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Operation Bowline

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See also:List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States

Operation Bowline
Bowline Schooner, 30 kilotons
Information
CountryUnited States
Test site
  • NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa
  • NTS Area 16, Shoshone Mountain
  • NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa
  • NTS Areas 5, 11, Frenchman Flat
  • NTS, Areas 1–4, 6–10, Yucca Flat
Period1968–1969
Number of tests47
Test typecratering, underground shaft, tunnel
Max. yield1.2megatonnes of TNT(5.0 PJ)
Test series chronology
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TheUnited States's Bowline nuclear test series[1]was a group of 47nuclear testsconducted in 1968–1969. These tests[note 1]followed theOperation Crosstieseries and preceded theOperation Mandrelseries.

United States' Bowline series tests and detonations
Name[note 2] Date time (UT) Localtime zone[note 3][2] Location[note 4] Elevation+ height[note 5] Delivery[note 6]
Purpose[note 7] 		Device[note 8] Yield[note 9] Fallout[note 10] References Notes
Spud July 17, 196814:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3fy37°00′03″N115°59′59″W/ 37.00095°N 115.99962°W/37.00095; -115.99962(Spud) 1,178 m (3,865 ft) – 240.29 m (788.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		1.5 kt [1][3][4][5]
Tanya July 30, 196813:00:00.0 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2dt37°07′59″N116°04′59″W/ 37.13317°N 116.08312°W/37.13317; -116.08312(Tanya) 1,271 m (4,170 ft) – 381 m (1,250 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		20 kt Venting detected, 140 Ci (5,200 GBq) [1][3][4][5][6][7]
Imp August 9, 196813:00:00.0 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2bj37°09′42″N116°04′41″W/ 37.16176°N 116.07808°W/37.16176; -116.07808(Imp) 1,314 m (4,311 ft) – 178.46 m (585.5 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		350 t Venting detected on site, 4.2 kCi (160 TBq) [1][3][4][5][6][7]
Rack August 15, 196817:00:00.0 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U9ap37°07′25″N116°02′57″W/ 37.12373°N 116.0491°W/37.12373; -116.0491(Rack) 1,254 m (4,114 ft) – 199.72 m (655.2 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		1 kt Venting detected, 10 Ci (370 GBq) [1][3][4][5][7]
Diana Moon August 27, 196816:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U11e36°52′38″N115°55′55″W/ 36.87718°N 115.93195°W/36.87718; -115.93195(Diana Moon) 1,004 m (3,294 ft) – 242.01 m (794.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapon effect 		9 kt Venting detected on site, 12 kCi (440 TBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8]
Sled August 29, 196822:45:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U19j37°15′01″N116°20′52″W/ 37.25028°N 116.34777°W/37.25028; -116.34777(Sled) 2,057 m (6,749 ft) – 728.88 m (2,391.3 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		200 kt [1][3][4][5][9]
Noggin September 6, 196814:00:00.13 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U9bx37°08′09″N116°02′54″W/ 37.13597°N 116.04824°W/37.13597; -116.04824(Noggin) 1,259 m (4,131 ft) – 581.99 m (1,909.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		120 kt Venting detected, 16 Ci (590 GBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8]
Knife-A September 12, 196814:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3fb37°01′54″N116°00′45″W/ 37.03178°N 116.01237°W/37.03178; -116.01237(Knife-A) 1,190 m (3,900 ft) – 331.8 m (1,089 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		20 kt [1][4][5]
Stoddard September 17, 196814:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2cms37°07′11″N116°07′42″W/ 37.11981°N 116.12835°W/37.11981; -116.12835(Stoddard) 1,370 m (4,490 ft) – 467.87 m (1,535.0 ft) underground shaft,
peaceful research 		31 kt Venting detected, 16 Ci (590 GBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8] Project Plowshare – clean excavation device development.
Hudson Seal September 24, 196817:05:01.09 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U12n.0437°12′17″N116°12′26″W/ 37.20473°N 116.20727°W/37.20473; -116.20727(Hudson Seal) 2,168 m (7,113 ft) – 344.42 m (1,130.0 ft) tunnel,
weapon effect 		20 kt [1][3][4][5][9]
Welder October 3, 196814:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3fs37°02′48″N116°01′50″W/ 37.04665°N 116.03048°W/37.04665; -116.03048(Welder) 1,199 m (3,934 ft) – 117.66 m (386.0 ft) underground shaft,
safety experiment 		less than 20 kt [1][4][5]
Knife-C October 3, 196814:29:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3er37°01′33″N115°59′38″W/ 37.02591°N 115.99396°W/37.02591; -115.99396(Knife-C) 1,201 m (3,940 ft) – 301.44 m (989.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		3 kt [1][3][4][5][8]
Vat October 10, 196814:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U9cf37°08′00″N116°02′35″W/ 37.13327°N 116.04318°W/37.13327; -116.04318(Vat) 1,256 m (4,121 ft) – 194.92 m (639.5 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		1 kt [1][3][4][5]
Hula October 29, 196815:36:00.09 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U9bu37°06′48″N116°02′30″W/ 37.11321°N 116.0418°W/37.11321; -116.0418(Hula) 1,254 m (4,114 ft) – 198.46 m (651.1 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		250 t Venting detected on site, 7 Ci (260 GBq) [1][3][4][5][6][7]
Bit- 1 October 31, 196818:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gt37°02′49″N116°01′49″W/ 37.04701°N 116.03021°W/37.04701; -116.03021(Bit - 1) 1,199 m (3,934 ft) – 148.31 m (486.6 ft) underground shaft,
safety experiment 		1 kt [1][3][4][5] simultaneous, separate holes.
Bit- 2 October 31, 196818:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gt37°02′49″N116°01′49″W/ 37.04699°N 116.03034°W/37.04699; -116.03034(Bit - 2) 1,199 m (3,934 ft) + underground shaft,
safety experiment 		less than 20 kt [1][4][5] simultaneous, separate holes.
File October 31, 196818:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gb37°01′01″N116°02′11″W/ 37.01708°N 116.03649°W/37.01708; -116.03649(File) 1,185 m (3,888 ft) – 228.95 m (751.1 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		7 kt [1][4][5]
Crew- 1 November 4, 196815:15:00.09 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2db37°07′50″N116°05′15″W/ 37.13043°N 116.08738°W/37.13043; -116.08738(Crew - 1) 1,287 m (4,222 ft) – 603.5 m (1,980 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		22 kt [1][3][4][5][8] Simultaneous, same hole.
Crew- 2 November 4, 196815:16:00.09 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2db37°07′50″N116°05′15″W/ 37.13042°N 116.08738°W/37.13042; -116.08738(Crew - 2) 1,287 m (4,222 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		less than 20 kt [1][4][5] Simultaneous, same hole.
Crew- 3 November 4, 196815:16:00.09 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2db37°07′50″N116°05′15″W/ 37.13042°N 116.08738°W/37.13042; -116.08738(Crew - 3) 1,287 m (4,222 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		less than 20 kt [1][3][4][5] Simultaneous, same hole.
Auger November 15, 196815:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3fx37°02′52″N116°00′02″W/ 37.04765°N 116.00058°W/37.04765; -116.00058(Auger) 1,222 m (4,009 ft) – 240.62 m (789.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		1 kt [1][3][4][5]
Knife-B November 15, 196815:45:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3dz37°01′34″N116°02′03″W/ 37.02609°N 116.03412°W/37.02609; -116.03412(Knife-B) 1,188 m (3,898 ft) – 362.94 m (1,190.7 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		8 kt [1][3][4][5][8]
Ming Vase November 20, 196818:00:00.03 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U16a.0437°00′35″N116°12′26″W/ 37.00973°N 116.2072°W/37.00973; -116.2072(Ming Vase) 1,931 m (6,335 ft) – 307.94 m (1,010.3 ft) tunnel,
weapon effect 		16 kt [1][3][4][5][9]
Tinderbox November 22, 196816:19:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U9az37°08′24″N116°02′35″W/ 37.13987°N 116.04312°W/37.13987; -116.04312(Tinderbox) 1,261 m (4,137 ft) – 439.52 m (1,442.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		3 kt Venting detected, 2 Ci (74 GBq) [1][3][4][5][6][7]
Schooner December 8, 196816:00:00.14 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U20u37°20′36″N116°34′00″W/ 37.34326°N 116.56661°W/37.34326; -116.56661(Schooner) 1,668 m (5,472 ft) – 111.22 m (364.9 ft) cratering,
peaceful research 		30 kt Venting detected off site, 3.7 MCi (140 PBq) [1][4][5][6][7][10] Plowshare– excavation experiment in hard, dry rock.
Bay Leaf December 12, 196815:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gq37°02′49″N116°01′52″W/ 37.04702°N 116.03104°W/37.04702; -116.03104(Bay Leaf) 1,199 m (3,934 ft) – 130.16 m (427.0 ft) underground shaft,
safety experiment 		less than 20 kt [1][4][5] simultaneous, separate holes.
Tyg- 1 December 12, 196815:10:00.08 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2dc1e37°07′15″N116°04′53″W/ 37.1209°N 116.08145°W/37.1209; -116.08145(Tyg - 1) 1,273 m (4,177 ft) – 228.3 m (749 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		20 kt Venting detected on site, 6.8 kCi (250 TBq) [1][3][4][5][6][7]
Tyg- 2 December 12, 196815:10:00.08 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2dc2d37°07′03″N116°04′49″W/ 37.11758°N 116.08035°W/37.11758; -116.08035(Tyg - 2) 1,270 m (4,170 ft) – 251 m (823 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		3 kt Venting detected on site [1][4][5][6][7][11]
Tyg- 3 December 12, 196815:10:00.08 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2dc3c37°07′05″N116°04′40″W/ 37.11804°N 116.07788°W/37.11804; -116.07788(Tyg - 3) 1,268 m (4,160 ft) – 228.3 m (749 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		2 kt Venting detected on site [1][4][5][6][7][11]
Tyg- 4 December 12, 196815:10:00.08 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2dc4a37°07′16″N116°04′45″W/ 37.12124°N 116.0791°W/37.12124; -116.0791(Tyg - 4) 1,272 m (4,173 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		1 kt Venting detected on site [1][4][5][6]
Tyg- 5 December 12, 196815:10:00.08 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2dc5b37°07′11″N116°04′39″W/ 37.11985°N 116.07744°W/37.11985; -116.07744(Tyg - 5) 1,270 m (4,170 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		3 kt Venting detected on site [1][4][5][6]
Tyg- 6 December 12, 196815:10:00.08 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2dc6f37°07′08″N116°04′58″W/ 37.11879°N 116.08278°W/37.11879; -116.08278(Tyg - 6) 1,273 m (4,177 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		4 kt Venting detected on site [1][4][5][6]
Scissors December 12, 196815:20:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gh37°00′14″N116°02′24″W/ 37.00391°N 116.04°W/37.00391; -116.04(Scissors) 1,181 m (3,875 ft) – 240.58 m (789.3 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		1 kt Venting detected on site [1][3][4][5][6][7]
Benham December 19, 196816:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U20c -37°13′53″N116°28′28″W/ 37.23142°N 116.47448°W/37.23142; -116.47448(Benham) 1,887 m (6,191 ft) – 1,402.08 m (4,600.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		1.2 Mt [1][4][5]
Packard January 15, 196919:00:00.07 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2u37°08′52″N116°04′00″W/ 37.14787°N 116.06654°W/37.14787; -116.06654(Packard) 1,288 m (4,226 ft) – 246.89 m (810.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapon effect 		10 kt Venting detected on site, 7 Ci (260 GBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8]
Wineskin January 15, 196919:30:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U12r37°12′33″N116°13′35″W/ 37.20909°N 116.22627°W/37.20909; -116.22627(Wineskin) 2,263 m (7,425 ft) – 518.16 m (1,700.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		40 kt [1][3][4][5][9]
Shave January 22, 196915:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gk37°00′56″N115°59′43″W/ 37.01544°N 115.99516°W/37.01544; -115.99516(Shave) 1,191 m (3,907 ft) – 240.75 m (789.9 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		2 kt [1][3][4][5]
Vise January 30, 196915:00:00.038 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3ej37°03′12″N116°01′48″W/ 37.0533°N 116.02998°W/37.0533; -116.02998(Vise) 1,204 m (3,950 ft) – 454.06 m (1,489.7 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		20 kt [1][4][5][8][9]
Biggin January 30, 196915:17:00.12 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U9bz37°08′00″N116°02′28″W/ 37.13326°N 116.04113°W/37.13326; -116.04113(Biggin) 1,257 m (4,124 ft) – 242.32 m (795.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		less than 20 kt [1][4][5]
Nipper February 4, 196915:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gl37°00′09″N116°00′36″W/ 37.00262°N 116.01°W/37.00262; -116.01(Nipper) 1,178 m (3,865 ft) – 240.73 m (789.8 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		less than 20 kt [1][4][5]
Winch February 4, 196915:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gf37°00′34″N116°02′35″W/ 37.00941°N 116.04304°W/37.00941; -116.04304(Winch) 1,185 m (3,888 ft) – 240.63 m (789.5 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		600 t [1][3][4][5]
Cypress February 12, 196916:18:20.88 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U12g.0937°10′08″N116°12′42″W/ 37.16901°N 116.2116°W/37.16901; -116.2116(Cypress) 2,265 m (7,431 ft) – 359.66 m (1,180.0 ft) tunnel,
weapon effect 		15 kt [1][3][4][5][9]
Valise March 18, 196914:30:00.12 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U9by37°08′21″N116°02′30″W/ 37.13909°N 116.04171°W/37.13909; -116.04171(Valise) 1,261 m (4,137 ft) – 90.25 m (296.1 ft) underground shaft,
safety experiment 		less than 20 kt Venting detected [1][4][5][7]
Chatty March 18, 196914:40:00.43 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2bn37°09′44″N116°04′36″W/ 37.16224°N 116.07679°W/37.16224; -116.07679(Chatty) 1,312 m (4,304 ft) – 194.77 m (639.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		800 t Venting detected, 0.7 Ci (26 GBq) [1][3][4][5][7]
Barsac March 20, 196918:12:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3gc37°01′19″N116°01′52″W/ 37.02203°N 116.03098°W/37.02203; -116.03098(Barsac) 1,187 m (3,894 ft) – 304.13 m (997.8 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		10 kt Venting detected on site, 43 Ci (1,600 GBq) [1][3][4][5][6][8]
Coffer March 21, 196914:30:00.41 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2de37°08′00″N116°05′15″W/ 37.13325°N 116.0876°W/37.13325; -116.0876(Coffer) 1,291 m (4,236 ft) – 464.82 m (1,525.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		26 kt Venting detected, 10 Ci (370 GBq) [1][3][4][5][6][7]
Gourd-Amber- 1 April 24, 196913:04:00.14 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2bf37°09′50″N116°04′50″W/ 37.16393°N 116.08061°W/37.16393; -116.08061(Gourd-Amber - 1) 1,320 m (4,330 ft) – 181.3 m (595 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		800 t [1][3][4][5][11] simultaneous, separate holes.
Gourd-Brown- 2 April 24, 196913:04:00.14 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2bl37°09′36″N116°04′55″W/ 37.15998°N 116.08186°W/37.15998; -116.08186(Gourd-Brown - 2) 1,317 m (4,321 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		less than 20 kt [1][4][5] simultaneous, separate holes.
Blenton April 30, 196917:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U7p37°04′53″N116°00′53″W/ 37.08145°N 116.01481°W/37.08145; -116.01481(Blenton) 1,255 m (4,117 ft) – 557.73 m (1,829.8 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		51 kt Venting detected on site [1][4][5][6][7][9]
Thistle April 30, 196917:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U7t37°05′25″N116°00′23″W/ 37.09023°N 116.00651°W/37.09023; -116.00651(Thistle) 1,281 m (4,203 ft) – 560.47 m (1,838.8 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		38 kt [1][4][5][9]
Purse May 7, 196913:45:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U20v37°16′58″N116°30′06″W/ 37.28283°N 116.50153°W/37.28283; -116.50153(Purse) 1,828 m (5,997 ft) – 598.75 m (1,964.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		90 kt [1][3][4][5][8]
Aliment May 15, 196918:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2gj37°00′43″N115°59′09″W/ 37.01185°N 115.98583°W/37.01185; -115.98583(Aliment) 1,207 m (3,960 ft) – 240.51 m (789.1 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		2 kt [1][3][4][5]
Ipecac- 1 May 27, 196914:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3hka37°00′54″N116°00′11″W/ 37.01498°N 116.00292°W/37.01498; -116.00292(Ipecac - 1) 1,181 m (3,875 ft) – 124.18 m (407.4 ft) underground shaft,
safety experiment 		less than 20 kt Venting detected on site [1][4][5][6][7] simultaneous, separate holes.
Ipecac- 2 May 27, 196914:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3hkb37°00′53″N116°00′03″W/ 37.01482°N 116.00086°W/37.01482; -116.00086(Ipecac - 2) 1,182 m (3,878 ft) + underground shaft,
safety experiment 		less than 20 kt Venting detected on site [1][4][5][6] simultaneous, separate holes.
Torrido May 27, 196914:15:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U7w37°04′30″N115°59′46″W/ 37.07506°N 115.99617°W/37.07506; -115.99617(Torrido) 1,270 m (4,170 ft) – 514.72 m (1,688.7 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		22 kt [1][4][5][8][9]
Tapper June 12, 196914:00:00.04 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U3go37°00′32″N116°01′52″W/ 37.00879°N 116.03109°W/37.00879; -116.03109(Tapper) 1,181 m (3,875 ft) – 303 m (994 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		10 kt Venting detected on site [1][3][4][5][6][8]
Bowl- 1 June 26, 196916:00:00.13 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2bo137°09′45″N116°04′46″W/ 37.16244°N 116.07949°W/37.16244; -116.07949(Bowl - 1) 1,316 m (4,318 ft) – 198.12 m (650.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development 		2 kt [1][3][4][5] simultaneous, separate holes.
Bowl- 2 June 26, 196916:00:00.13 PST (–8 hrs)
 NTSArea U2bo237°09′39″N116°04′48″W/ 37.16072°N 116.0801°W/37.16072; -116.0801(Bowl - 2) 1,315 m (4,314 ft) + underground shaft,
weapons development 		3 kt [1][4][5] simultaneous, separate holes.
  1. ^A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length".Mikhailov, V. N."Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing".Begell-Atom. Archived fromthe originalon April 26, 2014.
  2. ^The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  3. ^To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from theIANA time zone database.
  4. ^Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  5. ^Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example,Plumbbob/John.No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  6. ^Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  7. ^Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  8. ^Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  9. ^Estimated energy yield intons, kilotons, and megatons.A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  10. ^Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgYang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000),CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3),SMDC Monitoring Research
  2. ^"Time Zone Historical Database".iana.RetrievedMarch 8,2014.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadNorris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994),"United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)"(PDF),Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper,Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 29, 2013,retrievedOctober 26,2013
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfOfficial list of underground nuclear explosions,Sandia National Laboratories, July 1, 1994,retrievedDecember 18,2013
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfUnited States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992(PDF)(DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 12, 2006,retrievedDecember 18,2013
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvEstimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2(PDF),National Cancer Institute, 1997,retrievedJanuary 5,2014
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsRadiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1)(PDF),DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 3, 2013,retrievedOctober 31,2013
  8. ^abcdefghijklBolt, Bruce A. (1976),Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil,San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Co.
  9. ^abcdefghiHechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (September 25, 1998),Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site,Nuclear Science and Technology Division
  10. ^Sublette, Carey,Nuclear Weapons Archive,retrievedJanuary 6,2014
  11. ^abcOperation Argus, 1958(DNA6039F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense, 1982,retrievedNovember 26,2013
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