Polyneoptera

Polyneoptera
	Some representatives
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
(unranked):	Dicondylia
Subclass:	Pterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera
Cohort:	Polyneoptera; Martynov,1923
Orders
	See text
Synonyms
	Gryllones; Orthoptères; OrthopteroidOrders; Orthopteroidea; Orthopterodea; Paurometabola; Polyneopterata; Plecopterodea;

ThecohortPolyneopterais one of the major groups of wingedinsects,comprising theOrthoptera(grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all otherneopteraninsects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with thePalaeopteraandParaneopteraas theHemimetabolaorExopterygotaon the grounds that they have nometamorphosis,the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages.^[2]Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlargedanal field(vannus).

Taxonomy

Extant

The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:^[3]

SuperorderDictyoptera
- OrderBlattodea(cockroaches and termites)
- OrderMantodea(praying mantises)
OrderOrthoptera(grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)
OrderDermaptera(earwigs)
OrderEmbioptera(web-spinners)
OrderPlecoptera(stoneflies)
OrderGrylloblattodea(ice-crawlers)^{[note 1]}
OrderMantophasmatodea(gladiators)^{[note 1]}
OrderPhasmatodea(stick and leaf insects)
OrderZoraptera(angel insects)

Fossil

The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera:^[3]

Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives)
- †Caloneurodea
- †Cnemidolestodea(= Cnemidolestida)^[5]^[6]
- †Geraroptera
- †Titanoptera– Carboniferous to Triassic
- orderIncertae sedis
  - family †CacurgidaeHandlirsch, 1911
  - family †ChresmodidaeHaase, 1890^[7]
  - family †PermostridulidaeBéthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
  - family †ProtophasmatidaeBrongniart, 1885
  - genus †ChenxiellaLiu, Ren & Prokop, 2009
  - genus †LobeattaBéthoux, 2005
  - genus †LongzhuaGu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011
  - genus †NectoptilusBéthoux, 2005
  - genus †SinopteronProkop & Ren, 2007
Stem-group Phasmatodea
- †familyXiphopteridaeSharov 1968
- †familyProchresmodidaeVishnyakova 1980
- †familyAeroplanidaeTillyard 1918
- †familyCretophasmatidaeSharov 1968
- †familyAerophasmatidaeMartynov, 1928
Stem-group Dermaptera
- †Protelytroptera
† "Grylloblattida"(Stem-group Grylloblattodea?)
- †Geinitziidae
- †Gorochoviidae
- †Juraperlidae
- †Bajanzhargalanidae
- ...
†Eoblattida
†Paoliida^[8]
†Protorthoptera
† familyMagicivenidae^[9]

Phylogeny

The followingcladogramis based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019:^[10]

Polyneoptera

	Zoraptera(angel insects)

	Dermaptera(earwigs)

Plecoptera(stoneflies)

Orthoptera(grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)

	Grylloblattodea(ice crawlers)

	Mantophasmatodea(gladiators)

	Phasmatodea(stick insects)

	Embioptera(webspinners)

Dictyoptera

	Mantodea(mantises)

	Blattodea(cockroaches and termites)

Notes

^^a ^bThe orders Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are sometimes ranked as suborders of a single order,Notoptera.^[4]

References

^Martynov, A. V. (1923)."О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых"[On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects].Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922:88–89.
^Entomology Endopterygota.Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^^a ^bDavid Eades."Polyneoptera".Polyneoptera Species File Online.Version 5.0/5.0.Retrieved8 December2023.
^Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006)."Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)".American Museum Novitates(3539): 1–10.doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2.
^Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.J. (2021)."A new representative of the" orthopteroid "insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany".Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.66(3): 641–646.doi:10.4202/app.00879.2021.
^Aristov, D. (2014)."Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa".Far Eastern Entomologist.277:1–46.
^Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The Enigma tic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil".Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen.247(3): 353–381.doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.
^Jakub Prokop; Wieslaw Krzemiński; Ewa Krzemińska; Thomas Hörnschemeyer; Jan-Michael Ilger; Carsten Brauckmann; Philippe Grandcolas; André Nel (2014). "Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.12(5): 601–622.Bibcode:2014JSPal..12..601P.doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.823468.S2CID 84407734.
^Yang, Hongru; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Ren, Dong; Gao, Taiping (January 2022). Labandeira, Conrad (ed.)."Early Cretaceous Enigma tic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla".Papers in Palaeontology.8(1).Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1402Y.doi:10.1002/spp2.1402.ISSN 2056-2799.
^Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019)."Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.116(8): 3024–3029.Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W.doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116.PMC6386694.PMID 30642969.

External links

Media related toPolyneopteraat Wikimedia Commons

[Notoptera-5] The orders Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are sometimes ranked as suborders of a single order,Notoptera.^[4]

[1] Martynov, A. V. (1923)."О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых"[On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects].Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922:88–89.

[2] Entomology Endopterygota.Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.

[PolyneopteraSF-3] David Eades."Polyneoptera".Polyneoptera Species File Online.Version 5.0/5.0.Retrieved8 December2023.

[ArilloEngel2006-4] Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006)."Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)".American Museum Novitates(3539): 1–10.doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3539[1:RCIBAN]2.0.CO;2.

[6] Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.J. (2021)."A new representative of the" orthopteroid "insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany".Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.66(3): 641–646.doi:10.4202/app.00879.2021.

[FEECnemidolestida-7] Aristov, D. (2014)."Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa".Far Eastern Entomologist.277:1–46.

[8] Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The Enigma tic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil".Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen.247(3): 353–381.doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.

[9] Jakub Prokop; Wieslaw Krzemiński; Ewa Krzemińska; Thomas Hörnschemeyer; Jan-Michael Ilger; Carsten Brauckmann; Philippe Grandcolas; André Nel (2014). "Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.12(5): 601–622.Bibcode:2014JSPal..12..601P.doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.823468.S2CID 84407734.

[10] Yang, Hongru; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Ren, Dong; Gao, Taiping (January 2022). Labandeira, Conrad (ed.)."Early Cretaceous Enigma tic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla".Papers in Palaeontology.8(1).Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1402Y.doi:10.1002/spp2.1402.ISSN 2056-2799.

[11] Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019)."Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.116(8): 3024–3029.Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W.doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116.PMC6386694.PMID 30642969.

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