bestowed posthumously, as recorded in the "Chūin Tsūmura Nikki" from 1626.

In the case of noblewomen, they were often given honorary titles in addition to their childhood and given names. These titles could change based on their residence or status. Sugoin-in had several titles throughout her life, including "Kitano Kata," "Oshinzo," "Go-Shinzo," and "O-Go-Shinzo," each reflecting her changing circumstances and roles.

Biography

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Early life and marriage to Saji Kazunari

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Sugoin-in was born in Odani, Omi Province (present-day Nagahama, Shiga Prefecture), as the third daughter of Asai Nagamasa, a powerful regional daimyo. Her mother was Oichi no Kata, the daughter of Oda Nobuhide and sister of Oda Nobunaga.

The exact year of her birth is a subject of debate, with some sources suggesting 1570, based on her age at death, while others propose 1573. The latter is considered more likely, with some scholars estimating her birth month to be August.

In September 1573, Odani Castle, her family's stronghold, was attacked and taken by Oda Nobunaga, leading to the downfall of the Asai clan. Sugoin-in, along with her mother Oichi and sisters, was rescued by Oda Nobunaga's forces. After her father's suicide, she was placed under the care of Oda Nobunaga's brother-in-law, Oda Nobutada.

In June 1582, following the death of Oda Nobunaga in the Incident at Honno-ji, Sugoin-in, her mother, and her sisters were transferred to the care of Oda Nobunaga's uncle, Oda Nobutaka. They resided in Gifu Castle but were soon separated as her mother married Shibata Katsuie, one of Nobunaga's loyal retainers.

Marriage to Toyotomi Hidekatsu

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Sugoin-in's first marriage took place under the patronage of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. She married her adoptive nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu, the lord of Tanba Province. The exact timing of this marriage is uncertain, but it is believed to have occurred in 1584. This marriage served to strengthen ties between the Oda and Toyotomi clans.

However, this union was short-lived due to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's ambitions and conflicts within the Toyotomi clan. After the Siege of Shizugatake in 1583, Hideyoshi ordered the dissolution of their marriage, resulting in Sugoin-in's separation from Hidekatsu.

Second marriage to Toyotomi Hidekatsu

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After the dissolution of her first marriage, Sugoin-in found herself in a precarious position. During this period, Japan was in a state of turmoil, with various warlords vying for power. She eventually remarried, this time to her adoptive nephew, Toyotomi Hidekatsu, the nephew and adopted son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The exact date of their marriage remains uncertain, but it likely occurred in the late 1580s or early 1590s.

Hidekatsu was a loyal supporter of Hideyoshi and served as the lord of various domains. Despite their significant age difference, Sugoin-in and Hidekatsu married, and they had a daughter named Sadatako. Hidekatsu died soon after.

Third marriage to Tokugawa Hidetada

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Sugoin-in's life took another dramatic turn. On September 17, 1595, she remarried in Fushimi, becoming the wife of Tokugawa Ieyasu's heir, Tokugawa Hidetada. Hidetada, who had come to Kyoto in 1590 during the 18th year of the Tensho era, had been engaged to Oda Nobunaga's daughter, Oda Go, who was also a ward of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, their wedding plans were never realized due to Go's untimely death. Hidetada and she went on to have seven children, with their eldest daughter, Senhime, born in 1597.

In 1600, during the 5th year of the Keicho era, Toyotomi Hideyoshi expanded the hall of Sennyu-ji Temple and built a shrine dedicated to Oda Nobunaga on the former site of Azuchi Castle. Subsequently, after Hideyoshi's death, she instructed Niwa Nagashige to rebuild the shrine in the ashes of Azuchi Castle.

During the Siege of Osaka in 1614-1615, the Toyotomi clan was defeated, and she lost her sister Yodo-dono. On May 7, 1617, she mourned for Yodo-dono and Toyotomi Hideyori at Yogen-in Temple. When Yogen-in, the temple founded by Yodo-dono in memory of their father, Azai Nagamasa, was destroyed by fire in 1619, she petitioned the Tokugawa shogunate to rebuild it. Her request was granted, and the temple was reconstructed in 1621.

Death and legacy

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She died on September 15, 1626, at Edo Castle's Nishinomaru (Western Bailey) at the age of 54. Her posthumous Buddhist name was "Sugeden-in Donsho Wako Ninsei Shojotei Ni."

Following her death, she was buried at Zojo-ji Temple in Tokyo's Minato Ward, at the same site as her husband Tokugawa Hidetada and other Tokugawa shogunate members.

There are also memorial pagodas dedicated to her at Kinkai-koji Temple in Kyoto's Sakyo Ward and Kongobu-ji Temple in Koya-cho, Wakayama Prefecture. These pagodas bear inscriptions recognizing her as "Sugeden-in Donsho Wako Ninsei." Another memorial pagoda is located inside the Rokkakudo Pagoda at Konkai Komyo-ji Temple in Kyoto, with the inscription "Sugeden-in Gen Donsho Taishi."

In summary, her life was marked by her marriages to prominent figures of the time, her involvement in the reconstruction of religious sites, and her contributions to the Tokugawa family. Her legacy is commemorated in several memorial pagodas across Japan.

Family

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by Hidekatsu

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by Hidetada

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Timeline

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Burial

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After Hidetada resigned the government to his eldest son in 1623, Oeyo took a Buddhist name,Sūgen'in(Sùng nguyên viện)or Sogenin. Her mausoleum can be found atZōjō-jiin theShibaneighborhood ofTokyo.[8]

Mausoleum of Sugenin taken inMeiji Era

Honours

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Taiga drama

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NHK's 2011Taiga drama,Gō: Himetachi no Sengoku,is based on the life of Oeyo who is played by the actressJuri Ueno.[9][10]

Notable descendants

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Together withOdai no Kata(Ieyasu's mother) andLady Saigo(mother of Hidetada), Oeyo was the matriarch who stabilized the Tokugawa shogunate. Her descendants becameshoguns,aristocratsand other prominent political figures. It is speculated that her son,Iemitsu,was the last direct male descendant of Tokugawa Ieyasu, thus ending thepatrilinealityof the shogunate for the third generation.

Notes

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  1. ^abLillehoj, Elizabeth (2017-01-01),"5 The Artistic Legacy of Yōgen'in, A Mortuary Temple Sponsored by Women in Early Modern Kyoto",Gender, Continuity, and the Shaping of Modernity in the Arts of East Asia, 16th–20th Centuries,Brill, pp. 145–190,ISBN978-90-04-34895-0,retrieved2024-08-19
  2. ^Rath, Eric C. (2004-12-08),"Bloodlines",The Ethos of Noh,Harvard University Asia Center, pp. 115–P8,ISBN978-1-68417-396-9,retrieved2024-08-19
  3. ^abSekiguchi, Sumiko; Burtscher, Michael (2008)."Gender in the Meiji Renovation: Confucian 'Lessons for Women' and the Making of Modern Japan".Social Science Japan Journal.11(2): 201–221.ISSN1369-1465.
  4. ^Seigle, Cecilia Segawa (2017-01-01),"Tokugawa Tsunayoshi and the Formation of Edo Castle Rituals of Giving",Mediated by Gifts,Brill, pp. 116–165,ISBN978-90-04-33611-7,retrieved2024-08-19
  5. ^Hickman, Money L.et al.(2002).Japan's Golden Age: Momoyama,p. 283.
  6. ^abc"The silk coloured portrait of wife of Takatsugu Kyogoku,"Archived2011-05-06 at theWayback MachineDigital Cultural Properties of Wakasa Obama;OichinokataArchived2012-09-08 atarchive.today,Gifu prefecture website.
  7. ^abWilson, Richard L. (1985).Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743),p. 40.
  8. ^Tanabe Yasushi."On the Sogenin's Mansoleum at Zojoji Temple" ( sùng nguyên viện linh bài sở tạo doanh khảo ).Transactions of the Institute of Japanese Architects( kiến trúc học sẽ luận văn tập ). No. 19360331, pp.317-323.
  9. ^Sông lớn ドラマ đệ 50 làm giang ( ごう ) cơ たち の chiến quốcArchived2009-07-11 at theWayback Machine;"Atsuhime" -Autorin für NHKs 2011er Taiga-Drama gewählt(citingTokyograph),Archived2011-05-06 at theWayback Machine
  10. ^J-Dorama.

References

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