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Olaf Scholz

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Olaf Scholz
MdB
Scholz in 2024
Chancellor of Germany
Incumbent
Assumed office
8 December 2021
President
Vice Chancellor
Preceded byAngela Merkel
Vice Chancellor of Germany
In office
14 March 2018 – 8 December 2021
ChancellorAngela Merkel
Preceded bySigmar Gabriel
Succeeded byRobert Habeck
Minister of Finance
In office
14 March 2018 – 8 December 2021
ChancellorAngela Merkel
Preceded byWolfgang Schäuble
Succeeded byChristian Lindner
First MayorofHamburg
In office
7 March 2011 – 13 March 2018
Second MayorDorothee Stapelfeldt
Katharina Fegebank
Preceded byChristoph Ahlhaus
Succeeded byPeter Tschentscher
Early political career2001–⁠2011
Deputy Leader of theSocial Democratic Partyin theBundestag
In office
27 October 2009 – 11 March 2011
Serving withJoachim Poß,Angelica Schwall-Düren,Elke Ferner,Ulrich Kelber,Gernot Erler,Florian Pronold,Dagmar Ziegler,Hubertus Heil,Axel Schäfer
LeaderFrank-Walter Steinmeier
Preceded byLudwig Stiegler
Walter Kolbow
Fritz Rudolf Körper
Klaas Hübner
Christel Humme
Succeeded byChristine Lambrecht
Minister for Labour and Social Affairs
In office
21 November 2007 – 27 October 2009
ChancellorAngela Merkel
Preceded byFranz Müntefering
Succeeded byFranz Josef Jung
Chief Whipof theSocial Democratic Partyin theBundestag
In office
13 October 2005 – 21 November 2007
LeaderPeter Struck
Preceded byWilhelm Schmidt
Succeeded byThomas Oppermann
General Secretary of the
Social Democratic Party
In office
20 October 2002 – 21 March 2004
LeaderGerhard Schröder
Preceded byFranz Müntefering
Succeeded byKlaus Uwe Benneter
Senator for the Interior of Hamburg
In office
30 May 2001 – 31 October 2001
First MayorOrtwin Runde
Preceded byHartmuth Wrocklage
Succeeded byRonald Schill
Parliamentary constituencies
Memberof theBundestag
forPotsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II
Incumbent
Assumed office
26 October 2021
Preceded byManja Schüle (2019)
Memberof theBundesrat
forHamburg
In office
7 March 2011 – 13 March 2018
Preceded byChristoph Ahlhaus
Succeeded byPeter Tschentscher
Member of the
Hamburg Parliament
In office
2 March 2015– 2 March 2015
Preceded byHimself (2011)
Electoral listSocial Democratic Party
In office
7 March 2011– 7 March 2011
Preceded byMulti-member district
Succeeded byAndrea Rugbarth
Electoral listSocial Democratic Party
Memberof theBundestag
forHamburg-Altona
In office
17 October 2002– 11 March 2011
Preceded byHimself (2001)
Succeeded byIngo Egloff
In office
26 October 1998– 6 June 2001
Preceded byMarliese Dobberthien
Succeeded byHimself (2002)
Deputy Memberof theBundesrat
forHamburg
In office
30 May 2001 – 31 October 2001
Appointed byOrtwin Runde
Preceded byHartmuth Wrocklage
Succeeded byMulti-member district
Personal details
Born(1958-06-14)14 June 1958(age 66)
Osnabrück,Lower Saxony,West Germany(current-day Germany)
Political partySocial Democratic Party(since 1975)
Spouse
​
(m.1998)​
Residence(s)Old Market Square,Potsdam
Alma materUniversity of Hamburg
Signature
Websiteolaf-scholz.spd.deEdit this at Wikidata

Olaf Scholz(German:[ˈoːlafˈʃɔlts]ⓘ;born(1958-06-14)14 June 1958) is a German politician who has been thechancellor of Germanysince 8 December 2021. A member of theSocial Democratic Party(SPD), he previously served asVice Chancellorin thefourth Merkel cabinetand asFederal Minister of Financefrom 2018 to 2021. He was alsoFirst Mayor of Hamburgfrom 2011 to 2018, deputy leader of the SPD from 2009 to 2019, andFederal Minister of Labour and Social Affairsfrom 2007 to 2009.

Scholz began his career as a lawyer specialising inlabour and employment law.He became a member of the SPD in the 1970s and was a member of theBundestagfrom 1998 to 2011. Scholz served in theHamburg GovernmentunderFirst MayorOrtwin Rundein 2001 and becameGeneral Secretaryof the SPD in 2002, where he served alongside SPD leader and then-ChancellorGerhard Schröder.He became his party'sChief Whipin the Bundestag, later entering theFirst Merkel Governmentin 2007 asFederal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs.After the SPD moved into the opposition following the2009 election,Scholz returned to lead the SPD in Hamburg. He was then elected Deputy Leader of the SPD. He led his party to victory in the2011 Hamburg state electionand became First Mayor, a position he held until 2018.

After the Social Democratic Party entered thefourth Merkel governmentin 2018, Scholz was appointed as both Minister of Finance and Vice Chancellor of Germany. In 2020, he was nominated as the SPD's candidate for Chancellor of Germany for the2021 federal election.The party won a plurality of seats in theBundestagand formed a "traffic light coalition"withAlliance 90/The Greensand theFree Democratic Party.On 8 December 2021, Scholz was elected and sworn in as Chancellor by the Bundestag, succeedingAngela Merkel.

As Chancellor, Scholz has overseen Germany's response to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.Despite giving a more restrained and cautious response than many other Western leaders, Scholz oversaw a significant increase in the German defence budget,weapons shipments to Ukraine,and theNord Stream 2pipeline was put on-hold. Three days after the invasion, Scholz set out the principles of a new German defence policy in hisZeitenwende speech.In September 2022, three of the fourNord Stream pipelines were destroyed.During theIsrael–Hamas war,he authorized substantial Germanmilitaryand medical aid to Israel, and denounced the actions ofHamasand otherPalestinian militant groups.In November 2023, theFederal Constitutional Courtdemanded budget cuts totaling 60 billion euros to ensure the government would not surpassdebt limitsas set in the constitution;[1]this proved a significant challenge for Scholz's cabinet and contributed to the2023–2024 protests.[2]

Early life and education

[edit]

Scholz was born on 14 June 1958, inOsnabrück,Lower Saxony,and grew up inHamburg'sRahlstedtdistrict.[3]His parents worked in thetextile industry.[4]He has two younger brothers, Jens Scholz, ananesthesiologistand CEO of theUniversity Medical Center Schleswig Holstein;[5]and Ingo Scholz, a tech entrepreneur.

Olaf Scholz attended the Bekassinenau elementary school in Oldenfelde, and then switched to the Großlohering elementary school in Großlohe. After graduating from high school in 1977, he began studying law at theUniversity of Hamburgin 1978 as part of a one-stage legal training course.[6]He later found employment as a lawyer specialising in labour and employment law, working at the law firm Zimmermann, Scholz und Partner.[7]Scholz joined theSocial Democratic Partyat the age of 17.[3]

Scholz's family is traditionallyLutheran,and he wasbaptizedin theProtestant Church in Germany.He holds largelysecularpolitical views, and left the Church in adulthood, but has emphasised a need for appreciation of Germany's Christian heritage and culture.[8]

Political career

[edit]

Early political career

[edit]

Young socialist, 1975–1989

[edit]
Scholz at theYoung Socialists Congress,1984

Scholz joined theSPDin 1975 as a student, where he came into contact with theJusos,the youth organization of the SPD. From 1982 to 1988, he was Deputy Federal Chairman of the Jusos. Scholz was also Vice President of theInternational Union of Socialist Youthfrom 1987 to 1989. He supported the Freudenberger Kreis, aMarxistwing of the Jusos' university groups, arguing that society should "overcome the capitalist economy" in one of his publications.[9]In it, Scholz criticized the "aggressive-imperialistNATO",theFederal Republicas the "European stronghold of big business" and thesocial-liberal coalition,which puts the "bare maintenance of power above any form of substantive dispute".[10]Referring to this period in his life, Scholz has later said that he "made almost all possible mistakes at some point".[9]

On 4 January 1984, Scholz and other Juso leaders attended a meeting inEast GermanywithEgon Krenz,then secretary of the Central Committee of theSED,andHerbert Häber,member of the Politburo of the SED-Central Committee.[11]In 1987, Scholz crossed theinner-German borderagain and stood up for disarmament agreements as Juso-Vice at anFDJpeace rally inWittenbergalongside FDJ headEberhard Aurich.[12]

Member of the Bundestag, 1998–2001

[edit]

Scholz was elected to his first political office as a Deputy Member of the Bundestag representing the constituency ofHamburg-Altonain1998,aged 40.[13]During his tenure, Scholz served on theCommittee for Labor and Social Matters.In the committee of inquiry into the visa affair of the Bundestag, he was chairman of the SPD parliamentary group.[14]Scholz resigned his mandate on 6 June 2001, to take office as Senator.[clarification needed]Because his seat was anoverhang seat,it was not filled until the2002 German federal election.[citation needed]

Senator for the Interior of Hamburg, 2001

[edit]

On 30 May 2001, Scholz succeeded Hartmuth Wrocklage to becomeSenator for the Interior of Hamburgin the Senate led by MayorOrtwin Runde.Wrocklage had resigned due to allegations of nepotism. He also succeeded Wrocklage asDeputy Memberof theBundesrat.[citation needed]

During his brief time as Senator, Scholz controversially[clarification needed]approved the involuntary use ofemeticsto gather evidence from suspected drug dealers.[15]The Hamburg Medical Chamber expressed disapproval of this practice due to potential health risks.[16]

Scholz left office in October 2001, after the defeat of his party at the2001 Hamburg state electionand the election ofOle von Beustas First Mayor. His successor wasRonald Schill,who had won on aLaw and orderplatform, with an emphasis on harsh penalties for drug dealers.[17][18]

Federal and state political career

[edit]

Member of the Bundestag, 2002–2011

[edit]

Scholz was elected again to theBundestagin the2002 German federal election.From 2002 to 2004, Scholz also served asGeneral Secretary of the SPD;he resigned from that office when party leader and ChancellorGerhard Schröder,facing disaffection within his own party and hampered by persistently low public approval ratings, announced he would step down as Leader of the Social Democratic Party.[19]

Scholz was one of a series of politicians who sparked debate over the German journalistic norm of allowing interviewees to "authorize" and amend quotes before publication. This came after his press team insisted on extensively editing an interview withDie Tageszeitungin 2003.[20][21]Die TageszeitungeditorBascha Mikacondemned the norm as a "betrayal of the claim to a free press", and the newspaper ultimately published the interview with Scholz's answers blacked out.[22][23]

Scholz served as the SPD spokesperson on the inquiry committee investigating the 2005German Visa Affair.Following thefederal electionlater that year, he served as First Parliamentary Secretary of the SPD Bundestag Group. He also becameChief Whipof the Social Democratic Party. In this capacity, he worked closely with the CDU Chief WhipNorbert Röttgento manage and defend thegrand coalitionled by ChancellorAngela Merkelin the Bundestag.[24]Scholz also served as a member of theParliamentary Oversight Panel,which provides parliamentary oversight of the German federal intelligence services; theBND,MADandBfV.[25]

Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, 2007–2009

[edit]

In 2007, Scholz was appointed to serve asMinister of Labour and Social Affairsin the firstMerkel Government,succeedingFranz Müntefering.[26][27]

Following the2009 federal election,when the SPD left the Government, Scholz was elected as Deputy Leader of the SPD, replacingFrank-Walter Steinmeier.[citation needed]Between 2009 and 2011, he was also a member of the SPD group's Afghanistan/Pakistan Task Force.[28]In 2010, he participated in the annualBilderberg MeetinginSitges,Spain.[29]

First Mayor of Hamburg, 2011–2018

[edit]
Scholz in March 2011, on the government benches in theHamburg Parliament,shortly after his election as First Mayor

In 2011, Scholz was the lead SPD candidate at theHamburg state election,which the SPD won with 48.3% of the votes, taking 62 of 121 seats in theHamburg Parliament.[30]Scholz resigned as a Member of the Bundestag on 11 March 2011, days after his formal election as First Mayor of Hamburg;Dorothee Stapelfeldt,also a Social Democrat, was appointed his Deputy First Mayor.[31][32][33]

In his capacity as First Mayor, Scholz represented Hamburg and Germany internationally. On 7 June 2011, Scholz attended thestate dinnerhosted by PresidentBarack Obamain honor ofChancellorAngela Merkelat theWhite House.[34]As host of Hamburg's annual St. Matthias' Day banquet for the city's civic and business leaders, he brought several notable guests of honour to the city, includingJean-Marc Ayrault,Prime Minister of France, in 2013;David Cameron,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in 2016; andJustin Trudeau,Prime Minister of Canada, in 2017.[35]From 2015 until 2018, Scholz also served asCommissioner of the Federal Republic of Germany for Cultural Affairs under the Treaty on Franco-German Cooperation.[36]

Scholz and the spouses of the heads of state and government at theG20in Hamburg, 2017

In 2013, Scholz opposed a public initiative aiming at a complete buyback of energy grids that the city of Hamburg had sold to utilitiesVattenfallEurope AG andE.ONdecades before; he argued this would overburden the city, whose debt stood at more than 20 billion euros at the time.[37]

Scholz was asked to participate in exploratory talks between the CDU, CSU and SPD parties to form a coalition government following the2013 federal election.[38]In the subsequent negotiations, he led the SPD delegation in the financial policy working group; his co-chair from the CDU/CSU was Finance MinisterWolfgang Schäuble.[39]Alongside fellow Social DemocratsJörg AsmussenandThomas Oppermann,Scholz was reported in the media to be a possible successor to Schäuble in the post of Finance Minister at the time; whilst Schäuble remained in post, the talks to form a coalition were ultimately successful.[40]

In a paper compiled in late 2014, Scholz and Schäuble proposed redirecting revenue from thesolidarity surchargeon income and corporate tax (Solidaritätszuschlag) to subsidize the federal states' interest payments.[41]

Under Scholz's leadership, the Social Democrats won the2015 state electionin Hamburg, receiving around 47% of the vote.[42]He formed acoalition governmentwith theGreen Party,with Green leaderKatharina Fegebankbeing appointed to serve as Deputy First Mayor.[43][44]

Scholz speaking at theGlobal Citizen Festival2017 in Hamburg

In 2015, Scholz led Hamburg's bid to host the2024 Summer Olympicswith an estimated budget of €11.2 billion (US$12.6 billion), competing against Los Angeles, Paris,Rome,andBudapest.In a referendum, the citizens of Hamburg later rejected the city's candidacy, with more than half voting against the project.[45][46]Later that year, Scholz – alongsideMinister-PresidentTorsten AlbigofSchleswig-Holstein– negotiated adebt-restructuring dealwith theEuropean Commission.The deal allowed German regional lenderHSH Nordbankto offload €6.2 billion in problematic assets, primarily underperforming ship loans, onto its government majority owners and avoid being shut down, saving around 2,500 jobs.[47]

In 2017, Scholz was criticised for his handling of riots that took place during theG20 summitin Hamburg.[7]

In late 2021, Scholz was widely criticised for his handling of theCumExtax fraud atM. M. Warburg & Co.when he was the mayor of Hamburg.[48][49]

Vice Chancellor and Minister of Finance, 2018–2021

[edit]
Scholz (SPD),Angela Merkel(CDU) andHorst Seehofer(CSU) presenting the 2018coalition agreementfor Germany'sfourth Merkel cabinet

After a lengthy period of inter-party negotiations following the2017 federal election,during which the CDU, CSU and SPD agreed to continue in coalition, Scholz was appointedFederal Minister of Finance.Scholz was sworn in alongside the rest of thefourth Merkel cabineton 14 March 2018, also taking the role ofVice Chancellor of GermanyunderAngela Merkel.[50]Within his first months in office, Scholz became one of Germany's most popular politicians, reaching an approval rating of 50%.[51]

In 2019, Scholz ran for leader of the SPD, but lost toNorbert Walter-Borjans.[52]

In response to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Germany,Scholz drafted a series of financial rescue packages for the country's economy, including a €130 billion stimulus package in June 2020. The stimulus package included support for businesses and freelancers as well as a decision to keep factories open. This is often credited as having prevented mass layoffs, and the effects of theCOVID-19 financial crisison the German economy were initially relatively low.[53][54]Scholz also oversaw the allocation of funding received fromNext Generation EU,the European Union's €750 billion COVID-19 recovery fund. 90% of the €28 billion available to Germany was invested intoclimate protectionanddigitization.[55]

At theG7 summitin June 2021, the G7 agreed on aglobal minimum corporate tax rateof at least 15%, which had been proposed by Scholz.[56][57]Scholz is credited as having convinced President of the U.S.Joe Bidento agree to the proposal, which his predecessorDonald Trumphad been opposed to.[58]Also in June 2021, Scholz oversaw theFederal Central Tax Office'spurchase of information regarding German citizens usingDubaifortax avoidanceandevasion.[59]

Scholz was criticized in the context of theWirecard scandal;serious misconduct by theFederal Financial Supervisory Authority(BaFin), which is under the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Finance, is alleged to have contributed to the longevity of the fraudulent business.[60][61]During Scholz's time in office, the Ministry of Finance was one of the subjects of parliamentary inquiry into the scandal, but Scholz has denied any personal responsibility.[62][63]Having vowed to strengthen financial market supervision, he replaced BaFin presidentFelix Hufeld.[64][65]

Political views in the 2010s

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Within the SPD, Scholz is widely viewed as forming part of the moderate wing of the party.[7]Because of his flat enunciation and mechanical-sounding choice of words in press conferences and interviews, Scholz has been nicknamed "the Scholzomat" by some media outlets. In 2013, he said that he found the nickname "very appropriate".[66][67]In January 2019, Scholz stated that he sees China primarily as an economic partner.[68]He tried to persuade Chinese Vice PremierLiu Hethat China should be more open to German firms,[69]and he supported theComprehensive Agreement on Investmentbetween the EU and China.[70]In September 2022, he condemned thetreatmentof ethnicUyghursin China'sXin gian g.[71]

In October 2019, Scholz condemned theTurkish invasionof theKurdish-controlled northeastern areas ofSyria,otherwise known asRojava.[72]

Economic and financial policy

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Scholz and US Secretary of the TreasuryMnuchinin 2018

Scholz has been campaigning for afinancial transaction taxfor several years. Experts have criticized parts of this plan, arguing that it would disproportionately affect small shareholders.[73][74][75][76]In December 2019, Scholz pushed for the introduction of this tax at European Union level. According to a draft legislation, share purchases should be taxed when they involve shares in companies with amarket capitalizationover€1 billion.[77]JournalistHermann-Josef Tenhagencriticized this version of the transaction tax on the basis that it would disproportionately affect lower-income individuals.[78]A report by theKiel Institute for the World Economycommissioned by the Federal Government in 2020 certified the same deficiencies in the tax concept that Tenhagen had already pointed out.[79]

During his tenure as minister of finance, Scholz prioritized not taking on new government debt and limiting public spending.[51]In 2018, he suggested the creation of an EU-wide unemployment insurance system to make theEurozonemore resilient to future economic shocks.[80]

Environment and climate policy

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In September 2019, Scholz negotiated the climate package in a key role for the SPD. To this he said: "What we have presented is a great achievement", whereas climate scientists almost unanimously criticized the result as insufficient.[81][82][83][84][85]

In August 2020, Scholz held a phone call with US Secretary of the TreasurySteven Mnuchin,discussing a lift of US sanctions on theNord Stream 2pipeline. In exchange, Scholz offered 1 billion euros in subsidies toliquid gas terminalsin northern Germany for US liquid gas imports.[86][87][88]The move sparked controversy with regards to the SPD's stance towards renewable energy.[89][90]

The revised Climate Protection Act introduced by Olaf Scholz's cabinet as Mayor of Hamburg provides for a 65% reduction in CO2emissions by 2030, an 88% reduction by 2040 andclimate neutralityby 2045.[91]

Scholz has advocated for the expansion ofrenewable energycapacities to replace fossil fuels.[92]In May 2021, Scholz proposed the establishment of an international climate club, which should serve to develop common minimum standards for climate policy measures and a coordinated approach. In addition, uniform rules for the carbon accounting of goods should apply among members.[93]

As part of the coalition agreement that led to Scholz becoming chancellor, the Social Democrats, Free Democrats, and Green party agreed to accelerate Germany'sphaseout of coalto the year 2030, in line with the target set by thePowering Past Coal Alliance.The country's previous target had been to end the use of coal by 2038. In addition, the agreement set a phaseout of power generation from natural gas by 2040. The agreement also included provisions for the prohibition on natural gas heating in new buildings and replacement of natural gas systems in existing buildings. An end to the sale of combustion vehicles would come in 2035, in line with the target set by theEuropean Commission.[94]

Relationship with the United States

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In December 2019, Scholz criticizedUS sanctionson Russia'sNord Stream 2gas pipeline to Germany, saying: "Such sanctions are a serious interference in the internal affairs of Germany and Europe and their sovereignty."[95]

Scholz has expressed support for a longstanding agreement that allows Americantactical nuclear weaponsto be stored and maintained on American bases within Germany.[96][97]

Candidate for party co-leadership, 2019

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Main article:2019 Social Democratic Party of Germany leadership election

In June 2019, Scholz initially ruled out a candidacy for the party co-leadership following the resignation ofAndrea Nahles.He explained that a simultaneous activity asFederal Minister of Financeand party leader was "not possible in terms of time".[98][99][100]However, in August, Scholz announced his intention to run for party chairmanship withKlara Geywitz.[101][102]He said that many of his preferred candidates had not run for office, expressing a sense of "responsibility".[103]Of the six candidate duos standing for election, the Geywitz-Scholz due received the most votes in the first round of the membership elections on 26 October 2019, with 22.7%. They qualified for the runoff election with the second-placed teamSaskia EskenandNorbert Walter-Borjans,which had received 21.0% of the vote.[104]

On 30 November 2019, it was announced that Esken and Walter-Borjans had received 53.1% of the vote in the runoff election, with Geywitz and Scholz only receiving 45.3%.[105]This was seen as an upset victory for the left-wing of the SPD, including skeptics ofthe grand coalition with the CDU.Esken and Walter-Borjans were little-known to the public at large, Esken being a backbencher in theBundestagand Walter-Borjans being the former Minister of Finance ofNorth Rhine-Westphaliafrom 2010 to 2017. Scholz on the other hand had the backing of much of the party establishment.[citation needed]

Chancellor candidate, 2021

[edit]
See also:2021 German federal election
Scholz at an election campaign event

On 10 August 2020, SPD party leadership agreed that it would nominate Scholz to be the party's candidate forChancellor of Germanyat the2021 federal election.[106]Scholz is usually grouped with the moderate wing of the SPD,[107]and his nomination was seen byDie Tageszeitungas marking a decline of the party's left.[108]

Scholz led the SPD to a narrow victory in the election, with the party receiving 25.8% of thesecond votesand 206 seats in theBundestag.[109]Following this victory, Scholz was widely considered to be the most likely next Chancellor of Germany in atraffic light coalitionwithThe Greensand theFree Democratic Party.[110]

On 24 November, the SPD, Green and FDP reached acoalition agreement,naming Scholz as the new German chancellor.[111]

Chancellor of Germany, 2021–present

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Main article:Scholz cabinet
Scholz and Finnish Prime MinisterMarinin 2022
Scholz meets PresidentBidenin March 2023.

Scholz was elected Chancellor by theBundestagon 8 December 2021, with 395 votes in favour and 303 against.[112]Hisnew governmentwas appointed on the same day by PresidentFrank-Walter Steinmeier.[113]At63 years, 177 days of age, Scholz is the oldest person to become Chancellor of Germany sinceLudwig Erhard,who was66 years, 255 days old when he assumed office on 17 October 1963.

In December 2021, Scholz travelled to Warsaw for talks with Polish Prime MinisterMateusz Morawiecki,where they discussed theNord Stream 2gas pipeline,which would bring Russian gas under the Baltic Sea to Germany and bypass Poland, and Poland'sdispute with the European Unionover theprimacyofEU law.Scholz backed Poland's efforts to stop the flow ofmigrants seeking entryfrom Belarus.[114]

Scholz extended into 2022 the suspension of the sale of weapons toSaudi Arabia.[115]The decision was made to "no longer approve any export sales to countries as long as they are directly involved" in theSaudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[116]In September 2022, Scholz visited theUnited Arab Emirates,Qatarand Saudi Arabia, seeking to deepen ties with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and find alternative sources of energy.[117]Saudi Arabia's Crown PrinceMohammed bin Salmanreceived Scholz in Jeddah.[118]Scholz's government approved new arms export deals to Saudi Arabia, despite a ban imposed as a result of the Saudi war inYemenand the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[119]

Scholz with Brazilian PresidentLuiz Inácio Lula da Silvain Brasília, Brazil on 30 January 2023

Scholz called the US "Europe's closest and most important partner". Upon assuming the chancellorship in December 2021, he stated he would soon be meeting with PresidentJoe Biden,saying: "It is now clear what binds us together."[97]

On 22 February 2022, Scholz announced that Germany would be halting its approval of theNord Stream 2pipeline in response to Russia'srecognitionof two self-declaredseparatist republicswithin Ukraine.[120]Scholz spoke against allowing the EU to cut Russia off from theSWIFTglobal interbankpayment system.[121]

In an emergency meeting of theBundestagon 27 February, Scholz made theZeitenwende speech,announcing a complete reversal of German military and foreign policy, including the commencement of weapons shipments to Ukraine and a 100 billion euro increase in Germany's defense budget.[122]One reporter called it a path to "an emergency military modernisation, defence spending, energy independence from Russia, lethal assistance for Ukraine and EU financing for weaponry". However, in a press conference on 19 April Scholz spoke about slowing Germany's provision of weaponry to Ukraine, which was seen as reducing the scale of the policy change.[123]

In June 2022, Scholz said that his government remains committed to phasing outnuclear powerdespiterising energy pricesand Germany's dependence onenergy imports from Russia.[124]Former Chancellor Angela Merkel committed Germany to anuclear power phase-outafter theFukushima nuclear disaster.[125]

In August 2022, Scholz expressed disagreement with the words of Palestinian leaderMahmoud Abbas,who compared Israel'streatment of Palestiniansto "apartheid" in South Africa.[126]

Scholz with Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modiin New Delhi, India on 25 February 2023

Energy-intensiveGerman industryandGerman exporterswere hit particularly hard by the2021–present global energy crisis.[127][128]Scholz said: "Of course we knew, and we know, that our solidarity with Ukraine will have consequences."[129]On 29 September 2022, Germany presented a €200 billion plan to support industry and households.[130]

In November 2022, Scholz expressed support for theEuropean Green Dealand reaffirmed Germany's goal of attainingclimate neutrality,or net-zerogreenhouse gas emissions,by 2045.[131]

On 14 March 2023, Scholz met with Azerbaijani PresidentIlham Aliyevin Berlin. They discussed theexport of natural gas from Azerbaijanto Germany and the European Union. Scholz said that "Azerbaijan is becoming an increasingly important partner for both Germany and the European Union" and stated that Germany does not recognize the Armenian separatist region ofNagorno-Karabakhas an independent republic.[132]

In early May 2023, Scholz met with Ethiopian Prime MinisterAbiy Ahmedin Addis Ababa to normalize relations between Germany andEthiopia,which had been strained by theTigray Warbetween the Ethiopian government and rebels inTigray.[133]

In May 2023, Scholz called on all parties involved to resolve theCyprus dispute,which escalated after theTurkish invasion of Cyprusin 1974 and the subsequent occupation of the northern part of the island.[134]

Scholz with Israeli PresidentIsaac Herzogin Tel Aviv, 17 October 2023

Scholz condemnedHamas' actions during the2023 Israel–Hamas war,expressed his support toIsrael,and began supporting the nation withmilitaryand medical aid.[135][136][137]He criticized thePalestinian Authorityand Palestinian PresidentMahmoud Abbas,saying that "their silence is shameful."[138]On 17 October 2023, Scholz arrived in Israel and on the same day warnedIranandHezbollahnot to get involved in the war between Israel andHamas.He said that "Germany and Israel are united by the fact that they are democratic constitutional states. Our actions are based on law and order, even in extreme situations."[139]On 12 November 2023, Scholz rejected calls for "an immediate ceasefire or long pause" in Israel's war against Hamas inGaza,saying it would "mean ultimately that Israel leaves Hamas the possibility of recovering and obtaining new missiles".[140]

Speaking at theCOP28 climate summitinDubaiin December 2023, Scholz called for aphase-out of fossil fuels,includingcoal,oilandnatural gas,and reiterated Germany's commitment to be climate neutral by 2045, saying, "The technologies are there: wind power, photovoltaics, electric motors, green hydrogen."[141]

In March 2024, Scholz confronted EU foreign policy chiefJosep Borrellover his months-long criticism of Israel, saying Borrell did not speak for Germany.[142]On 28 May 2024, Scholz said that his government has no plans to officially recognise aPalestinian state.[143]

In May 2024, Scholz criticized plannedEU tariffson imports of Chineseelectric vehicles,saying, "I would like to point out that currently 50% of electric vehicle imports from China in fact come from Western brands that produce vehicles there."[144]In June 2024, Scholz praisedVolkswagen AG's move to develop cheaperelectric carsfor the European market.[145]

Scholz withJustin Trudeau,Giorgia Meloni,Rishi Sunakand other leaders at the50th G7 summitin Italy, 13 June 2024

In June 2024, he welcomed Argentine PresidentJavier Mileiin Berlin. Scholz and Milei expressed support for theEU–Mercosur free trade agreement.[146]Scholz criticized European Union's trade policy and called on Brussels to speed up negotiations onfree tradeagreements.[147]

In July 2024, Russian PresidentVladimir Putinwarned of aCold War-style missile crisis and threatened to deploylong-range missileswithin striking distance of the West after the United States announced its intention to deploy long-range missiles in Germany starting in 2026 that could hit Russian territory within 10 minutes. US weapons in Germany would includeSM-6andTomahawkcruise missiles and developmentalhypersonic weapons.[148][149]Scholz supported the decision to place US long-range missiles in Germany,[150]but his government's move was criticized by the political opposition as well as within Scholz's coalition.[151]Critics say the move would trigger a newarms race.Biden and Scholz's plan to deploy long-range missiles in Germany has been compared to the deployment ofPershing IIlaunchers in Western Europe in 1979.[152][148]

COVID-19 vaccine mandate

[edit]

During his campaign in the 2021 election, Scholz opposed aCOVID-19 vaccinemandate. Since late November 2021, he has expressed support for mandatory vaccination for adults, scheduled to be voted during the first months of 2022 by the federal parliament, and for the closure of non-essential retail stores to unvaccinated adults, based on the2G-Regel,decreed by state governments in December 2021.[153][154][155][156][157]

On 13 January 2022, Scholz told lawmakers in theBundestagthat Germany should make COVID-19 vaccinations mandatory for all adults.[158]Later that month, he warned that thecoronaviruswould not "miraculously" disappear, and said Germany would not be able to get out of the pandemic without compulsory vaccinations.[159]The oppositionChristian Democratic Unioncriticized the government for not taking a firm decision on avaccine mandate.The far-rightAlternative for Germanyparty wanted Scholz's government to ban vaccine mandates.[160]

Relationship with Poland

[edit]
Main article:Germany–Poland relations
Scholz and Polish Prime MinisterMorawieckiin 2021

In December 2021, Scholz rejected the Polish government's claim for furtherWorld War II reparations.[161]As a consequence ofNazi Germanaggression inWorld War II,Polandlost about a fifth of its populationand much of its industry and infrastructure was destroyed. As a compensation Poland was awarded large parts of Eastern Germany at thePotsdam Conference1945.[162][163]According to the German government, there is no legal basis for further compensation payments.[164]In a meeting with Polish Prime MinisterMateusz Morawiecki,Scholz said "We have concluded treaties that are valid and have settled the past issues and the compensation".[164]Scholz also pointed out that Germany "continues to be willing to pay very, very high contributions to the EU budget", from which Poland has benefited considerably since its accession to the EU.[164]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]
Scholz andPutinin Moscow on 15 February 2022
Main article:Russian invasion of Ukraine

In January 2022,The New York Timesreported intensifying concerns from the US and other NATO allies about the Scholz government's "evident hesitation to take forceful measures" against Russia in the2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis.[165]

The Scholz government initially refused to send weapons toUkraine,citing existing German policy and financial support for the Eastern European country.[166]As late as 15 February, Scholz was quoted byTASSas saying "the way out of the crisis in Ukraine is to implement theSteinmeier formula",a mechanism of granting a special status to Donbass.[167]On 26 February, following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,Scholz reversed his decision and pledged a supply ofanti-tank weaponsandStingermissiles to Ukraine.[168]

Before the 24 February2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,Scholz rejected Ukraine's demands for weapons deliveries on 6 February, saying Germany "has for many years taken the clear stance that we do not deliver to crisis regions".[169]The Russian invasion drastically changed German policy with regard to defense spending, aiding Ukraine and the nation's energy security.

Scholz greatly increasedGerman defense expenditure.Three days after the invasion started, he announced in theZeitenwende speechthe creation of a one-off 100 billion euro fund for theBundeswehr.[170]This represents a major shift in German foreign policy, as Germany had long refused to meet the required spending of 2% of its GDP on defense, as is required by NATO.[171]In addition to increasing defense spending for his own country, in an address to Germany's parliament on 23 March, Scholz emphasized support for aiding Ukraine in its resistance to Russian invasion.[172]

Scholz andMacronvisit Kyiv on 16 June 2022

With regard to supporting Ukraine and taking action against Russia, Scholz was trailing behind others. On 26 February 2022, he was the last of several EU leaders to continue opposition against kicking Russia out of theSWIFTinternational payment system.[173]However, Germany did send some effective weapons to Ukraine. By 17 March about 2,000 portable missile weapons against tanks and aircraft had been sent.[174]In his 23 March speech, Scholz claimed that Germany would "try everything we can until peace prevails again on our continent" including taking hundreds of thousands ofUkrainian refugeesacross German borders.[172]Like most other NATO leaders, he declined to impose a no-fly zone, as that would probably draw NATO into a direct military conflict with Russia.[172]

Apart from increasing defense spending and aiding Ukraine, the invasion also helped the German government to admit the dangers of relying on Russian gas. By 3 March 2022, Scholz had announced plans to build two new LNG terminals.[175]Economy minister Habeck then visited Norway and on 19 MarchQatar,one of the world's largest exporters ofliquefied natural gas.[176][177]Here he signed a long term agreement about importing Qatari gas.[178]Amid pressure to prohibit Russian gas imports across Europe, Scholz still refused to endGerman imports of Russian gasin the first days of April.[179]A few days later, he said Germany was working on ending the import of Russian energy.[180]He opposed a reversal of Germany's scheduled end tonuclear power,saying the technical challenges were too great.[181]

Scholz at theNATO Summit in Vilniuson 12 July 2023

In early April 2022 news of theBucha massacreshocked public opinion in Europe. On 6 AprilGuy Verhofstadtgot a lot of attention with a passionate speech about Ukraine before the European parliament. He ended it by accusing the German government of "dragging its feet" with regard to taking action against Russia.[182]That same month, Germany policy changed and the chancellor avowed that Germany would provide Ukraine with more than 1 billion euro to spend on military resources.[183]Scholz rejected a plan made byVice Chancellorand Economy MinisterRobert Habeckand Foreign MinisterAnnalena Baerbockto deliver 100MarderInfantry fighting vehiclesfrom German stocks to Ukraine.[184][185]

From May 2022, the aid to Ukraine became increasingly significant. The rhetoric of the chancellor also began to change. On 9 May 2022, Scholz said thatRussiansandUkrainiansonce fought together duringWorld War IIagainstNazi Germany's "murderous National Socialist regime", but now "Putin wants to overthrow Ukraine and destroy its culture and identity... [and] even regards his barbaric war of aggression as being on a par with the fight against National Socialism. That is a falsification of history and a disgraceful distortion."[186]On 16 June 2022, Scholz visited the Ukrainian Capital,Kyiv,alongside French PresidentEmmanuel Macronand Italian Prime MinisterMario Draghito meet PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy.They talked about various issues such as thewar in UkraineandUkraine's membership into the EU.[187][188]This comes as a reverse of his previous stance to not visit Ukraine, after Zelensky rebuked the German President,Frank-Walter Steinmeierover his contribution to stronger Moscow-Berlin ties.[189][190]

International trips by Olaf Scholz
Germany
1 visit
2 visits
3 to 7 visits
8 to 10 visits
11 and more visits
No known visits

By 1 September 2022, the actual volume ofGerman arms deliveries to Ukrainewas only exceeded by that of deliveries by the United States and the United Kingdom.[191]The verdict was that, "based on these statistics, Berlin had ultimately positioned itself as a reliable partner of Ukraine."[191]However, it "could also be argued that Berlin's communication to affirm its Ukraine stance and explain its foreign policy goals had been nothing short of an unmitigated disaster".[191]In January 2023, Scholz announced the decision to sendLeopard 2battle tanks to Ukraine.[192]In May 2024, Scholz gave Ukraine permission tostrike targets inside Russiawith German-supplied weapons.[193]

Immigration policy

[edit]

In December 2021, Scholz said that Germany was a country of immigration and pledged to reduce barriers toimmigration to Germanyand make it easier for immigrants to obtain German citizenship.[194]352,000 people applied for asylum in Germany in 2023, the highest number since 2016, when 722,370 people applied for asylum. People from Ukraine are not included among asylum seekers. Most asylum seekers in 2023 were fromTurkey,SyriaandAfghanistan.[195]In September 2023, more than 120 boats carrying approximately 7,000 migrants from Africa arrived on the island ofLampedusawithin 24 hours.[196]Some of the migrants were relocated to Germany.[197]

In 2023, 1,933,000 people immigrated to Germany, including 276,000 from Ukraine and 126,000 from Turkey, while 1,270,000 people emigrated. Net immigration to Germany was 663,000 in 2023, down from a record 1,462,000 in 2022.[198]

In 2022, Scholz stated that Russian deserters and draft evaders who refused to take part in the Russian invasion of Ukraine should be protected in Germany. However, in 2024, German authorities ordered the deportation of Russian nationals who wanted to avoidmobilizationand criticized Putin's government on the grounds that they would not facepersecutionin Russia.[199]

In August 2024, in response to adeadly attack in Solingenby aSyrianasylum seeker, Scholz has called for stricter immigration measures and expedited deportations. The incident has reignited debates over migration policies in Germany ahead of upcoming regional elections.[200]

On 11 September 2024, Scholz said that Germany must remain open to immigration to maintain economic growth and also said that Germany would offer protection to those who are politically persecuted, telling opposition political parties that the issue is non-negotiable.[a][204]On 14 September 2024, Scholz and Kenyan PresidentWilliam Rutosigned an agreement that opened the German labor market to up to 250,000 skilled and semi-skilledmigrant workersfromKenya.[205]Scholz's government has already signed migration partnerships with several other countries,[206]includingMorocco,NigeriaandIndia.[207]There are concerns aboutbrain drainin Kenya, as professionals such as doctors and nurses could leave for better-paying jobs in Germany.[208]

Other activities

[edit]

International organizations

[edit]

Corporate boards

[edit]
  • KfW,ex-officio member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (2018–2021)[214]
  • RAG-Stiftung, ex-officio member of the board of trustees (2018–2021)[215]
  • HafenCityHamburg GmbH, ex-officio chairman of the supervisory board (−2018)[citation needed]

Non-profits

[edit]

Personal life

[edit]

Olaf Scholz is married to fellow SPD politicianBritta Ernst.The couple lived in Hamburg'sAltona districtbefore moving toPotsdamin 2018.[220]

Scholz was raised in theProtestant Church in Germanyand later left it.[221]At his inauguration as chancellor in 2021, Scholz took the oath of office without a reference to God (the second chancellor to do so afterGerhard Schröder). He is the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany who is not a member of a church.[222]

On 4 September 2023, Scholz announced that he would be wearing aneyepatchfollowing a jogging accident.[223][224][225]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution is a human right, as defined in article 14 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsby theUnited Nations(UN).[201]Germany became a fullmember of the UN on 18 September 1973.Furthermore, article 16a of theGerman constitutionstates that politically persecuted persons have the right to asylum (Politisch Verfolgte genießen Asylrecht),[202]and as Chancellor of Germany Scholz is sworn to "uphold and defend the constitution" ("das Grundgesetz [...] wahren und verteidigen"), as set out in article 56 of that same constitution.[203]

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[edit]
Party political offices
Preceded by General Secretary of the Social Democratic Party
2002–2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic Party
2009–2019 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Labour and Social Affairs
2007–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by First Mayor of Hamburg
2011–2018 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice-Chancellor of Germany
2018–2021 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Finance
2018–2021 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of Germany
2021–present 		Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chair of theGroup of Seven
2022 		Succeeded by
Order of precedence
Preceded byasPresident of the Bundestag Order of precedence of Germany
Chancellor 		Succeeded byasPresident of the Bundesrat
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Scholz&oldid=1249121970"