Jump to content

Open-mid front unrounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA Number303
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ɛ
Unicode(hex)U+025B
X-SAMPAE
Braille⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
Spectrogram of ⟨ɛ⟩
Sagittal sectionof a vocal tract pronouncing the IPA sound ⟨ɛ⟩. Note that a wavyglottisin this diagram indicates a voiced sound.

Theopen-mid front unrounded vowel,orlow-mid front unrounded vowel,[1]is a type ofvowelsound used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is theLatin epsilon,a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercaseepsilon,⟨ɛ⟩.

Features[edit]

Occurrence[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Akan (Twi) ɛyɛ [ɛjɛ] 'it is good/fine' SeeAkan phonology
Arabic SeeImāla
Armenian Eastern[2] էջ/ēj [ɛd͡ʒ] 'page'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3] [example needed] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.
Bengali[4] এক/ek [ɛk] 'one' Alternative transcription and phonetic realisation of [æ] and an allophone of [e]. SeeBengali phonology
Breton[5] gwenn [ˈɡwɛnː] 'white'
Bulgarian[6] пет/pet [pɛt̪] 'five' SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan[7] set [ˈsɛt] 'seven' SeeCatalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[8] Thiên/tiān [tʰi̯ɛn˥]ⓘ 'sky' Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Chuvash ҫепĕç ['ɕɛp̬ɘɕ] 'gentle, tender'
Czech[9][10] led [lɛt] 'ice' In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front[ɛ],open-mid near-front[ɛ̠]and mid near-front[ɛ̝̈].[9]SeeCzech phonology
Danish Standard[11][12] frisk [ˈfʁɛsk] 'fresh' Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. SeeDanish phonology
Dutch Standard[13] bed [bɛt]ⓘ 'bed' SeeDutch phonology
The Hague[14] jij [jɛ̞ː]ⓘ 'you' Corresponds to[ɛi]in standard Dutch.
English General American[15] bed [bɛd]ⓘ 'bed'
Northern England[16] May be somewhat lowered.[16]
Received Pronunciation[17][18] Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel[e̞].SeeEnglish phonology
YoungerGeneral Australianspeakers Realization of /e/ due to an ongoing short-front vowel chain shift. SeeAustralian English phonology
Scottish[19]
Cockney[20] fat [fɛt] 'fat'
Singaporean[21]
New Zealand[22] SeeNew Zealand English phonology
Broad Australian Realization of /æ/. General Australian speakers realize this vowel as[æ]or[a].SeeAustralian English phonology
Some Broad
South Africanspeakers[23]		 Other speakers realize this vowel as[æ]or[a].SeeSouth African English phonology
Belfast[24] days [dɛːz] 'days' Pronounced[iə]in closed syllables; corresponds to[eɪ]in RP.
Zulu[25] mate [mɛt] 'mate' Speakers exhibit amet-mate merger.
Faroese[26] frekt [fɹɛʰkt] 'greedy' SeeFaroese phonology
French[27][28] bête [bɛt̪]ⓘ 'beast' SeeFrench phonology
Galician ferro [ˈfɛro̝] 'iron' SeeGalician phonology
Georgian[29] გედი/gedi [ɡɛdi] 'swan'
German Standard[30][31] Bett [b̥ɛt]ⓘ 'bed' Also described as mid[ɛ̝].[32]SeeStandard German phonology
Franconian accent[33] oder [ˈoːdɛ] 'or' Used instead of[ɐ].[33]SeeStandard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents[33]
Swabian accent[34] fett [fɛt] 'fat' Contrasts with the close-mid[e].[34]SeeStandard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[35] See [z̥ɛː] 'lake' Close-mid[eː]in other accents; contrasts with the near-open[æː].[36]SeeStandard German phonology
Hindustani Hindi रहना [ˈɾɛɦna] 'to stay' SeeHindustani phonology
Urdu رہنا
Hungarian lesz [ˈlɛs] 'will be' Allophone of [æ].
Italian[37] bene [ˈbɛːne]ⓘ 'good' SeeItalian phonology
Kaingang[38] mbre [ˈᵐbɾɛ] 'with'
Korean 매미/maemi [mɛːmi] 'cicada' SeeKorean phonology
Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) hevde [hɛvdɛ] 'seventeen' SeeKurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) ههڤده/hevde [hɛvdæ]
Pehlewî (Southern) [hɛvdæ]
Limburgish[39][40][41] crème [kʀ̝ɛːm] 'cream' The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanian mesti [mɛs̪t̪ɪ] 'throw' SeeLithuanian phonology
Lower Sorbian[42] serp [s̪ɛrp] 'sickle'
Luxembourgish[43] Stär [ʃtɛːɐ̯] 'star' Allophone of/eː/before/ʀ/.[43]SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Macedonian[44][45] Standard мед/med [ˈmɛd̪] 'honey' SeeMacedonian language § Vowels
Malay Standard paling [pälɛŋ] 'to play' Possible realisation of/i/and/e/in closed final syllables. SeeMalay phonology
Negeri Sembilan cepat [cɔpɛɁ] 'quick' SeeNegeri Sembilan Malay
Kelatan-Pattani ayam [äjɛː] 'chicken' SeeKelatan-Pattani
Terengganu biasa [bɛsə] 'normal' SeeTerengganu Malay
Perak mata [matɛ] 'eye' SeePerak Malay
Norman Jersey affaûrder [afɔrˈdɛ] 'to afford'
Norwegian Sognamål[46] pest [pʰɛst] 'plague' SeeNorwegian phonology
Occitan grèga [ˈɣɾɛɣɔ] 'Greek' SeeOccitan phonology
Polish[47] ten [t̪ɛn̪]ⓘ 'this one' (nom. m.) SeePolish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[48][49] pé [ˈpɛ] 'foot' Stressed vowel might be lower[æ].The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as[e̞eɪiɨ],varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[50] tempo [ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu] 'time' Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. SeePortuguese phonology
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[51] vede [ˈvɛɟe] '(he) sees' Corresponds to mid[e̞]in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[52] это/eto [ˈɛt̪ə]ⓘ 'this' SeeRussian phonology
Shiwiar[53] [example needed] Allophone of/a/.
Slovene met [mɛ́t] 'throw' (n.) SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish Eastern Andalusian[54] las madres [læ̞ːˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] 'the mothers' Corresponds to[e̞]in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. SeeSpanish phonology
Murcian[54]
Swahili shule [ʃulɛ] 'school'
Swedish Central Standard[55] ät [ɛ̠ːt̪] 'eat' (imp.) Somewhat retracted.[55]SeeSwedish phonology
Tagalog peke [ˈpɛxɛʔ] 'fake' SeeTagalog phonology
Telugu చేప [tʃɛːa] 'Fish'
మేక [mɛːka] 'Goat'
Thai แตร/trae [trɛː˧] 'horn (instrument)'
Turkish[56][57] ülke [y̠l̠ˈcɛ] 'country' Allophone of/e/described variously as "word-final"[56]and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[57]SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian[58] день/den' [dɛnʲ] 'day' SeeUkrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[42][59] čelo [ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ] 'calf'
Welsh nesaf [nɛsav] 'next' SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisian[60] beppe [ˈbɛpə] 'grandma' SeeWest Frisian phonology
Yoruba[61] ẹsẹ̀ [ɛ̄sɛ] 'leg'

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^While theInternational Phonetic Associationprefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height,many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^Dum-Tragut (2009),p. 13.
  3. ^Traunmüller (1982),cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ^Khan (2010),p. 222.
  5. ^Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
  6. ^Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999),p. 56.
  7. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),p. 54.
  8. ^Lin (2007),p. 65.
  9. ^abDankovičová (1999),p. 72.
  10. ^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012),p. 228.
  11. ^Grønnum (1998),p. 100.
  12. ^Basbøll (2005),p. 45.
  13. ^Gussenhoven (1992),p. 47.
  14. ^Collins & Mees (2003),p. 136.
  15. ^Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  16. ^abLodge (2009),p. 163.
  17. ^Schmitt (2007),pp. 322–323.
  18. ^"Received Pronunciation".British Library.Retrieved2013-05-26.
  19. ^Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006),p. 7.
  20. ^Hughes & Trudgill (1979),p. 35.
  21. ^Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  22. ^Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  23. ^Lanham (1967),p. 9.
  24. ^"Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland"(PDF).Retrieved2013-05-26.
  25. ^"Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English".Archived fromthe originalon May 17, 2008.Retrieved2008-05-17.
  26. ^Árnason (2011),pp. 68, 75.
  27. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993),p. 73.
  28. ^Collins & Mees (2013),p. 225.
  29. ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006),pp. 261–262.
  30. ^Hall (2003),pp. 82, 107.
  31. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 34.
  32. ^Kohler (1999),p. 87.
  33. ^abcDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 40.
  34. ^abDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 64.
  35. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 65.
  36. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),pp. 34, 65.
  37. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),p. 119.
  38. ^Jolkesky (2009),pp. 676–677, 682.
  39. ^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999),p. 159.
  40. ^Peters (2006),p. 119.
  41. ^Verhoeven (2007),p. 221.
  42. ^abStone (2002),p. 600.
  43. ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013),p. 70.
  44. ^Friedman (2001:10)
  45. ^Lunt (1952:10–11)
  46. ^Haugen (2004),p. 30.
  47. ^Jassem (2003),p. 105.
  48. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995),p. 91.
  49. ^Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de OliveiraArchived2014-12-15 at theWayback Machine
  50. ^Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  51. ^Pop (1938),p. 29.
  52. ^Jones & Ward (1969),p. 41.
  53. ^Fast Mowitz (1975),p. 2.
  54. ^abZamora Vicente (1967),p.?.
  55. ^abEngstrand (1999),p. 140.
  56. ^abGöksel & Kerslake (2005),p. 10.
  57. ^abZimmer & Orgun (1999),p. 155.
  58. ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),p. 4.
  59. ^Šewc-Schuster (1984),p. 20.
  60. ^Tiersma (1999),p. 10.
  61. ^Bamgboṣe (1966),p. 166.

References[edit]

  • Árnason, Kristján (2011),The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese,Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-922931-4
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966),A Grammar of Yoruba,[West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Basbøll, Hans(2005),The Phonology of Danish,Taylor & Francis,ISBN0-203-97876-5
  • Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling (eds.),The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation,Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92,ISBN981-04-2598-8
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(1–2): 53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID249411809
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN9004103406
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003],Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students(3rd ed.), Routledge,ISBN978-0-415-50650-2
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25(2): 90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID249414876
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74,ISBN0-521-65236-7
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian,Lincom Europa,ISBN9783929075083
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch(in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag,ISBN978-3-411-04067-4
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian,Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,ISBN0-521-63751-1
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975),Sistema fonológico del idioma achual,Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23(2): 73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID249404451
  • Friedman, Victor (2001), "Macedonian", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.),Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present,New York: Holt, pp. 435–439
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013),"Luxembourgish"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43(1): 67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar,Routledge,ISBN978-0415114943
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,28(1 & 2): 99–105,doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290,S2CID249412109
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(2): 45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID243772965
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29(2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID145782045
  • Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992],Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English(2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press,ISBN0-7190-6689-1
  • Haugen, Ragnhild (2004),Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal(PDF),Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen
  • Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979),English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English,Baltimore: University Park Press
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(1): 103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009),"Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble",Anais do SETA,3,Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969),The Phonetics of Russian,Cambridge University Press
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010),"Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40(2): 221–225,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89,ISBN0-521-65236-7
  • Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages.Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN0-631-19815-6.
  • Lanham, Len W. (1967),The pronunciation of South African English,Cape Town: Balkema
  • Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007),The Sounds of Chinese,Cambridge University Press
  • Lodge, Ken (2009),A Critical Introduction to Phonetics,Continuum International Publishing Group,ISBN978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Lunt, Horace G. (1952),Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language,Skopje{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a),An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology,Macquarie University
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009b),An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology,Macquarie University
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36(1): 117–124,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român,Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(1): 117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37(3): 321–328,doi:10.1017/S0025100307003131,S2CID143444452
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006),Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview,Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
  • Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984),Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče,Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36(2): 255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012),"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,42(2): 225–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
  • Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.),The Slavonic Languages,London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685,ISBN9780415280785
  • Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association,Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57,ISBN0-521-63751-1
  • Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications],Frisian Reference Grammar(2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy,ISBN90-6171-886-4
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.",Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik,2:289–333
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37(2): 219–225,doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Watkins, Justin W. (2001),"Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31(2): 291–295,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122,S2CID232344700
  • Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967),Dialectología española(2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos,ISBN9788424911157
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999),"Turkish"(PDF),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158,ISBN0-521-65236-7,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-07-25,retrieved2015-11-21

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel&oldid=1232233586"