Jump to content

Openness

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Opennessis an overarching concept that is characterized by an emphasis ontransparencyandcollaboration.[1][2]That is, openness refers to "accessibility of knowledge, technology and other resources; the transparency of action; the permeability of organisational structures; and the inclusiveness of participation".[2]Openness can be said to be the opposite of closedness,[2]centralauthorityandsecrecy.[1]

Openness concept

[edit]

Openness has been attributed to a wide array of approaches in very different contexts as outlined below. While there is no universally accepted definition of the overarching concept of openness, a 2017 comprehensive review concludes that:

Open terminology can refer to a higher-order concept (e.g. the ‘‘philosophy of openness’’); the nature of resources (e.g. ‘‘open data’’); the nature of processes (e.g. ‘‘open innovation’’); or the effects on specific domains (e.g. ‘‘open education’’) [...] The principles typically used to characterize this higher-order concept are: access to information and other resources; participation in an inclusive and often collaborative manner; transparency of resources and actions; and democracy or ‘‘democratization’’ such as the breaking up of exclusionary structures.[2]

In government

[edit]

Open government is the governingdoctrinewhich holds that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective publicoversight.[3]

Openness in government applies the idea offreedom of informationto information held by authorities and holds that citizens should have the right to see the operations and activities of government at work.[4]Since reliable information is requisite for accountability, freedom of access to information about the government supports government accountability and helps protect other necessary rights.[4]

In creative works

[edit]

Open contentandfree contentboth refer to creative works that lack restrictions on how people can use, modify, and distribute them.[5][6][7]The terms derive fromopen source softwareandfree software,similar concepts that refer specifically to software.[8]

In education

[edit]

Open education refers to institutional practices and programmatic initiatives that broaden access to the learning and training traditionally offered through formal education systems. By eliminatingbarriers to entry,open educationaids freedom of information by increasing accessibility.

Open Education advocates state people from all social classes worldwide have open access to high-quality education and resources. They help eliminate obstacles like high costs, outmoded materials, and legal instruments. These barriers impede collaboration among stakeholders. Cooperation is crucial to open education.[9]The Open Education Consortium claims “Sharing is a fundamental attribute of education. Education means the sharing of knowledge, insights, and information with everybody. It is the foundation of new wisdom, ideas, talents, and understanding”.[10]Open Educational Resources refer to learning materials that educators can improve and modify with permission from their publishers or authors. Creators of OERs are allowed to include a variety of items such as lesson plans, presentation slides, lecture videos, podcasts, worksheets, maps, and images.[11]

There are legitimate tools like the Creative Commons’ licenses that students can access and use at liberty. They are allowed to translate and amend these materials.[12]Public school teachers in the USA can share resources they developed as compliance for government-authorized standards in education. One of these is called the Common Core State Standards.[13]Some teachers and school officials have recommended that OERs can help reduce expenses in production and distribution of course materials for primary and secondary institutions. Some teachers and school officials have recommended that OERs can help reduce expenses in production and distribution of course materials for primary and secondary institutions. Certain projects like the OER Commons as storage for open educational resources.[14]

In science

[edit]

Open sciencerefers to the practice of allowing peer-reviewed research articles to be available online free of charge and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.[15]Benefits of this approach include: accelerated discovery and progress as researchers are free to use and build on the findings of others,[16]giving back to the public as much research is paid for with public funds,[17]and greater impact for one's work due toopen accessarticles being accessible to a bigger audience.[18]

In information technology

[edit]

InOpen-source software,the user is given access to the sources such assource code.InOpen-source hardware,the user gets access to sources such as design documents andblueprints.Open dataisdatathat can be freely used and shared by anyone.[citation needed]

In psychology

[edit]

In psychology,openness to experienceis one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in theFive Factor Model.[citation needed]

In business

[edit]

Open business[19]is an approach toenterprisethat draws on ideas from openness movements likefree software,open source,open contentand open tools and standards. The approach places value ontransparency,stakeholder inclusion, and accountability.

Open business structures make contributors and non-contributors visible so thatbusiness benefits are distributed accordingly.They seek to increase personal engagement and positive outcomes by rewarding contributors in an open way.

See also

[edit]

References and notes

[edit]
  • Eco, Umberto;Anna Cancogni; David Robey (1989).The Open Work.Harvard University Press.ISBN9780674639751.
  1. ^abPeters, Michael."The Idea of Openness: Open Education and Education for Openness".The Encyclopaedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory.Archived fromthe originalon 1 May 2014.Retrieved1 May2014.
  2. ^abcdSchlagwein, Daniel; Conboy, Kieran; Feller, Joseph; Leimeister, Jan Marco; Morgan, Lorraine (2017)."Openness With and Without Information Technology: A Framework and a Brief History".Journal of Information Technology.32(4): 297–305.doi:10.1057/s41265-017-0049-3.hdl:10379/13819.
  3. ^Lathrop, Daniel; Ruma, Laurel, eds. (February 2010).Open Government: Transparency, Collaboration and Participation in Practice.O'Reilly Media.ISBN978-0-596-80435-0.
  4. ^abBirkinshaw, Patrick."FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND OPENNESS: FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS?".Administrative Law Review.58(1): 177–218. Archived fromthe originalon 29 August 2017.Retrieved1 May2014.
  5. ^"Definition of Free Cultural Works".Retrieved8 December2011.
  6. ^Stallman, Richard(November 13, 2008)."Free Software and Free Manuals".Free Software Foundation.RetrievedMarch 22,2009.
  7. ^Grossman, Lev (1998-07-18)."New Free License to Cover Content Online".Netly News.Archived fromthe originalon 2000-06-19.Retrieved2010-01-12.
  8. ^Wiley, David (1998)."Open Content".OpenContent.org.Archived fromthe originalon 1999-01-28.Retrieved2012-04-17.
  9. ^"What is open education?".Opensource.Retrieved2018-07-06.
  10. ^"The Open Education Consortium".The Global Network for Open Education.Retrieved2018-07-06.
  11. ^"What are Open Educational Resources (OERs)?".United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.Retrieved2018-07-06.
  12. ^"About The Licenses".Creative Commons.Retrieved2018-07-06.
  13. ^"About the Standards".Common Core State Standards Initiative.Retrieved2018-07-06.
  14. ^"OER Commons".OER Commons.Retrieved2018-07-06.
  15. ^Suber, Peter."Open Access Overview".Retrieved1 May2014.
  16. ^"The Case for Open Access".Retrieved1 May2014.
  17. ^Suber, Peter."The taxpayer argument for open access".SPARC Open Access Newsletter, issue #65.Retrieved1 May2014.
  18. ^Harnad, Steven; Tim Brody."Comparing the Impact of Open Access (OA) vs. Non-OA Articles in the Same Journals".D-Lib Magazine.10.Archived fromthe originalon 13 December 2016.Retrieved1 May2014.
  19. ^"UNICEF Office of Innovation: Open Source - Business Model".September 2016.