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Operation Teapot

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Operation Teapot
Teapot-MET(Military Effects Test), 22-kilotons
Information
CountryUnited States
Test site
  • NTS Areas 5, 11, Frenchman Flat
  • NTS, Areas 1–4, 6–10, Yucca Flat
Period1955
Number of tests14
Test typecratering, free air drop, parachuted, tower
Max. yield43kilotonnes of TNT(180 TJ)
Test series chronology
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Operation Teapotwas a series of 14nuclear testexplosions conducted at theNevada Test Sitein the first half of 1955. It was preceded byOperation Castle,and followed byOperation Wigwam.Wigwamwas, administratively, a part ofTeapot,but it is usually treated as a class of its own. The aims of the operation were to establish military tactics for ground forces on a nuclear battlefield and to improve the nuclear weapons used forstrategic delivery.[1]

Individual blasts[edit]

Wasp[edit]

During shotWasp,ground forces took part inExercise Desert Rock VIwhich included an armored task forceRazormoving to within 900 metres (3,000 ft) of ground zero, under the still-formingmushroom cloud.[2]

Bee[edit]

An augmentedtest unitfrom theUnited States Marine Corpsparticipated in shotBeeduring the March 1955 exercises.[2]

MET[edit]

TheMETwas the first bomb core to includeuranium-233(a rarely usedfissile isotopethat is the product ofthorium-232neutron absorption),along with plutonium;this was based on the plutonium/U-235 pit from the TX-7E, a prototypeMark 7 nuclear bombdesign used in the 1951Operation Buster-JangleEasytest. It produced a yield of 22kt (comparable to theFat Manplutonium-only weapon that exploded over Nagasaki), but significantly less than the expected amount. Since it was a military effects test, the DoD specified that the device should have a calibrated yield within 10% of ratings. However, weapon designers at Los Alamos substituted the experimental core without notifying the DoD. The unexpected lower yield, 33% less than the DoD expected, ruined many of the military's tests.[3][4]

Apple-2[edit]

"Doom Town" redirects here. For the card game, seeDoomtown.
See also:Japanese Village (Dugway Proving Ground)andNevada Test Site § Landmarks and geography
Operation Cue(1955)

The Civil DefenseApple-2shot on May 5, 1955 was intended to test various building construction types in a nuclear blast. An assortment of buildings, including residential houses andelectrical substations,were constructed at the site nicknamed "Survival Town"by some and"Doom Town"by others.[5]The buildings were populated with mannequins, and stocked with different types of canned and packaged foods. Not all of the buildings were destroyed in the blast, and some of them still stand atArea 1,Nevada Test Site. A short film about the blast, referred to as "Operation Cue", was distributed by theFederal Civil Defense Administration.The houses are still standing at37°02′41″N116°04′27″W/ 37.04476°N 116.07416°W/37.04476; -116.07416,at the east and west ends of the road loop. They are stops on theNevada National Security Site(NNSS) tour.

From declassified documents dated February to May 1956, the Apple-2 shot, as part of Operation Teapot Project 35.5 "Effects of Nuclear Explosion on Records and Records Storage Equipment" was staged on the Nevada Test Site to determine the effects of nuclear explosions on various types of records and record storage equipment.[6]

Teapot series tests[edit]

United States' Teapot series tests and detonations
Name[note 1] Date time (UT) Local time zone[note 2] Location[note 3] Elevation + height[note 4] Delivery[note 5] Purpose[note 6] Device[note 7] Yield[note 8] Venting[note 9] References Notes
Wasp February 18, 195519:59:59.2 PST (−8h)
 NTSArea 737°05′12″N116°01′22″W/ 37.0866°N 116.0228°W/37.0866; -116.0228(Wasp) 1,268 m (4,160 ft) + 230 m (750 ft) free air drop weapons development 1 kt I-131 venting detected, 160 kCi (5,900 TBq) [7][8][9][10] Air defense test. Light weight implosion system, 120 lb (54 kg) and 22 in (560 mm) across. Yield below predictions.Desert Rock VI.
Moth February 22, 195513:00:45.0 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 337°02′52″N116°01′19″W/ 37.0477°N 116.022°W/37.0477; -116.022(Moth) 1,230 m (4,040 ft) + 90 m (300 ft) tower weapons development XW-30? 2 kt I-131 venting detected, 320 kCi (12,000 TBq) [7][8][9][10][11] Proof test of XW30 air defense warhead.[dubious–discuss]Used an ENS (external neutron source) 'Zipper' initiator. Desert Rock VI.
Tesla March 1, 195513:00:30.3 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 9b37°07′32″N116°02′54″W/ 37.1255°N 116.0484°W/37.1255; -116.0484(Tesla) 1,282 m (4,206 ft) + 90 m (300 ft) tower weapons development Cleo I 7 kt I-131 venting detected, 1.2 MCi (44 PBq) [7][8][9][10] First successful UCRL test; usedlinear implosion,ZIPPER initiator. Desert Rock VI.
Turk March 7, 195513:00:20.2 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 237°08′18″N116°07′06″W/ 37.1383°N 116.1184°W/37.1383; -116.1184(Turk) 1,370 m (4,490 ft) + 150 m (490 ft) tower weapons development XW-27D"Linda" lightweight secondary[12] 43 kt I-131 venting detected, 6.4 MCi (240 PBq) [7][8][9][10] Test of primary for XW-27 class D, lightweight thermonuke, in an XW-27 mockup. Desert Rock VI.
Hornet March 12, 195513:19:59.8 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 3a37°02′25″N116°01′34″W/ 37.0402°N 116.0261°W/37.0402; -116.0261(Hornet) 1,224 m (4,016 ft) + 90 m (300 ft) tower weapons development XW-30? 4 kt I-131 venting detected, 620 kCi (23,000 TBq) [7][8][9][10][11] Boosted XW-30. A sealed pit D-T gas boost design, with ZIPPER initiator.
Bee March 22, 195513:04:59.9 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 737°05′41″N116°01′29″W/ 37.0947°N 116.0248°W/37.0947; -116.0248(Bee) 1,294 m (4,245 ft) + 150 m (490 ft) tower weapons development XW-25? 8 kt I-131 venting detected, 1.2 MCi (44 PBq) [7][8][9][10][11] LASL sealed pit D-T gas boosted design, with ZIPPER initiator. Desert Rock VI.
ESS March 23, 195520:00:30.0 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 1037°10′06″N116°02′41″W/ 37.1683°N 116.0448°W/37.1683; -116.0448(ESS) 1,298 m (4,259 ft) - 20 m (66 ft) cratering weapon effect Mk-6HE 1 kt I-131 venting detected, 140 kCi (5,200 TBq) [7][8][9][10][11] "Effects Sub-surface". Test for ADM (Atomic Demolition Munition). Desert Rock VI.
Apple-1 March 29, 195512:00:55.1 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 437°05′44″N116°06′13″W/ 37.0955°N 116.1037°W/37.0955; -116.1037(Apple-1) 1,317 m (4,321 ft) + 150 m (490 ft) tower weapons development 14 kt I-131 venting detected, 2 MCi (74 PBq) [7][8][9][10] Primary failed; expected 40 kt. Desert Rock VI.
Wasp Prime March 29, 195517:59:54.8 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 737°05′12″N116°03′31″W/ 37.0866°N 116.0586°W/37.0866; -116.0586(Wasp Prime) 1,261 m (4,137 ft) + 230 m (750 ft) free air drop weapons development 3.2 kt I-131 venting detected, 450 kCi (17,000 TBq) [7][8][9][10] Repeat ofWasp.Desert Rock VI.
HA April 6, 195518:00:04.1 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 137°01′43″N116°03′31″W/ 37.0286°N 116.0586°W/37.0286; -116.0586(HA) 1,280 m (4,200 ft) + 11.16 kilometres (6.93 mi) parachuted weapon effect 3.2 kt I-131 venting detected, 450 kCi (17,000 TBq) [7][8][9][10] Last airdrop over continental U.S. "High altitude" test of air-air missile warhead similar toWasp Prime;parachute retarded (only one at NTS).
Post April 9, 195512:00:30.2 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 937°07′21″N116°02′05″W/ 37.1226°N 116.0347°W/37.1226; -116.0347(Post) 1,294 m (4,245 ft) + 90 m (300 ft) tower weapons development Cleo II 2 kt I-131 venting detected, 340 kCi (13,000 TBq) [7][8][9][10] LLNL Linear implosion. ENS initiated.
MET April 15, 195519:00:15.3 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 536°47′53″N115°55′47″W/ 36.798°N 115.9298°W/36.798; -115.9298(MET) 940 m (3,080 ft) + 120 m (390 ft) tower weapon effect 22 kt I-131 venting detected, 3.1 MCi (110 PBq) [7][8][9][10][11] "Military Effects Tower". Supposed to be a standard effects test, LASL clandestinely substituted experimental U233/Pu core, thus undershot estimated yield by a third. Desert Rock VI.
Apple-2 May 5, 195512:00:10.0 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 137°03′11″N116°06′12″W/ 37.053°N 116.1034°W/37.053; -116.1034(Apple-2) 1,294 m (4,245 ft) + 150 m (490 ft) tower weapons development 29 kt I-131 venting detected, 4.1 MCi (150 PBq) [7][8][9][10] Retry of Apple-1. Desert Rock VI. Operation Cue,civil defenseexercise.
Zucchini May 15, 195511:59:59.9 PST (−8 h)
 NTSArea 737°05′41″N116°01′29″W/ 37.0947°N 116.0248°W/37.0947; -116.0248(Zucchini) 1,294 m (4,245 ft) + 150 m (490 ft) tower weapons development 28 kt I-131 venting detected, 4 MCi (150 PBq) [7][8][9][10] Test of Class D primary/secondary system.

Table notes:

  1. ^The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China have not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions - Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 - 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  2. ^To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it's 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day.
  3. ^Rough place name and a Latitude/Longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  4. ^Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example,Plumbbob/John.No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  5. ^Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  6. ^Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  7. ^Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  8. ^Estimated energy yield in tonnes, kilotonnes, and megatonnes (all metric units).
  9. ^Emissions to atmosphere, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and everything if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

Gallery[edit]

  • Teapot-Hornet, 4-kilotons
    Teapot-Hornet,4-kilotons
  • Teapot-Bee, 8-kilotons
    Teapot-Bee,8-kilotons
  • Teapot-Turk, 43-kilotons
    Teapot-Turk,43-kilotons
  • Teapot-Turk, close-up of fireball within first few milliseconds of detonations
    Teapot-Turk,close-up of fireball within first few milliseconds of detonations
  • Teapot-Moth, 2-kilotons
    Teapot-Moth,2-kilotons
  • "Effects Sub-surface". Test for ADM (Atomic Demolition Munition)
    "Effects Sub-surface". Test for ADM (Atomic Demolition Munition)
  • Teapot-ESS, 1-kiloton
    Teapot-ESS,1-kiloton
  • One of the shot-towers of the Teapot test, unknown device
    One of the shot-towers of the Teapot test, unknown device
  • Teapot-MET (Military Effects Test), 22-kilotons
    Teapot-MET(Military Effects Test), 22-kilotons

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"For the Record – A History of the Nuclear Test Personnel Review Program, 1978–1993"(PDF).Department of Defense. p. 100. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 15, 2012.
  2. ^ab"Operation Teapot 1955"(PDF).Nuclear Test Personnel Review.Department of Defense. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 15, 2012.
  3. ^"Operation Teapot".Nuclear Weapon Archive.October 15, 1997.RetrievedDecember 9,2008."The predicted yield was 33 kt. The actual 22 kt was 33% below this, seriously compromising the data collected."cf."Nuclear Test Film - Operation Teapot" (linked below) ~17:30 "While the expected yield was 28 kilotons, radiochemical analysis indicated a yield closer to 22 kilotons."
  4. ^"Operation Buster-Jangle".Nuclear Weapon Archive.October 15, 1997.RetrievedMarch 18,2012.
  5. ^Tunc, Tanfer Emin (April 3, 2015). "Eating in Survival Town: Food in 1950s Atomic America".Cold War History.15(2): 179–200.doi:10.1080/14682745.2014.950239.S2CID153868990.
  6. ^"Operation Teapot Project 35.5 Declassified"(PDF).blog.nuclearsecrecy.
  7. ^abcdefghijklmn"2",Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests,National Cancer Institute, 1997,retrievedJanuary 5,2014
  8. ^abcdefghijklmnSublette, Carey,Nuclear Weapons Archive,retrievedJanuary 6,2014
  9. ^abcdefghijklmnUnited States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992(PDF)(DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 12, 2006,retrievedDecember 18,2013
  10. ^abcdefghijklmnYang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000),CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3),SMDC Monitoring Research
  11. ^abcdeHansen, Chuck (1995),The Swords of Armageddon, Vol. 8,Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications,ISBN978-0-9791915-1-0
  12. ^Ramos, Tom (June 4, 2020)."Harold Brown and the Linda".Physics Told Through History.Archived fromthe originalon June 4, 2020.RetrievedJune 9,2022.

External links[edit]

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