Ophthalmosauridae
| Ophthalmosaurids Temporal range:Middle Jurassic-Late Cretaceous,
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| Composite skeleton (NHMUK PV R3702, R3893, R4124) ofOphthalmosaurus icenicusat theNatural History Museum, London | |
Scientific classification
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | †Ichthyosauria |
| Clade: | †Baracromia |
| Family: | †Ophthalmosauridae Baur,1887 |
| Subgroups | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Ophthalmosauridaeis an extinct family ofthunnosaurichthyosaursfrom theMiddle Jurassicto the earlyLate Cretaceous(Bajocian-Cenomanian) worldwide.[1]Almost all ichthyosaurs from the Middle Jurassic onwards belong to the family, until the extinction of ichthyosaurs in the early Late Cretaceous. Ophthalmosaurids appeared worldwide during early Bajocian, subsequent to the disappearance of most other ichthyosaur lineages after the end of theToarcian.[2]Currently, the oldest known ophthalmosaurids isMollesaurusfrom the early Bajocian of Argentina,[3]as well as indeterminate remains of the same age from Luxembourg and Canada.[2]Named by George H. Baur, in 1887, the family contains the basal taxa likeOphthalmosaurus.[1]Appleby (1956) named the taxon Ophthalmosauria which was followed by some authors,[4][5]but these two names are often treated as synonyms; Ophthalmosauridae has the priority over Ophthalmosauria.[1]However, some researchers argue that Ophthalmosauridae should be restricted to the group typically referred to asOphthalmosaurinae,with classicPlatypterygiinaeinstead being referred to as Undorosauridae or Brachypterygiidae and Ophthalmosauria being used to unite these two groups.[6][7]
Phylogeny
[edit]
Ophthalmosauridae is anode-based taxondefined by Ryosuke Motani (1999) as "the last common ancestor ofBrachypterygius extremusandOphthalmosaurus icenicusand all of its descendants ". The definition he proposed for Ophthalmosauria was exactly the same.[4]In this case both definitions are synonyms. Thecladogrambelow follows the topology from a 2010 analysis by Patrick S. Druckenmiller and Erin E. Maxwell.[5]
| Thunnosauria |
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Valentin Fischer, Edwige Masure, Maxim S. Arkhangelsky andPascal Godefroit(2011) described a new genus of Ophthalmosauridae. They redefined it as "the last common ancestor ofArthropterygius chrisorumandOphthalmosaurus icenicusand all of its descendants ". In this case Ophthalmosauria isn't ajunior synonymof Ophthalmosauridae. The cladogram below follows Fischeret al.2011.[1]
| Thunnosauria |
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*Note:Placement of Ophthalmosauria by definition.
Fischeret al.(2012) described another new genus of Ophthalmosauridae. They defined for the first time twosubfamilieswithin the Ophthalmosauridae,OphthalmosaurinaeandPlatypterygiinae.OphthalmosaurusandPlatypterygiuswere found to be non-monophyletic.Ophthalmosauridae was characterized by a reduced extracondylar area, a plate-like dorsal trochanter, ahumeruswith a facet for an anterior accessory element and the absence of notching on the paddle elements of theforefin.The cladogram below follows Fischeret al.2012.[9]
| Thunnosauria |
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Since 2019
[edit]In 2019, two species ofCryopterygiuswere assigned to the genusUndorosaurusby Zverkov & Efimov (2019). The authors considered the type species of the former genus,C. kristiansenae,to be synonymous withUndorosaurus gorodischensis;second species ofCryopterygius,C. kielanae,was tentatively maintained by the authors as a distinct species within the genusUndorosaurus.[10]
The following cladogram shows a possible phylogenetic positions within Ophthalmosauridae according to the analysis performed by Zverkov and Jacobs (2020).[11]
| Ophthalmosauria | |
References
[edit]- ^abcdFischer, V.; Masure, E.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; Godefroit, P. (2011)."A new Barremian (Early Cretaceous) ichthyosaur from western Russia".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.31(5): 1010–1025.Bibcode:2011JVPal..31.1010F.doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.595464.hdl:2268/92828.S2CID86036325.
- ^abFischer, Valentin; Weis, Robert; Thuy, Ben (2021-02-22)."Refining the marine reptile turnover at the Early–Middle Jurassic transition".PeerJ.9:e10647.doi:10.7717/peerj.10647.ISSN2167-8359.PMC7906043.PMID33665003.
- ^Marta S. Fernández (1999). "A new ichthyosaur from the Los Molles Formation (Early Bajocian), Neuquen Basin, Argentina".Journal of Paleontology.73(4): 677–681.Bibcode:1999JPal...73..677F.doi:10.1017/S0022336000032492.JSTOR1306766.S2CID130751356.
- ^abRyosuke Motani (1999)."Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia"(PDF).Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.19(3): 472–495.Bibcode:1999JVPal..19..473M.doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011160.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-05.Retrieved2011-10-19.
- ^abPatrick S. Druckenmiller; Erin E. Maxwell (2010)."A new Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada".Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.47(8): 1037–1053.Bibcode:2010CaJES..47.1037D.doi:10.1139/E10-028.[permanent dead link]
- ^Zverkov, N. G.; Efimov, V. M. (2019)."Revision ofUndorosaurus,a mysterious Late Jurassic ichthyosaur of the Boreal Realm ".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.17(14): 963–993.Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1183Z.doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1515793.S2CID91912834.
- ^Cortés, D; Maxwell, E. E.; Larsson, H. C. E. (2021). "Re-appearance of hypercarnivore ichthyosaurs in the Cretaceous with differentiated dentition: Revision of"Platypterygius" sachicarum(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria, Ophthalmosauridae) from Colombia ".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.19(14): 969–1002.Bibcode:2021JSPal..19..969C.doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1989507.S2CID244512087.
- ^abcdArkhangel'sky, M. S., 1998, On the Ichthyosaurian Genus Platypterygius: Palaeontological Journal, v. 32, n. 6, p. 611-615.
- ^Valentin Fischer; Michael W. Maisch; Darren Naish; Ralf Kosma; Jeff Liston; Ulrich Joger; Fritz J. Krüger; Judith Pardo Pérez; Jessica Tainsh; Robert M. Appleby (2012)."New Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous Demonstrate Extensive Ichthyosaur Survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary".PLOS ONE.7(1): e29234.Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729234F.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234.PMC3250416.PMID22235274.
- ^Nikolay G. Zverkov & Vladimir M. Efimov (2019)."Revision ofUndorosaurus,a mysterious Late Jurassic ichthyosaur of the Boreal Realm ".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.17(14): 963–993.Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1183Z.doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1515793.S2CID91912834.
- ^Nikolay G. Zverkov & Megan L. Jacobs (2021) [2020]. "Revision ofNannopterygius(Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae): reappraisal of the 'inaccessible' holotype resolves a taxonomic tangle and reveals an obscure ophthalmosaurid lineage with a wide distribution ".Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.191(1): 228–275.doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa028.
