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Open-mid central rounded vowel

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Open-mid central rounded vowel
ɞ
IPA Number395
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ɞ
Unicode(hex)U+025E
X-SAMPA3\
Braille⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
Spectrogram of ɞ

Theopen-mid central rounded vowel,orlow-mid central rounded vowel,[1]is avowelsound, used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ɞ⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol is3\.The symbol is calledclosed reversedepsilon.It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ɔ̈⟩.

IPA charts were first published with this vowel transcribed as a closed epsilon, ⟨ʚ⟩ (that is, a closed variant of ⟨ɛ⟩, much as the high-mid vowel letter ⟨ɵ⟩ is a closed variant of ⟨e⟩), and this variant made its way into Unicode asU+029AʚLATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E.The IPA charts were later changed to the current closed reversed epsilon ⟨ɞ⟩, and this was adopted into Unicode asU+025EɞLATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E.

Features[edit]

Occurrence[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2] lug [lɞχ] 'air' Also been described as mid[ɞ̝],typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. Many speakers merge/œ/with/ə/,even in formal speech.[3]SeeAfrikaans phonology
English Irish[4] but [bɞθ̠] 'but' Corresponds to[ʌ]in other varieties. SeeEnglish phonology
New Zealand[5] not [nɞʔt] 'not' Possible realization of/ɒ/.[5]SeeNew Zealand English phonology
Faroese[6] høgur [ˈhɞːʋʊɹ] 'high' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩. SeeFaroese phonology
French Parisian[7] port [pɞːꭓ]ⓘ 'port', 'harbour' Described variously as an allophone of/ɔ/before/ʁ/[8]and as the default allophone of/ɔ/.[7]SeeFrench phonology
German Chemnitz dialect[9] Wonne [ˈv̞ɞnə] 'bliss' May be transcribed as ⟨ɞ̝⟩ though ⟨ɞ⟩ is typically used.[9]
Irish tomhail [tɞːlʲ] 'consume' (imp.) SeeIrish phonology
Kashubian ptôch [ptɞx] 'bird'
Limburgish Maastrichtian[10] lui [lɞː] 'lazy' Allophone of/œy/in words with Accent 2. May be slightly diphthongal[ɞɵ]itself. It contrasts with the near-open[ɐ̹ː]in words with Accent 2 ([ɐ̹ː]itself is always toneless).[11]It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨œː⟩, as it is a phonological front vowel.
Mwerlap[12] N̄wërlap [ŋʷɞrˈlap] 'Merelava'
Navajo[13] tsosts’id [tsʰɞstsˈɪt] 'seven' SeeNavajo phonology
Northern Tiwa Taos dialect ącut'uonbo [ʔãˌtʃʊt̚ːˈʔuɞnbɑ] 'his-garment-around' Allophone of/ɑ/.SeeTaos phonology
Panará[14] [kɾə'kɞ] 'trousers' Contrasts with[ə].[15]
Poitevin[citation needed] odoune [ɞdun] 'he gives'
West Frisian Southwestern dialects[16] boare [ˈbɞːrə] 'tomcat' Corresponds to[wa]in other dialects.[16]SeeWest Frisian phonology

Notes[edit]

  1. ^While theInternational Phonetic Associationprefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height,many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^Wissing (2012),p. 711.
  3. ^Wissing (2016),section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
  4. ^Wells (1982),p. 422.
  5. ^abBauer et al. (2007),p. 98.
  6. ^Peterson (2000),cited inÁrnason (2011:76)
  7. ^abCollins & Mees (2013),p. 225.
  8. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993),p. 73.
  9. ^abKhan & Weise (2013),p. 236.
  10. ^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999),pp. 159, 161–162.
  11. ^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999),pp. 159, 161–162, 164.
  12. ^François (2005:445, 460).
  13. ^McDonough, Ladefoged & George (1993).The authors gave a narrow transcription of[ɵ],though at the time the IPA had only this one symbol for a mid central rounded vowel, and it is clear from the discussion and formant charts that this vowel a centralized open-mid vowel.
  14. ^Vasconcelos (2013),pp. 182, 183.
  15. ^Vasconcelos (2013),p. 182.
  16. ^abHoekstra (2003:202), citingHof (1933:14)

References[edit]

  • Árnason, Kristján (2011),The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese,Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0199229314
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007),"New Zealand English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37(1): 97–102,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003],Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students(3rd ed.), Routledge,ISBN978-0-415-50650-2
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23(2): 73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID249404451
  • François, Alexandre (2005),"Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages"(PDF),Oceanic Linguistics,44(2): 443–504,doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034,S2CID131668754
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29(2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID145782045
  • Hoekstra, Jarich (2003),"Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay"(PDF),Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present,vol. 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209,ISBN978-90-272-1856-8
  • Hof, Jan Jelles (1933),Friesche Dialectgeographie(PDF),The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-10-07
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013)."Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.43(2): 231–241.doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145.
  • McDonough, Joyce;Ladefoged, Peter;George, Helen (1993), "Navajo Vowels and Phonetic Universal Tendencies",UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics,Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages,84:143–150
  • Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum",Málting,28:37–43
  • Wells, John C.(1982),Accents of English,vol. II: The British Isles, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press,ISBN0-521-28541-0
  • Wissing, Daan (2012),"Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk",LitNet Akademies(in Afrikaans),9(2), Stellenbosch: LitNet: 701–743,ISSN1995-5928,archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2017,retrieved16 April2017
  • Wissing, Daan (2016)."Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory".Taalportaal.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2017.Retrieved16 April2017.
  • Vasconcelos, Eduardo A. (2013).Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará(PhD). Campinas:University of Campinas.doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2013.929939.hdl:20.500.12733/1622968.

External links[edit]

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