Old Spanish

Old Spanish
Old Castilian
roman,romançe,romaz
Pronunciation	[roˈman]
Native to	Crown of Castile
Region	Iberian peninsula
Ethnicity	Castilians,laterSpaniards
Era	9th–15th centuries
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Italo-Western Western Romance Gallo-Iberian Ibero-Romance West Iberian Castilian Old Spanish
Early forms	Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance
Writing system	Latin Aljamiado(marginal)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	osp
Linguist List	osp
Glottolog	olds1249

Old Spanish,also known asOld Castilian(Spanish:castellano antiguo;Old Spanish:roman[roˈman],romançe,romaz), orMedieval Spanish(Spanish:español medieval), was originally a dialect ofVulgar Latinspoken in the former provinces of theRoman Empire.It provided the root for the early form of theSpanish languagethat was spoken on theIberian Peninsulafrom the 9th century until roughly the beginning of the 15th century, before a series of consonant shifts gave rise to modern Spanish. The poemCantar de Mio Cid('The Poem of the Cid'), published around 1200, is the best known and most extensive work of literature in Old Spanish.

Phonology

The phonological system of Old Spanish was quite similar to that of other medievalRomance languages.

Consonants of Old Spanish

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar
				laminal	apical
Nasal		m	n			ɲ
Stop/Affricate	voiceless	p	t̪	t͡s̻		t͡ʃ	k
	voiced	b	d̪	d͡z̻		ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	ɸ			s̺	ʃ
	voiced	β			z̺
Approximant						ʝ~j
Lateral					l	ʎ
Trill			r
Flap			ɾ

Vowels of Old Spanish

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Sibilants

Among the consonants, there were sevensibilants,including threevoiceless/voicedpairs:

• Alveolar:
  • Voiceless alveolar affricate/t͡s̻/:represented by⟨ç⟩,also by⟨c⟩before⟨e⟩or⟨i⟩,and by⟨z⟩in word-final position or before another consonant (where the voicing contrast was neutralized)
  • Voiced alveolar affricate/d͡z̻/:represented by⟨z⟩
• Apicoalveolar:
  • Voiceless apicoalveolar fricative/s̺/:represented by⟨s⟩in word-initial and word-final positions and before and after a consonant, and by⟨ss⟩between vowels
  • Voiced apicoalveolar fricative/z̺/:represented by⟨s⟩between vowels and before voiced consonants
• Postalveolar:
  • Voiceless postalveolar fricative/ʃ/:represented by⟨x⟩
  • Voiced postalveolar fricative/ʒ/~Voiced postalveolar affricate/d͡ʒ/:represented by⟨j⟩,and (often) by⟨g⟩before⟨e⟩or⟨i⟩
  • Voiceless postalveolar affricate/t͡ʃ/:represented by⟨ch⟩

The set of sounds is identical to that found in medievalPortugueseand almost the same as the system present in the modernMirandese language.

The Modern Spanish systemevolved from the Old Spanish onewith the following changes:

1. The affricates/t͡s̻/and/d͡z̻/were simplified tolaminodentalfricatives/s̻/and/z̻/,which remained distinct from theapicoalveolarsounds/s̺/and/z̺/(a distinction also present inBasque). The affricate[d͡ʒ]fell out of use as a positional variant of the fricative/ʒ/.
2. The voiced sibilants then all lost their voicing and so merged with the voiceless ones. (Voicing remains before voiced consonants, such asmismo,desde,andrasgo,but onlyallophonically.)
3. The merged/ʃ/was retracted to/x/.
4. The merged/s̻/was drawn forward to/θ/.In some parts ofAndalusiaand theCanary Islands,however (and so then inLatin America), the merged/s̺/was instead drawn forward, merging into/s̻/.

Changes 2–4 all occurred in a short period of time, around 1550–1600. The change from/ʃ/to/x/is comparable to the fluctuation occurring in thesj-soundof ModernSwedish.

The Old Spanish spelling of the sibilants was identical to modernPortuguesespelling. Examples of words before spelling was altered in 1815 to reflect the changed pronunciation:

• passar'to pass' versuscasar'to marry' (Modern Spanishpasar,casar,cf.Portuguesepassar,casar)
• osso'bear' versusoso'I dare' (Modern Spanishosoin both cases,cf.Portugueseurso[a borrowing from Latin],ouso)
• foces'sickles' versusfozes'base levels' (Modern Spanishhocesin both cases,cf.Portuguesefoices, fozes)
• coxo'lame' versuscojo'I seize' (Modern Spanishcojoin both cases,cf.Portuguesecoxo,colho)
• xefe'chief' (Modern Spanishjefe,cf.Portuguesechefe)
• Xerez(Modern SpanishJerez,cf.PortugueseXeres)
• oxalá'if only' (Modern Spanishojalá,cf.Portugueseoxalá)
• dexar'leave' (Modern Spanishdejar,cf.Portuguesedeixar)
• roxo'red' (Modern Spanishrojo,cf.,Portugueseroxo'purple')
• fazerorfacer'make' (Modern Spanishhacer,cf.Portuguesefazer)
• dezir'say' (Modern Spanishdecir,cf.Portuguesedizer)
• lança'lance' (Modern Spanishlanza,cf.Portugueselança)

Thexin Old Spanishxequeandxerifereflects theirorigins from Arabicsheikhandsharif.

Bilabial consonants

Voiced

Thevoiced bilabial stopandfricativewere still distinct sounds in early Old Spanish, judging by the consistency with which they were spelled as⟨b⟩and⟨v⟩respectively. (/b/derived from Latin word-initial/b/or intervocalic/p/,while/β/derived from Latin/w/or intervocalic/b/.) Nevertheless, the two sounds could be confused in consonant clusters (cf.alba~alva'dawn') or in word-initial position, perhaps after/n/or a pause. The two appear to have merged in word-initial position by about 1400 CE and in all other environments by the mid–late 16th century at the latest. In Modern Spanish, many earlier instances of⟨b⟩were replaced with⟨v⟩,or vice versa, to conform to Latin spelling.

Voiceless

At an archaic stage, there would have existed three allophones of/f/in approximately the following distribution:

• [ɸ]before non-back vowels,[j],[ɾ]or[l]
• [h]before the back vowels[o]and[u]
• [ʍ]or[hɸ]before[w]

By the early stages of Old Spanish, the allophone[h]had spread to all prevocalic environments and possibly before[j]as well.

Subsequently, the bilabial allophones of/f/(that is, those other than[h]) were modified to the labiodental[f]in 'proper' speech, likely under the influence of the manyFrenchandOccitanspeakers who migrated to Spain from the twelfth century onward, bringing with them theirreformed Latin pronunciation.This had the effect of introducing into Old Spanish numerous borrowings beginning with a labiodental[f].The result was aphonemic splitof/f/into/f/and/h/,sincee.g.the native[ˈhoɾma]'last' was now distinct from the borrowed[ˈfoɾma]'form' (both ultimately derived from the Latinforma).Compare also the native[ˈhaβla]'speech' and borrowed[ˈfaβula]'fable'. In some cases, doublets appear in apparently native vocabulary, possibly the result of borrowings from other Ibero-Romance varieties; compare modernhierro'iron' andfierro'branding iron' or the namesHernandoandFernando.

Orthography

Al-Fatihawith Spanish translations inAljamiadoscript above each line of Arabic Quranic text.

Writing systems

Old Spanish was generally written with some variation of theLatin script.In addition, theArabic scriptwas used bycrypto-Muslimsfor certain writings in dialectal Spanish orAragonesein a writing system calledAljamiado.

Spelling

Palatal nasal and lateral

The palatal nasal/ɲ/was written⟨nn⟩(thegeminatennbeing one of the sound's Latin origins), but it was often abbreviated to⟨ñ⟩following the commonscribal shorthandof replacing an⟨m⟩or⟨n⟩with atildeabove the previous letter. Later,⟨ñ⟩was used exclusively, and it came to be considered a letter in its own right by Modern Spanish. Also, as in modern times, the palatal lateral/ʎ/was indicated with⟨ll⟩,again reflecting its origin from a Latin geminate.

⟨ch⟩

Old Spanish had⟨ch⟩,just as Modern Spanish does, which represents a development of earlier */jt/(still preserved in Portuguese), in most cases from Latin⟨ct⟩.The use of⟨ch⟩for/t͡ʃ/originated inOld Frenchand spread to Spanish, Portuguese, and English despite the different origins of the sound in each language:

• leche'milk' from earlierleite(Latinlacte,cf.Portugueseleite)
• mucho'much', from earliermuito(Latinmultum,cf.Portuguesemuito)
• noche'night', from earliernoite(Latinnoctem,cf.Portuguesenoite)
• ocho'eight', from earlieroito(Latinoctō,cf.Portugueseoito)
• hecho'made' or 'fact', from earlierfeito(Latinfactum,cf.Portuguesefeito)

Greek digraphs

The Graeco-Latin digraphs (digraphs in words of Greek-Latin origin)⟨ch⟩,⟨ph⟩,⟨(r)rh⟩and⟨th⟩were eventually reduced to⟨c⟩,⟨f⟩,⟨(r)r⟩and⟨t⟩,respectively in Modern Spanish:

• christiano(Modern Spanishcristiano)
• triumpho(Modern Spanishtriunfo)
• myrrha(Modern Spanishmirra)
• theatro(Modern Spanishteatro)

Word-initial Y to I

Word-initial[i]was spelled⟨Y⟩,which was later simplified to⟨I⟩in Modern Spanish.

Morphology

In Old Spanish,perfectconstructions of movement verbs, such asir('(to) go') andvenir('(to) come'), were formed using the auxiliary verbser('(to) be'), as in Italian and French:Las mugieresson llegadasa Castiellawas used instead ofLas mujeres han llegado a Castilla('The women have arrived in Castilla').

Possession was expressed with the verbaver(Modern Spanishhaber,'(to) have'), rather thantener:Pedro ha dos fijaswas used instead ofPedro tiene dos hijas('Pedro has two daughters').

In theperfecttenses, thepast participleoften agreed with thegenderandnumberof thedirect object:Maríaha cantadasdos cancioneswas used instead of Modern SpanishMaría ha cantado dos canciones('María has sung two songs'). However, that was inconsistent even in the earliest texts.

The prospective aspect was formed with the verbir('(to) go') along with the verb in infinitive, with the difference that in Modern Spanish it's included the prepositiona:

Al Çid beso la mano, la sennauatomar.(Cantar de mio Cid,691)

Al Cid besó la mano, la enseñava atomar.(Modern Spanish equivalent)

Personal pronounsandsubstantiveswere placed after the verb in any tense ormoodunless a stressed word was before the verb.

The future and the conditional tenses were not yet fullygrammaticalisedas inflections; rather, they were still periphrastic formations of the verbaverin the present or imperfect indicative followed by the infinitive of a main verb.Pronouns, therefore, by the general placement rules, could be inserted between the main verb and the auxiliary in these periphrastic tenses, as still occurs withPortuguese(mesoclisis):

E dixo: ― Tornar-m-é a Jherusalem.(Fazienda de Ultra Mar,194)

Y dijo: ―Metornaré a Jerusalén.(literal translation into Modern Spanish)

E disse: ― Tornar-me-ei a Jerusalém.(literal translation into Portuguese)

And he said: "I will return to Jerusalem." (English translation)

En pennargelohe por lo que fuere guisado(Cantar de mio Cid,92)

Se loempeñaré por lo que sea razonable(Modern Spanish equivalent)

Penhorar-lho-ei pelo que for razoável(Portuguese equivalent)

I will pawnthem itfor whatever it be reasonable (English translation)

When there was a stressed word before the verb, the pronouns would go before the verb:nongeloempeñar he por lo que fuere guisado.

Generally, an unstressed pronoun and a verb insimple sentencescombined into one word.In acompound sentence,the pronoun was found in the beginning of theclause:la manol va besar=la mano le va a besar.

Thefuture subjunctivewas in common use (fuerein the second example above) but it is generally now found only in legal or solemn discourse and in the spoken language in some dialects, particularly in areas ofVenezuela,to replace the imperfect subjunctive.It was used similarly to its Modern Portuguese counterpart, in place of the modern present subjunctive in a subordinate clause aftersi,cuandoetc., when an event in the future is referenced:

Si vos assi lofizieredese la ventura mefuerecomplida

Mando al vuestro altar buenas donas e ricas(Cantar de mio Cid,223–224)

Si vosotros así lohiciereisy la ventura mefuerecumplida,

Mando a vuestro altar ofrendas buenas y ricas(Modern Spanish equivalent)

Se vós assim ofizerdese a ventura meforcumprida,

Mando a vosso altar oferendas boas e ricas.(Portuguese equivalent.)

If you do so and fortune is favourable toward me,

I will send to your altar fine and rich offerings (English translation)

Vocabulary

Latin	Old Spanish	Modern Spanish	Modern Portuguese
acceptāre, captāre, effectum, respectum	acetar, catar, efeto, respeto	aceptar, captar, efecto, respecto, respeto	aceitar, captar, efeito, respeito
et, nōn, nōs, hīc	e, et; non, no; nós; í	y, e; no; nosotros; ahí	e; não; nós; aí
stābat; habuī, habēbat; facere, fecisti	estava; ove, avié; far/fer/fazer, fezist(e)/fizist(e)	estaba; hube, había; hacer, hiciste	estava; houve, havia; fazer, fizeste
hominem, mulierem, īnfantem	omne/omre/ombre, mugier/muger, ifante	hombre, mujer, infante	homem, mulher, infante
crās, māne (māneāna); numquam	cras, man, mañana; nunqua/nunquas	mañana, nunca	manhã, nunca
quandō, quid, quī (quem), quōmodo	quando, que, qui, commo/cuemo	cuando, que, quien, como	quando, que, quem, como
fīlia	fyia, fija	hija	filha

Sample text

The following is a sample fromCantar de Mio Cid(lines 330–365), withabbreviationsresolved, punctuation (the original has none), and some modernized letters.Below is the original Old Spanish text in the first column, along with the same text in Modern Spanish in the second column and an English translation in the third column.

The poem

Yasennor glorioso,padreque ençieloestas,
Fezistçielo e tierra, el terçero el mar,
Fezist estrelas e luna, e el sol pora escalentar,
Prisisten carnaçionensancta maria madre,
Enbelleemapareçist, commo fue tu veluntad,
Pastores te glorificaron, ovieron de a laudare,
Tres Reyesdearabiate vinieron adorar,
Melchior e gaspar e baltasar,oroetusemirra
Te offreçieron, commo fue tu veluntad.
Saluest ajonasquando cayo en la mar,
Saluest adanielcon los leones en la mala carçel,
Saluest dentro enRomaal sennorsan sabastián,
Saluest asancta susannadel falso criminal,
Por tierra andidiste xxxii annos, sennor spirital,
Mostrandolos miraculos,por en auemos que fablar,
Del agua fezist vinoe dela piedra pan,
Resuçitest aLazaro,ca fue tu voluntad,
Alos judios te dexeste prender, do dizen montecaluarie
Pusieron te en cruz,por nombre engolgota,
Dos ladrones contigo, estos de sennas partes,
El vnoes en parayso,cael otronon entro ala,
Estando en la cruz vertud fezist muy grant,
Longinosera çiego, que nuquas vio alguandre,
Diot con la lança enel costado, dont yxio la sangre,
Corrio la sangre por el astil ayuso, las manos se ouo de vntar,
Alçolas arriba, legolas a la faz,
Abrio sos oios, cato atodas partes,
En ti crouo al ora, por end es saluo de mal.
Enel monumento Resuçitest efust alos ynfiernos,
Commo fue tu voluntad,
Quebranteste las puertas e saqueste los padres sanctos.
TueresRey delos Reyese de todel mundo padre,
Ati adoro e creo de toda voluntad,
E Ruego asan peydroque me aiude a Rogar
Por mioçid el campeador,que dios le curie de mal,
Quando oy nos partimos, en vida nos faz iuntar.

Oh Señor glorioso, Padre que en el cielo estás,
Hiciste el cielo y la tierra, al tercer día el mar,
Hiciste las estrellas y la luna, y el sol para calentar,
Te encarnaste en Santa María madre,
En Belén apareciste, como fue tu voluntad,
Pastores te glorificaron, te tuvieron que loar,
Tres reyes de Arabia te vinieron a adorar,
Melchor, Gaspar y Baltasar; oro, incienso y mirra
Te ofrecieron, como fue tu voluntad.
Salvaste a Jonás cuando cayó en el mar,
Salvaste a Daniel con los leones en la mala cárcel,
Salvaste dentro de Roma al señor San Sebastián,
Salvaste a Santa Susana del falso criminal,
Por tierra anduviste treinta y dos años, Señor espiritual,
Mostrando los milagros, por ende tenemos qué hablar,
Del agua hiciste vino y de la piedra pan,
Resucitaste a Lázaro, porque fue tu voluntad,
Por los judíos te dejaste prender, en donde llaman Monte Calvario
Te pusieron en la cruz, en un lugar llamado Golgotá,
Dos ladrones contigo, estos de sendas partes,
Uno está en el paraíso, porque el otro no entró allá,
Estando en la cruz hiciste una virtud muy grande,
Longinos era ciego que jamás se vio,
Te dio con la lanza en el costado, de donde salió la sangre,
Corrió la sangre por el astil abajo, las manos se tuvo que untar,
Las alzó arriba, se las llevó a la cara,
Abrió sus ojos, miró a todas partes,
En ti creyó entonces, por ende se salvó del mal.
En el monumento resucitaste y fuiste a los infiernos,
Como fue tu voluntad,
Quebrantaste las puertas y sacaste a los padres santos.
Tú eres Rey de los reyes y de todo el mundo padre,
A ti te adoro y en ti creo de toda voluntad,
Y ruego a San Pedro que me ayude a rogar
Por mi Cid el Campeador, que Dios le cuide del mal,
Cuando hoy partamos, en vida haznos juntar.

English translation

O glorious Lord, Father who art in Heaven,
Thou madest Heaven and Earth, and on the third day the sea,
Thou madest the stars and the Moon, and the Sun for warmth,
Thou incarnatedst Thyself of the Blessed Mother Mary,
In Bethlehem Thou appearedst, for it was Thy will,
Shepherds glorified Thee, they gave Thee praise,
Three kings of Arabia came to worship Thee,
Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar; offered Thee
Gold, frankincense, and myrrh, for it was Thy will.
Thou savedst Jonah when he fell into the sea,
Thou savedst Daniel from the lions in the terrible jail,
Thou savedst Saint Sebastian in Rome,
Thou savedst Saint Susan from the false charge,
On Earth Thou walkedst thirty-two years, Spiritual Lord,
Performing miracles, thus we have of which to speak,
Of the water Thou madest wine and of the stone bread,
Thou revivedst Lazarus, because it was Thy will,
Thou leftest Thyself to be arrested by the Jews, where they call Mount Calvary,
They placed Thee on the Cross, in the place called Golgotha,
Two thieves with Thee, these of split paths,
One is in Paradise, but the other did not enter there,
Being on the Cross Thou didst a very great virtue,
Longinus was blind ever he saw Thee,
He gave Thee a blow with the lance in the broadside, where he left the blood,
Running down the arm, the hands Thou hadst spread,
Raised it up, as it led to Thy face,
Opened their eyes, saw all parts,
And believed in Thee then, thus saved them from evil.
Thou revivedst in the tomb and went to Hell,
For it was Thy will,
Thou hast broken the doors and brought out the holy fathers.
Thou art King of Kings and of all the world Father,
I worship Thee and I believe in all Thy will,
And I pray to Saint Peter to help with my prayer,
For my Cid the Champion, that God nurse from evil,
When we part today, that we are joined in this life or the next.

See also

• History of the Spanish language
• Early Modern Spanish(Middle Spanish)
• Judeo-Spanishpreserves some of the sounds and terms of Old Spanish that have been lost in Modern Spanish.

Bibliography

• Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2020).Ethnologue: Languages of the World(23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2006.Retrieved22 June2002.
• Lloyd, Paul M. (1987).From Latin to Spanish.Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
• Penny, Ralph (2002).A History of the Spanish Language(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0521011846.

External links

• An explanation of the development of Mediaeval Spanish sibilants in Castile and Andalusia.