Open back unrounded vowel
| Open back unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɑ | |||
| IPA Number | 305 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ɑ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0251 | ||
| X-SAMPA | A | ||
| Braille |  | ||
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Legend:unrounded•rounded |
Theopen back unrounded vowel,orlow back unrounded vowel,[1]is a type ofvowelsound, used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ɑ⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isA.The letter ⟨ɑ⟩ is calledscript abecause it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed lettera,which corresponds to a different vowel, theopen front unrounded vowel.Script a,which has its linear stroke on the bottom right, should not be confused withturned script a,ɒ,which has its linear stroke on the top left and corresponds to aroundedversion of this vowel, theopen back rounded vowel.
In some languages (such asAzerbaijani,Estonian,LuxembourgishandToda)[2][3][4][5]there is thenear-open back unrounded vowel(a sound between cardinal[ɑ]and[ʌ]), which can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑ̝⟩ or ⟨ʌ̞⟩.
Features[edit]
- Itsvowel heightisopen,also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
- Itsvowel backnessisback,which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.Unrounded back vowels tend to becentralized,which means that often they are in factnear-back.
- It isunrounded,which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[6] | daar | [dɑːr] | 'there' | The quality varies between open near-back unrounded[ɑ̟ː],open back unrounded[ɑː]and even open back rounded[ɒː].[6]SeeAfrikaans phonology |
| Äiwoo | kânongä | [kɑnoŋæ] | 'I want' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[7] | طويل/ṭawīl | [tˤɑˈwiːl] | 'tall' | Allophone of long and short/a/nearemphatic consonants,depending on the speaker's accent. SeeArabic phonology |
| Essaouira[8] | قال/qāl | [qɑːl] | 'he said' | One of the possible realisations of/ā/.[8] | |
| Armenian | Eastern[7] | հաց/hacʿ | [hɑt͡sʰ] | 'bread' | |
| Azerbaijani[2] | qardaş | [ɡɑ̝ɾˈd̪ɑ̝ʃ] | 'brother' | Near-open.[2] | |
| Bashkir | ҡаҙ/qað | 'goose' | |||
| Catalan | Many dialects[9] | pal | [ˈpɑɫ] | 'stick' | Allophone of/a/in contact with velar consonants.[9]SeeCatalan phonology |
| Some dialects[10][11] | mà | [ˈmɑ] | 'hand' | More central ([ɑ̟],[ä]) in other dialects; fully front[a]in Majorcan Catalan.[11] | |
| SomeValencianand Majorcan speakers[9] | lloc | [ˈʎ̟ɑk] | 'place' | Unrounded allophone of/ɔ/in some accents.[9]Can be centralized. | |
| Some southernValencianspeakers[12] | bou | [ˈbɑw] | 'bull' | Pronunciation of the vowel/ɔ/before[w].[12]Can be centralized. | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[13] | Bổng/bàng | 'stick' | Allophone of/a/before/ŋ/.[13]SeeStandard Chinese phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard[14][15] | bad | [bɑt] | 'bath' | Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.[16][14]In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to[ɑ̝̈].[15]SeeDutch phonology |
| Leiden[16] | [bɑ̝t] | Near-open fully back; can be rounded[ɒ̝]instead.[16]SeeDutch phonology | |||
| Rotterdam[16] | |||||
| Amsterdam[17] | aap | [ɑːp] | 'monkey' | Corresponds to[aː~äː]in standard Dutch. | |
| Antwerp[18] | |||||
| Utrecht[18] | |||||
| The Hague[19] | nauw | [nɑː] | 'narrow' | Corresponds to[ʌu]in standard Dutch. | |
| English | Cardiff[20] | hot | [hɑ̝̈t] | 'hot' | Somewhat raised and fronted.[20][21] |
| Norfolk[21] | |||||
| General American[22] | [hɑt] | May be more front [ɑ̟~ä], especially in accents without thecot-caught merger.[clarification needed]SeeEnglish phonology | |||
| Cockney[23] | palm | [pɑːm] | 'palm' | Fully back. It can be more front[ɑ̟ː]instead. | |
| GeneralSouth African[24] | Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [ɒː~ɔː] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel[ɑ̟ː~äː].SeeSouth African English phonology | ||||
| Cultivated South African[25] |
[pɑ̟ːm] | Typicallymore frontthan cardinal[ɑ].It may be as front as[äː]in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. SeeEnglish phonologyandSouth African English phonology | |||
| Received Pronunciation[26] | |||||
| Non-local Dublin[27] | back | [bɑq] | 'back' | Allophone of/a/before velars for some speakers.[27] | |
| Estonian[3] | vale | [ˈvɑ̝le̞ˑ] | 'lie' | Near-open.[3]SeeEstonian phonology | |
| Faroese | Some dialects[28] | vátur | [ˈvɑːtʊɹ] | 'wet' | Corresponds to/ɔɑ/in standard language.[28]SeeFaroese phonology |
| Finnish[29] | kana | [ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝] | 'hen' | Near-open,[29]also described as open central[ä].[30]SeeFinnish phonology | |
| French | Conservative Parisian[31][32] | pas | [pɑ] | 'not' | Contrasts with/a/,but many speakers have only one open vowel[ä].[33]SeeFrench phonology |
| Quebec[34] | pâte | 'paste' | Contrasts with/a/.[34]SeeQuebec French phonology | ||
| Galician[35][36] | irmán | [iɾˈmɑŋ] | 'brother' | Allophone of/a/in contact with velar consonants.[35][36]SeeGalician phonology | |
| Georgian[37] | გუდა/guda | [k̬ud̪ɑ] | 'leather bag' | Usually not fully back[ɑ],typically[ɑ̟]to[ä].[38]Sometimes transcribed as/a/. | |
| German | Standard[39] | Gourmand | [ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː] | 'gourmand' | Nasalized;often realized as rounded[ɒ̃ː].[40]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Many speakers[41] | nah | [nɑː] | 'near' | Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.[41]Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.[42]More front in other accents. SeeStandard German phonology | |
| Greek | Sfakian[43] | μπύρα/býra | [ˈbirɑ] | "beer" | Corresponds to central[ä~ɐ]in Modern Standard Greek.[44][45]SeeModern Greek phonology |
| Hungarian | Some dialects[46] | magyar | [ˈmɑɟɑr] | 'Hungarian' | Weakly rounded[ɒ]in standard Hungarian.[47]SeeHungarian phonology |
| Inuit | West Greenlandic[48] | oqarpoq | [ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚] | 'he says' | Allophone of/a/before and especially between uvulars.[48]SeeInuit phonology |
| Italian | Some Piedmont dialects | casa | [ˈkɑːzɑ] | 'house' | Allophone of/a/which in Italian is largely realised as central[ä]. |
| Kazakh | alma | [ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈmɑ̝] | 'apple' | Can be realised as near-open. | |
| Kaingang[49] | ga | [ᵑɡɑ] | 'land, soil' | Varies between back[ɑ]and central[ɐ].[50] | |
| Khmer | ស្ករ/skâr | [skɑː] | 'sugar' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Limburgish[51][52][53] | bats | [bɑ̽ts] | 'buttock' | The quality varies between open back[ɑ],[51]open near-back[ɑ̟][52]and near-open near-back[ɑ̽][53](illustrated in the example word, which is from theMaastrichtian dialect), depending on the dialect. | |
| Low German[54] | al/aal | [ɑːl] | 'all' | Backness may vary among dialects.[54] | |
| Luxembourgish[4] | Kapp | [kʰɑ̝p] | 'head' | Near-open fully back.[4]SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Kedah[55] | mata | [ma.tɑ] | 'eye' | SeeMalay phonology |
| Kelantan-Pattani | Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. SeeKelantan-Pattani Malay | ||||
| Standard | qari | [qɑ.ri] | 'qari' | Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [ä]. SeeMalay phonology | |
| Norwegian[56][57] | hat | [hɑːt] | 'hate' | The example word is fromUrban East Norwegian.Central[äː]in some other dialects.[56][57][58]SeeNorwegian phonology | |
| Portuguese | SomeAzoreandialects | semana | [sɨ'mɑnɐ] | 'week' | SeePortuguese phonology |
| Paulista[59] | vegetal | [veʒe'tɑʊ] | 'vegetable' | Only immediately before[ʊ].[59] | |
| Russian[60] | палка/palka | [ˈpɑɫkə] | 'stick' | Occurs only before the hard/l/,but not when apalatalizedconsonant precedes. SeeRussian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Lewis[61] | balach | [ˈpɑl̪ˠəx] | 'boy' | Allophone of[a]in proximity to broad sonorants. |
| Sema[62] | amqa | [à̠mqɑ̀] | 'lower back' | Possible realization of/a/after uvular stops.[62] | |
| Swedish | Some dialects | jag | [jɑːɡ] | 'I' | Weakly rounded[ɒ̜ː]in Central Standard Swedish.[63]SeeSwedish phonology |
| Toda[5] | ஆந | [ɑ̝ːn] | 'elephant' | Near-open.[5] | |
| Turkish[64] | at | [ɑt̪] | 'horse' | Also described as central[ä].[65]SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[66] | мати/maty | [ˈmɑtɪ] | 'mother' | SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | Some dialects inNorth CentralandCentral | gà | [ɣɑ˨˩] | 'chicken' | SeeVietnamese phonology[67][68] |
| West Frisian | Standard[69] | lang | [ɫɑŋ] | 'long' | Also described as central[ä].[70]SeeWest Frisian phonology |
| Aastersk[71] | maat | [mɑːt] | 'mate' | Contrasts with a front/aː/.[71]SeeWest Frisian phonology | |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^While theInternational Phonetic Associationprefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height,many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^abcMokari & Werner (2016),p. 509.
- ^abcAsu & Teras (2009),p. 368.
- ^abcGilles & Trouvain (2013),p. 70.
- ^abcShalev, Ladefoged & Bhaskararao (1993),p. 92.
- ^abWissing (2016),section "The unrounded low-central vowel/a/".
- ^abThelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990),p. 39.
- ^abFrancisco (2019),p. 74.
- ^abcdSaborit (2009),p. 10.
- ^Rafel (1999),p. 14.
- ^abRecasens (1996),pp. 90–92.
- ^abRecasens (1996),pp. 131–132.
- ^abMou (2006),p. 65.
- ^abGussenhoven (1992),p. 47.
- ^abVerhoeven (2005),p. 245.
- ^abcdCollins & Mees (2003),p. 131.
- ^Collins & Mees (2003),pp. 78, 104, 133.
- ^abCollins & Mees (2003),pp. 104, 133.
- ^Collins & Mees (2003),p. 136.
- ^abCollins & Mees (1990),p. 95.
- ^abLodge (2009),p. 168.
- ^Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^Wells (1982),p. 305.
- ^Lass (2002),p. 117.
- ^Lass (2002),p. 116-117.
- ^Roach (2004),p. 242.
- ^ab"Glossary".Retrieved10 February2015.
- ^abÁrnason (2011),pp. 69, 79.
- ^abSuomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008),p. 21.
- ^Maddieson (1984),cited inSuomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^Ashby (2011),p. 100.
- ^Collins & Mees (2013),pp. 225–227.
- ^Collins & Mees (2013),pp. 226–227.
- ^abWalker (1984),p. 53.
- ^abRegueira (1996),p. 122.
- ^abFreixeiro Mato (2006),pp. 72–73.
- ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006),pp. 261–262.
- ^Aronson, Howard (1990),Georgian: A Reading Grammar(2nd ed.), Columbus, OH: Slavica
- ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),pp. 34, 38.
- ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 38.
- ^abDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 64.
- ^Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015),pp. 342–344.
- ^Trudgill (2009),pp. 83–84.
- ^Trudgill (2009),p. 81.
- ^Arvaniti (2007),pp. 25, 28.
- ^Vago (1980),p. 1.
- ^Szende (1994),p. 92.
- ^abFortescue (1990),p. 317.
- ^Jolkesky (2009),pp. 676–677, 682.
- ^Jolkesky (2009),pp. 676, 682.
- ^abPeters (2006),p. 119.
- ^abHeijmans & Gussenhoven (1998),p. 110.
- ^abGussenhoven & Aarts (1999),p. 159.
- ^abPrehn (2012),p. 157.
- ^Zaharani Ahmad (1991).
- ^abKristoffersen (2000),pp. 16–17.
- ^abKvifte & Gude-Husken (2005),p. 4.
- ^Vanvik (1979),pp. 16–17.
- ^abGalastri (2011),p. 21.
- ^Jones & Ward (1969),p. 50.
- ^Oftedal (1956),p. 53.
- ^abTeo (2014),p. 28.
- ^Engstrand (1999),p. 141.
- ^Göksel & Kerslake (2005),p. 10.
- ^Zimmer & Orgun (1999),p. 155.
- ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),p. 4.
- ^Phạm, Andrea Hòa (2014),"Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect)"(PDF),Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)(in Vietnamese),6:10–18
- ^Phạm, Andrea Hòa (2016),"Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province]"(PDF),Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)(in Vietnamese),11:7–28
- ^de Haan (2010),p. 333.
- ^Visser (1997),p. 14.
- ^abvan der Veen (2001),p. 102.
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