Opportunism

Opportunity Seized, Opportunity Missed,engraving byTheodoor Galle,1605

Opportunismis the practice of taking advantage of circumstances – with little regard for principles or with what the consequences are for others. Opportunist actions are expedient actions guided primarily byself-interestedmotives. The term can be applied to individual humans and living organisms, groups, organizations, styles, behaviors and trends.

Opportunism or "opportunistic behaviour" is an important concept in such fields of study asbiology,transaction cost economics,game theory,ethics,psychology,sociologyandpolitics.

Etymology

In the early 19th century, the term "opportunist" as a noun or adjective was already known and used in several European languages, but initially, it rarely referred to political processes or to a political tendency. The English term "opportunism" is possibly borrowed originally from the Italian expressionopportunismo.In 19th-century Italian politics, it meant "exploiting the prevailing circumstances or opportunities to gain an immediate advantage for oneself or one's own group".However, it is more likely that the English expression was directly borrowed from the French term, when it began to refer specifically to theopportunist Republicans,since the term first entered the English language in the early 1870s.In this sense the meaning "opportunism" has mutated: from those who claimed to advocate a principle (in the original French case, an amnesty for theCommunards) but said that the time was not yet "opportune", to what may be thought of as the opposite – those who act without principle.

Human behaviour

In human behavior, opportunism concerns the relationship between people's actions, and their basic principles when faced with opportunities and challenges. The opportunist seeks to gain a personal advantage when an opportunity presents itself, putting self-interest ahead of some other interest, in a way contrary either to apreviously establishedprinciple or another principle that ought to havehigher priority.Hence opportunist behavior is usually regardedat leastas questionable or dubious, andat mostas unjustifiable or completely illegitimate. Opportunism is regarded as unhealthy, as a disorder or as a character deficiency, if selfishly pursuing an opportunity is blatantlyanti-social(involves disregard for the needs, wishes and interests of others). However, behavior can also be regarded as "opportunist" by scholars without any particular moral evaluation being made or implied (simply as a type of self-interested behavior).

Use of the term in specific areas

• Intellectual opportunism
• Sexual opportunism
• Political opportunism
• Economic opportunism
• Legal opportunism
• Spiritual opportunism

See also

• Business opportunity
• Corruption
• Enlightened self-interest
• Individualism
• Jeitinho brasileiro
• Meritocracy
• Opportunity cost
• Positive accounting