Operation Tombola

Operation Tombola
Part ofWestern Front
Albinean Hills
Date March - April 1945 Location Regions ofAlbinea&Reggio Emilia Result Allied victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom Italian partisans	Nazi Germany
Commanders and leaders
Roy Farran	Friedrich-Wilhelm Hauck
Strength
50 men2nd Special Air Service ~50 Italian & Russian partisans	LI Gebirgs Corps(elements)
Casualties and losses
3 killed & 7 Wounded	50-60 killed

During theSecond World War,Operation Tombolawas a major raid conducted by the 2Special Air Service,under the command of SAS MajorRoy Farran,and Special Operations Executive's CaptainMichael Lees.The operation was launched prematurely against orders from the Allied15th Army Group.

Planning

Fifty men parachuted to theMonte Cusnaarea (Reggio Emilia) between 4 and 24 March 1945, under command of MajorRoy Farranto link up with theSOEmission "Envelope"under the command of Michael Lees. The force liaisedItalian Partisans,whose force also included 70 escapedSovietPOWs.

Captain Michael Lees

On 19 March, two German defectors brought Envelope mission information regarding the location of a German Headquarters (they believed14th Army,but it may have beenLI Gebirgs (Mountain) Corps). The German HQ was located in two villas in Botteghe d'Albineain the hills aboveReggio Emilia.Lees' signaled SOE that he and Farran planned to launch an attack.

Later that day, Lees' message was passed to Allied 15th Army Group HQ, who approved the attack, with two caveats. First, Lees and Farran had to reconnoitre and submit a plan of attack, and second, the attack was not to be launched immediately. Instead, it was to be coordinated withOperation Grapeshot,15th Army's planned Spring offensive that would end with thecapitulation of Axis forces in Italy.

Though these orders were received by Lees and Farran, the pair did not incorporate them into their plans. They reconnoitred the enemy HQ and submitted their plan of attack, earmarking 28 March for the operation. This caused alarm at 15th Army Group, with a reply sent "you only have to wait one week after target date...Your scheme will then be correctly time for maximum effort."

This appeal did not succeed, and despite confirming Les and Farran had received their orders, 15th Army Group tried in vain to reign in Lees and Farran. The only signal received from the two was on 23 March, that ignored 15th Army Group's orders. It read "Confirm we attack 26 March...Plans irrevocable now...."

Operation

Captain Roy Farran holding a German sub-machine gun in Italy

Farran and Lees began the attack on the night of 27 March, beginning with the sound of aScottish piper,David Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick had volunteered to be dropped into the area, to identify the operation as British – so that reprisals would not be carried out against the local population.

The attack itself was a success, the Germans sustained 50–60 casualties (including an unknown number killed). Three SAS personnel were killed in action at Villa Rossi, and about seven SAS and partisans were wounded (four British, two Italians and a Russian). Among the wounded was Michael Lees, who was evacuated to France, and then England.

Though the attack was a success, it did not cause the disruption it would have, had it coincided with the beginning of Operation Grapeshot. The offensive would not begin for another week.

Aftermath

The Partisans, SOE, and SAS continued operations until 23 April, including raids against roads as Axis installations. Just as important as the 300 or so Germans killed and 200 captured,was the number of Axis defenders moved from other duties to secure the area. A number ofAlliedairmen,who were being hidden by civilians in the area, were also returned to friendly lines.

Shortly after the war, Farran recommended Lees be gazetted with theMilitary Cross,for his bravery during the raid. Reviewing the operation, Farran's recommendation was denied, on the grounds that "the value of this operation depended on its timing and Captain Lees with the SAS detachment carried it out prematurely and recklessly, in spite of the express orders from 15th Army Group transmitted by this HQ. But for the gallantry displayed and the fact that Captain Lees was wounded in the action, it is probable that disciplinary action would have been considered."

Post-War Accounts

The commander of the operation, Roy Farran, published his account in the bookOperation Tombola(Special Forces Library, Arms and Armour Press, 1986). The BBC seriesSecret Warnarrated byAlisdair Simpson(Acorn Media) in 2011 focuses on the exploits of Roy Farran and Michael Lees in the episode "SAS Italian Job". The operation is narrated also in the TV mini-series "Great SAS missions" (2004).

A book written in ItalianIl bracciale di sterlineby Matteo Incerti & Valentina Ruozi (Aliberti April 2011) details for the first time the operations with the use of British, Italian, and German documents. A second bookIl paradiso dei folli(Imprimatur-Aliberti 2014) by Matteo Incerti to, focused on the war and post war experience of several participants of this secret mission. "Il suonatore matto" (Imprimatur 2017) also written by Matteo Incerti focused about the life of David 'mad piper' Kirkpatrick. Incerti found documents and memory who prove that the sound of Kirkpatrick's bagpipe and the sacrifice of the three SAS soldiers killed in action (Riccomini, Bolden, Guscott) in Villa Rossi,made the Germans believe that Tombola was a conventional military attack, rather than a "partisan" action.As a result the Nazis didn't inflict reprisals on the civilian population of Albinea.

During the second part of OperationTombola,on 21 April 1945 action in Torre Maina (Modena) also the 2 SAS paratrooper Justo Balerdi-Robert Bruce was killed in action. He was a Basque antifascist,republican,and a former member of the French Foreign Legion. Bruce was the only Basque to fight with the British SAS in World War II.The story of Justo Balerdi-Robert Bruce appears in the books "Il bracciale di sterline" and "Il suonatore matto".

Further reading

• Lewis, Damien (2018).SAS Italian Job: The secret mission to storm a forbidden Nazi fortress.London: Quercus Editions.ISBN978-1-78747-516-8.Retrieved2020-12-12.

See also

• Separate entry on Operation Tombola, detailed in the article on Major Roy Farran.