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Oliver & Company
Theatrical release poster
Directed byGeorge Scribner
Screenplay by
Story by
Based onOliver Twist
byCharles Dickens
Produced byKathleen Gavin
Starring
Edited by
  • Mark Hester
  • James Melton
Music byJ. A. C. Redford
Production
company
Distributed byBuena Vista Pictures Distribution[a]
Release date
  • November 18, 1988(1988-11-18)
Running time
74 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$31 million[1]
Box office>$121 million

Oliver & Companyis a 1988 American animatedmusicaladventure filmproduced byWalt Disney Feature Animationand released on November 18, 1988, byWalt Disney Pictures.It is loosely based on theCharles DickensnovelOliver Twist.In the film,Oliveris ahomelesskittenwho joins a gang of dogs to survive in the streets. Among other changes, the setting of the film was relocated from 19th centuryLondonto 1980sNew York City,Fagin's gang is made up of dogs (one of which isDodger), andSykesis aloan shark.

Following the release ofThe Black Cauldron(1985),Michael EisnerandJeffrey Katzenbergheld a pitch meeting with the animation staff, in which story artist Pete Young pitched the idea to adaptOliver Twistwithdogs.The pitch was quickly approved, and the film quickly went into production under the working titleOliver and the Dodger.Released on the same day asThe Land Before Time(1988),Oliver & Companywas a box office success, but it received mixed reviews from film critics. The film was re-released in theUnited States,Canada,and the United Kingdom on March 29, 1996. It was then released on home video later that same year, and again in 2002 and 2009 onDVD.The film was released onBlu-ray Discin 2013, commemorating its 25th anniversary.

Plot

OnFifth Avenue,several kittens are left in a box outside a shop. All but one, an orange tabby, are adopted. Wandering the streets by himself in search of someone to adopt him, the kitten meets a laid-backJack Russell Terriernamed Dodger, who agrees to help him steal food from ahot dogvendor. Dodger then reneges on the deal and flees with the hot dogs.

The kitten pursues Dodger all overNew York City.Dodger eventually arrives at abarge,where the kitten watches him share the hot dogs with a gang of poverty-stricken dogs (Tito thechihuahua,Einstein theGreat Dane,Rita theSaluki,and Francis thebulldog). The kitten accidentally falls into the barge, startling the dogs; although they were miffed, none of them harm him after he explains himself. Fagin, the bargeman andpetty thiefwho owns the dogs, is indebted to Sykes, a nefariousloan sharkand criminal. Sykes arrives and gives Fagin anultimatum;repay the money in three days, or suffer violence, possibly even death. Sykes's twoDobermans,Roscoe and DeSoto, harass Fagin's dogs and threaten to eat the kitten, until he scratches DeSoto's nose, earning the respect of the dogs and Fagin. Roscoe warns that they will try to exact revenge.

The next morning, Fagin goes to pawn some of his stolen goods, while the dogs and the kitten try to steal more money for him. Through a theatrical ruse, the animals stop alimousinebelonging to the wealthy Foxworth family, but the attempt to rob the limo fails, and the kitten is taken by the child Jenny Foxworth, who is missing her vacationing parents and desires a companion. She names him Oliver, and becomes very attached to him.

Oliver makes himself at home in Jenny's house, much to the disgust of Georgette, the Foxworth family's spoiled, prize-winningpoodle.With her help, Dodger and the dogs manage to steal Oliver back from the Foxworth household, returning him to the barge. Fagin recognizes from Oliver's newcollarand goldname tagthat he had been adopted by a wealthy family, and desperately decides to hold Oliver for ransom. His anonymously written ransom note reaches Jenny, who sets out to get Oliver back at thepier.

Jenny and Georgette meet with Fagin, who is shocked to be dealing with a little girl whose "ransom money" is apiggy bank.Bothered by his conscience and Jenny's tears, Fagin gives Oliver back freely. Sykes, whom Fagin had informed of the deal beforehand, is watching from the shadows and kidnaps Jenny, intending to ransom her while declaring Fagin's debt paid. Dodger rallies Oliver and the other dogs to free Jenny from Sykes, but Sykes and his Dobermans confront them as they attempt to leave. Fagin saves the group with hismotor scooter,and a chase ensues throughout the streets and into thesubway tunnels.Jenny falls from the scooter onto Sykes's car; Oliver and Dodger go after her and battle Roscoe and DeSoto, who fall off the car and are electrocuted on thethird railof the subway. Fagin leaves Tito to drive and saves Jenny, while Dodger and Oliver are thrown from Sykes's car onto the pavement of theBrooklyn Bridgejust before an oncoming train strikes Sykes's car, killing him. Tito drives the scooter to safety, and Jenny and Oliver are reunited.

Later, Jenny celebrates her birthday with the animals, Fagin, and the family butler Winston who learns that Jenny's parents will be back the next day. Oliver opts to stay with Jenny, but he promises to remain in contact with Dodger and the gang.

Cast and characters

  • Joey LawrenceasOliver:an orangeorphanedkittenwho is looking for a home. He joinsFagin'sgang ofdogsbefore being taken in by Jenny.
  • Billy JoelasDodger,a charismatic, laid-backJack Russell Terrier.He displays considerable "street savoir-faire." He is the leader of Fagin's gang of dogs, and is Oliver's first acquaintance, as well as his eventual best friend and surrogate big brother.
  • Cheech Marinas Tito, a Mexican-accentedChihuahuain Fagin's gang. He is fast-talking and rapidly develops a crush on Georgette (although she is initially repulsed by him). His full name is Ignacio Alonso Julio Federico de Tito.
  • Richard Mulliganas Einstein, a grayGreat Daneand a member of Fagin's gang. He is named ironically as he is fairly dull-witted.
  • Roscoe Lee Browneas Francis, abulldogwith aBritishaccent in Fagin's gang. He appreciatesartandtheatre,particularlyShakespeare.He also detests anyone abbreviating his name as "Frank" or "Frankie" (which Tito frequently does).
  • Sheryl Lee RalphasRita,aSalukiand the only female dog in Fagin's gang. She is street-wise and is very protective of Oliver.
  • Dom DeLuiseasFagin,a lowly but well-meaning thief who lives on a barge with his dogs. He desperately needs money to repay his debt to Sykes.
  • Taurean BlacqueandCarl Weintraubas Roscoe and DeSoto, respectively: Sykes's violentDoberman Pinscherswho bully Dodger and his friends. Roscoe is the apparent leader, while DeSoto seems to be the more vicious of the two.
  • Robert LoggiaasBill Sykes,a cold-hearted, immoral loan shark and shipyard agent who lent a considerable sum of money to Fagin and expects it paid back.
  • Natalie GregoryasJennifer "Jenny" Foxworth,a friendly, rich girl who adopts Oliver.
    • Myhanh Tran provided the singing voice for Jenny.
  • William Glover as Winston, the Foxworth family's clumsy but warm-hearted butler.
  • Bette Midleras Georgette, the Foxworth family's prize-winningpoodle.Vain andspoiled,she becomes jealous of Oliver but eventually accepts him and Fagin's gang.
  • Frank Welker(uncredited) as Old Louie, an aggressive, bad-tempered hot dog vendor who appears early in the film when Oliver and Dodger steal his hot dogs. He is described by Dodger as "a well-known enemy of the four-legged world," meaning that he hates both cats and dogs.

Production

Oliver & Companywas the twenty-seventhanimatedfilm developed byWalt Disney Feature Animation,and the first one to begin production under the supervision of then-CEOMichael Eisnerand studio chairmanJeffrey Katzenberg;the duo, who had previously worked atParamount Picturesas chairman and head of production, respectively, joined the company in 1984.[2]After the release ofThe Black Cauldron(1985), Eisner and Katzenberg invited the animators to pitch potential ideas for upcoming animated features, infamously called the "Gong Show." AfterRon Clementshad pitchedThe Little MermaidandTreasure Island in Space,story artist Pete Young suggested, "Oliver Twistwith dogs. "Katzenberg, who had previously planned on producing a live-action adaptation of the musicalOliver!at Paramount,[2]approved the pitch.[3]Under the working title ofOliver and the Dodger,[4][5]the film was originally much darker and grittier with the film opening with Sykes's twoDobermansmurdering Oliver's parents, setting the story to focus on Oliver exacting his revenge as detailed in a draft dated on March 30, 1987.[6]

George ScribnerandRichard Richwere announced as the directors of the project, while Pete Young was appointed as story supervisor.[7]However, Rich was fired from Disney about six months into production, leaving Scribner as the sole director.[8]In this adaptation, Scribner turned Oliver into a naïve kitten, Dodger and the gang into dogs, and Fagin into a human, and encouraged the film to be more street smart.[6]Furthermore, Scribner borrowed a technique fromLady and the Tramp(1955) byblocking outthe scenes on real streets, and then photographing them with cameras mounted eighteen inches off the ground. In this way, the animators would use the photos as templates to provide a real dog's-eye view of the action.[9]As work continued onOliver,Roy E. Disneycame up with an idea that Fagin would attempt to steal a rare panda from the city zoo. However, the writers would have problems with the idea,[10]and the panda sub-plot was eventually dropped when Scribner suggested to have Fagin hold Oliver for ransom because he was a valuable, rareAsian cat.[11][12]

Eleven minutes of the film used "computer-assisted imagery"such as the skyscrapers, the taxi cabs, trains, Fagin's scooter-cart, and the climactic subway chase.[2]The traditional animation was handled by the next generation of Disney animators, including supervising animatorsGlen Keane,Ruben A. Aquino,Mike Gabriel,Hendel Butoy, andMark Henn,as the "Nine Old Men"had retired in the early 1980s.[2]Throughout two and a half years of production, six supervising animators and a team of over 300 artists and technicians worked on the film.[13]Skidmore, Owings & Merrillwas the database for the New York City skyline, which was recreated for the film.

Casting

The filmmakers sought voices that could believably represent a wide range of New Yorkers.[2]They cast New York nativesBette Midlerfor Georgette,Sheryl Lee Ralphfor Rita, andRoscoe Lee Brownefor Francis.[2]ComedianCheech Marinwas cast as thechihuahuaTito. Because energy proved to be the key to Tito's personality, Marin claimed "I was encouraged to ad-lib, but I'd say I just gave about 75% of the lines as they were written. The natural energy of a Chihuahua played right into that feeling. George [Scribner] was very encouraging as a director: He kept the energy level high at the recording sessions."[14]

Pop singerBilly Joelwas recommended for the voice of Dodger by Scribner because of his "New York street-smart, savoir-faire attitude". Joel then auditioned for the role by telephone after being given dialogue. When Joel was hired for the part, he confirmed he did it because it was a Disney movie, saying: "I had just had a little girl. It's a great way to do something that my little girl could see that she could relate to right away,"[15]referring to daughterAlexa,born in 1985.

Music

Oliver & Company
CD cover for the 1996 re-release of theOliver & Companysoundtrack. An alternative cover was used in the United Kingdom.
Soundtrack albumby
Various artists
Released1988
GenrePop rock,blues rock,film score
LabelWalt Disney

The soundtrack ofOliver & Companycontains an instrumental score byJ. A. C. Redfordunder the supervision of Carole Childs. Redford was hired to compose the score because of his previous collaboration with Disney music executive Chris Montan on the television seriesSt. Elsewhere.[16]Meanwhile,Jeffrey Katzenberghad the idea to bring in popular singer/songwriters, each of whom would contribute a song into the film which includedBilly Joel,Barry Manilow,andHuey Lewis.At his suggestion of his friendDavid Geffen,Katzenberg brought in lyricistHoward Ashman,who composed the song "Once Upon a Time in New York City."[17]Ashman, along withAlan Menken,would go on to write the songs for the next three Disney films. Billy Joel, in addition to voicing Dodger, performed the character's song ( "Why Should I Worry?" ) in the film.[18]

The song "Why Should I Worry?" received critical acclaim and was nominated for aGolden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[19]

The track list below represents the 1996 re-release of theOliver & Companysoundtrack. The original 1988 release featured the same songs, but with the instrumental cues placed in between the songs in the order in which they appeared in the film. Using the numbering system in the list below, the order the tracks on the 1988 release would be: 1, 2, 6, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The reprise of "Why Should I Worry?", performed by the entire cast, remains unreleased on CD.

Songs

Original songs performed in the film include:

No.TitleWriter(s)Performer(s)Length
1."Once Upon a Time in New York City"Howard Ashman&Barry MannHuey Lewis
2."Why Should I Worry?"Dan Hartman&Charlie MidnightBilly Joel
3."Streets of Gold"Dean Pitchford&Tom SnowRuth Pointer
4."Perfect Isn't Easy"Jack Feldman,Bruce Sussman&Barry ManilowBette Midler
5."Good Company"Ron Rocha &Robert MinkoffMyhanh Tran

Release

Oliver & Companypremiered theatrically in North America on November 18, 1988―the same day on which Disney celebrated the 60th anniversary of theMickey Mouseshort,Steamboat Willie(1928).[20]It was also the first to be released as a part of a brand new schedule requested by Katzenberg, which called for a new animated Disney film to be released every single year, similar toWalt Disney's intentions for his animated features during the 1940s.[2]

Marketing

Oliver & Companywas the first Disney animated film to include real world advertised products. More than 30 company logos and brand names were shown in the film, includingKodak,Dr. Scholls,Sony,Diet Coke,Tab,McDonald's,Yamaha,Ryder,andUSA Today.[21]However, the filmmakers commented on NBC'sThe Magical World of Disneythat this was done for realism, was not paid product placement, and that it would not be New York City without advertising.[22]Instead, Katzenberg urged the marketing campaign to focus on the classic Dickens novel and the pop score,[17]and promotional tie-ins includedSears,which produced and manufactured products with themes inspired from the film, andMcDonald'swhich soldChristmasmusical ornaments based on Oliver and Dodger, and small finger puppets based on the characters in aHappy Meal.[22][23]For its theatrical re-release in 1996, the film was accompanied with a promotional campaign byBurger King.[24]

In theUnited Kingdom,Oliver & Companywas not distributed byBuena Vista International,but byWarner Bros.[25]Buena Vista International did, however, release the film on home video.

Home media

Despite its successful box office performance,Oliver & Companywas not released on home video after its initial theatrical release despite being one of the most requested Disney films.[26]After its theatrical re-release,Oliver & Companywas released onVHSand widescreenLaserDiscin the United States on September 25, 1996, for a limited time,[27]and in the United Kingdom in 1997.[28]It was later released on DVD on May 14, 2002. A 20th Anniversary Edition DVD was released on February 3, 2009, and a 25th Anniversary EditionBlu-raywas released on August 6, 2013.[29]The film became available for streaming onDisney+since it launched on November 12, 2019.[30]

Reception

Box office

Oliver & CompanyandDon Bluth'sThe Land Before Timeopened on the same weekend in the United States and Canada; the latter film debuted at number one grossing $7.5 million while the former opened in fourth place, grossing $4 million.[31]Nevertheless,Oliver & Companyout-grossedThe Land Before Timewith a total gross in the United States and Canada of $53 million[32]compared to the latter's $46 million,[33]making it the animated film with thehighest grossfrom its initial run.[34]It was also the first animated film to gross $100 million worldwide in its initial release.[35]Its success prompted then-Disney animation executivePeter Schneider,to announce the company's plans to release animated features annually.[10]

On March 29, 1996, Disney re-released the film in direct competition withAll Dogs Go to Heaven 2,[36]grossing $4.5 million in its opening weekend.[37]It went on to earn $21 million in total taking its lifetime domestic gross to $74 million[38]and its worldwide total to over $121 million.

Critical response

Thereview aggregatorwebsiteRotten Tomatoesreported that 53% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. Its consensus states, "Predictable and stodgy,Oliver & Companyisn't one of Disney's best, though its colorful cast of characters may be enough to entertain young viewers looking for a little adventure. "[39]OnMetacritic,the film has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[40]

On the television programSiskel & Ebert,Gene Siskelgave the film a thumbs down. Siskel stated, "When you measure this film to the company's legacy of classics, it doesn't match up" as he complained "the story is too fragmented…because Oliver’s story gets too sidetracked from the story in the film that gets convoluted, too calculated for the Bette Midler, Billy Joel crowd as well as little kids."Roger Ebertgave the film a "marginal thumbs up" as he described the film as "harmless, inoffensive."[41]Animation historian Charles Solomon wrote a favorable review, stating the film "offers virtually ideal family holiday fare. The cartoon action will delight young children, while older ones, who usually reject animation as 'kid stuff,' will enjoy the rock songs and hip characters, especially the brash Tito."[42]Vincent CanbyofThe New York Timeswrote the film "looks cheesy and second-rate. The animation is somewhat better than the usual stuff seen on Saturday morning television, but not much. It is totally without distinctive visual style, suggesting only the sort of bland cartoon drawings one finds in a manual of first-aid instructions."[43]

Writing forPeoplemagazine,Peter Traversopined in his review, "Too slight to rank with such Disney groundbreakers asPinocchioandFantasia,the film is more on the good-fun level ofThe Lady and the Trampand101 Dalmatians.But why kick? With its captivating characters, sprightly songs and zap-happy animation,Oliver & Companyadds up to a tip-top frolic. "[44]Desson HoweofThe Washington Postfelt that the film "retrieves some of the old Disney charm with tail-wagging energy and five catchy songs." Likewise, fellowWashington Postfilm critic Rita Kempley praised the songs and animation, and called it a "happy adaptation of the Victorian classic."[45]Writing forCommon Sense Media,Nell Minow gave the film 3 stars out of 5, concluding that the film "can't compete with Disney classics, but [is] still fun."[46]

Barry Walters, reviewing forThe San Francisco Examiner,panned the film as "a rather shabby transitional work, one that lacks the sophistication of today's 'toons and doesn't hold up to the Disney classics of yesteryear."[47]Halliwell's Film GuidecalledOliver & Companyan "episodic film, short on charm, that only now and then provides glimpses of stylish animation."[25]The Ren & Stimpy ShowcreatorJohn Kricfalusisuggested that the film was derivative ofRalph Bakshi's works, and jokingly suggested its use as a form of punishment.[48]In 1991, film historianBob Thomaswrote that some of the Disney animators he interviewed unfavorably viewed the film as "another talking dog-and-cat movie."[49]

Accolades

Award Category Result
Golden Globes Best Original Song Nominated
Young Artist Award Best Family Feature Film — Animation Nominated
Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing Won

Legacy

Like other Disney animated characters, the characters of the film have recurring cameo appearances in the television seriesHouse of Mouse.In the episode "Pluto Saves the Day", Dodger leads a musical group known as Pet Shop Dogs, formed by other dogs of Disney animated films, also including Tito, Francis and DeSoto, performing the song "Everybody Wants to Be a Woof" (a parody of the song "Everybody Wants to Be a Cat" fromThe Aristocats).[50]

Along with otherWalt Disney Animation Studioscharacters, the characters of the film have cameo appearances in the 2023 short filmOnce Upon a Studio.[51]

Notes

  1. ^Distributed byBuena Vista Pictures Distributionthrough theWalt Disney Picturesbanner.

References

  1. ^"Oliver & Company (1988)".The Wrap.Archived fromthe originalon December 20, 2016.RetrievedDecember 14,2016.
  2. ^abcdefgCulhane, John (November 13, 1988)."'Oliver & Company' Gives Dickens A Disney Twist urban scene from an appropriate rooftop ".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2015.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  3. ^Stewart 2005,pp. 93–94.
  4. ^Beck 2005,pp. 182–83.
  5. ^Willistein, Paul (November 22, 1987)."Disney Gearing Up For More Animation".The Morning Call.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  6. ^abKoenig 1997,p. 192.
  7. ^Hulett 2014,p. 90.
  8. ^Noyer, Jérémie (February 3, 2009)."Once Upon A Time In New York City: Oliver & Company's Director George Scribner!".Animated Views(Interview).RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  9. ^Strickler, Jeff (April 21, 1996)."'Oliver' gets a dog's eye view, in a Twist on the classic story ".Star Tribune.p. F10.RetrievedSeptember 17,2020– viaNewspapers.Open access icon
  10. ^abBeck 2005,pp. 182–183.
  11. ^Koenig 1997,p. 193.
  12. ^Hulett 2014,p. 96.
  13. ^"Disney Archives – Oliver and Company".Disney.go.Archived fromthe originalon July 27, 2008.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  14. ^Solomon, Charles (December 27, 1988)."Cheech Marin as Animated Tito: Check It Out".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  15. ^Willistein, Paul (November 19, 1988)."A New York State Of Voice In Animated Film Billy Joel Speaks For Dodger The Dog".The Morning Call.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  16. ^Noyer, Jérémie (February 2, 2009)."Once Upon A Time In New York City: Oliver & Company's Composer J.A.C. Redford!".Animated Views(Interview).RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  17. ^abStewart 2005,p. 89.
  18. ^Adams, Erik (February 24, 2015)."Billy Joel was so huge in the '80s, he could even make a dog a rock star".The A.V. Club.RetrievedFebruary 4,2020.
  19. ^Golden Globes
  20. ^Solomon, Charles (November 18, 1988)."Can You Imagine Mickey Mouse Turning 60?".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  21. ^Jenel Smith, Stacy (December 18, 1988)."Have Yourself a Merry Little Mickey".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedMay 15,2018.
  22. ^ab"The Making ofOliver & Company".The Magical World of Disney.1988.NBC.
  23. ^Fabrikant, Geraldine (November 28, 1988)."Advertising; Marketing Movies for Children".The New York Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  24. ^Elliot, Samuel (November 22, 1995)."Coca-Cola, Pepsico and Burger King sign on with Disney for a happy ending with 'Toy Story' tie-ins".The New York Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  25. ^abGritten, David, ed. (2007). "Oliver and Company (*)".Halliwell's Film Guide 2008.Hammersmith,London:HarperCollins.p. 871.ISBN978-0-00-726080-5.
  26. ^Hicks, Chris (March 29, 1996)."'Oliver' just as delightful 2nd time around ".Deseret News.p. W4.RetrievedJanuary 17,2012– viaGoogle News Archive.
  27. ^Snow, Shauna (April 24, 1996)."Arts and entertainment reports from The Times, national and international news services and the nation's press".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  28. ^Andrews, Sam (March 14, 1998)."The Scene from the U.K.: Video Turns a Corner, DVD Debut Delayed".Billboard.p. 119.RetrievedFebruary 4,2020– viaGoogle Books.
  29. ^Garbarini, Todd."Review: Disney's" Oliver And Company "".Cinema Retro.RetrievedMay 30,2017.
  30. ^Alexander, Julia (October 14, 2019)."Disney+ launch lineup: Every movie and TV show available to stream on day one".The Verge.Retrieved15 August2020.
  31. ^Easton, Nina (November 22, 1988)."Kitten Takes On Baby Brontosaurus".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  32. ^"Oliver & Company".Box Office Mojo.RetrievedJanuary 5,2012.
  33. ^Solomon, Charles (August 19, 1990)."The New Toon Boom".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  34. ^"Advertisement: $53,279,000 The Biggest Animated Release in U.S. History".Variety.December 6, 1989. p. 19.
  35. ^"Disney Says 'Mermaid' Swims To B.O. Record".Daily Variety.November 1, 1990. p. 6.
  36. ^Bates, James; Apodaca, Patrice (June 20, 1996)."Stalking the King of Animation".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  37. ^Dutka, Elaine (April 2, 1996)."The Cash Registers Are Ringing".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  38. ^"All releases of Oliver & Company".Box Office Mojo.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  39. ^"Oliver & Company (1988)".Rotten Tomatoes.Fandango.RetrievedOctober 5,2021.Edit this at Wikidata
  40. ^"Oliver & Company Reviews".Metacritic.Fandom, Inc.RetrievedNovember 21,2022.
  41. ^Ebert, Roger (host); Siskel, Gene (host) (November 19, 1988)."Last Rites, Oliver & Company, The Land Before Time, Far North, Child's Play".Siskel & Ebert.Season 3. Episode 10.RetrievedSeptember 17,2020– via SiskelEbert.org.
  42. ^Solomon, Charles (November 18, 1988)."Dogs, Dinosaurs from Disney, Bluth: 'Oliver & Company'".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  43. ^Canby, Vincent (November 18, 1988)."'Oliver,' With Twists, From Disney ".The New York Times.p. C8.RetrievedNovember 2,2021.
  44. ^Travers, Peter (November 21, 1988)."Picks and Pans Review: Oliver & Company".People.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  45. ^Howe, Desson; Kempley, Rita (November 18, 1988)."Oliver & Company".The Washington Post.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  46. ^Minow, Nell."Oliver & Company - Movie Review".Common Sense Media.
  47. ^Walters, Barry (March 30, 1996)."Bones to pick with dog movies, old and new".San Francisco Examiner.RetrievedJuly 10,2015.
  48. ^Kricfalusi, John (1994)."Mike Judge Interview".Wild Cartoon Kingdom.No. 3.RetrievedMarch 20,2009– via inthe80s.
  49. ^Thomas, Bob (1991).Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast.New York: Hyperion. p.117.ISBN1-56282-899-1.
  50. ^"Pluto Saves the Day".House of Mouse.Season 1. Episode 13. April 14, 2001.ABC.
  51. ^Reif, Alex (October 16, 2023)."Disney's" Once Upon a Studio "– List of Characters in Order of Appearance".Laughing Place.

Bibliography

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