Outline of anarchism
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The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to anarchism:
Anarchism–political philosophywhich holds thestateto be undesirable, unnecessary and harmful,[1][2]or alternatively as opposingauthorityandhierarchical organizationin the conduct of human relations.[3][4][5][6][7][8]Proponents of anarchism, known as anarchists, advocatestateless societiesor non-hierarchical[3][9][10]voluntary associations.[11][12]
Nature of anarchism
[edit]- Supports
- Rejects
Manifestos and expositions
[edit]Anarchism is a living project which has continued to evolve as social conditions have changed. The following are examples of anarchistmanifestosand essays produced during various time periods, each expressing different interpretations and proposals for anarchist philosophy.
- (1840–1914)
- Anarchist Manifesto(1850) byAnselme Bellegarrigue
- State Socialism and Anarchism(1886) byBenjamin Tucker
- The Principles of Anarchism(c. 1890s) byLucy Parsons
- Anarchy(1891) byErrico Malatesta
- The Soul of Man under Socialism(1891) byOscar Wilde
- Anarchy Defended by Anarchists(1896) byEmma GoldmanandJohann Most
- (1914–1984)
- Anarchism and Our Times(1925) byNestor Makhno
- Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft)(1926) byDielo Truda
- What's Anarchism?(1932) byHippolyte Havel
- The Philosophy of Anarchism(1940) byHerbert Read
- Anarchism: Past and Present(1980) byMurray Bookchin
- (1985–present)
- Anarchism and Other Impediments to Anarchy(1985) byBob Black
- Listen, Anarchist!(1987) byChaz Bufe
- Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm(1994) byMurray Bookchin
- The Anarchist Tension(1996) byAlfredo M. Bonanno
Anarchist schools of thought
[edit]Anarchism has many heterogeneous and diverseschools of thought,united by a common opposition to compulsory rule. Anarchist schools are characterized by "the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary", but may differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extremeindividualismto completecollectivism.[13]Regardless, some are viewed as being compatible, and it is not uncommon for individuals to subscribe to more than one. Some of the following terms do not refer to specific branches of anarchist thought, but rather are generic labels applied to various branches, they are marked as umbrella terms.
- Individualist anarchism(umbrella term) – several traditions of thought that emphasize theindividualand theirwillover any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions and ideological systems.[14][15]
- Philosophical anarchism– according toThe Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought,philosophical anarchism "is a component especially of individualist anarchism". This tendency contends that thestatelacksmoral legitimacyand there is no individual obligation or duty to obey the state, which conversely, has no right to command individuals, but does not advocates revolution to eliminate the state.[16]
- Egoist anarchism– a tendency originated in thephilosophyofMax Stirnerwhich is usually called "egoism".It rejects devotion to" a great idea, a cause, a doctrine, a system, a lofty calling ", saying that the egoist has no political calling but rather" lives themselves out "without regard to" how well or ill humanity may fare thereby ".[17]
- Illegalism– a tendency that developed primarily inFrance,Italy,BelgiumandSwitzerlandduring the early 1900s.[18][19]It embraces either openly or secretlycriminalityas a lifestyle, usingMax Stirner'sEgoismas a justification. Illegalism does not specify the type of crime, though it is associated withtheftandshoplifting.
- Existentialist anarchism – some observers believeexistentialismforms a philosophical ground foranarchism.Anarchist historianPeter Marshallclaims, "there is a close link between the existentialists' stress on the individual, free choice, and moral responsibility and the main tenets of anarchism".[20]
- Mutualism– some see mutualism as between individualist and social forms of anarchism.[21]This tendency concerns withreciprocity,free association,voluntary contract,federationandcreditand currency reform. It states that a market withoutgovernment interventiondrives prices down to labor-costs, eliminating profit, rent and interest according to thelabor theory of valueforcing firms to compete over workers by raising the wages (instead of workers competing over firms).[22][23]
- Social anarchism(umbrella term) – several traditions of thought that emphasize the social life and relations.[24]While individualists focus onpersonal autonomyand the rational nature of human beings, social anarchism sees "individual freedom as conceptually connected with social equality and emphasize community and mutual aid",[25]aggregating tendencies that advocates the communitarian and cooperative aspects of anarchist theory and practice.[24]
- Collectivist anarchism– a revolutionary[26]tendency most commonly associated withMikhail Bakunin,Johann Mostand the anti-authoritarian section of theFirst International.[27]It opposes all private ownership of the means of production, instead advocating that ownership be collectivized. Some collectivists do not oppose the use of currency, supporting workers being paid based on the amount of time they contributed to production and purchasing commodities in a communal market.[28]This contrasts withanarcho-communismwhere wages and currency would be abolished and where individuals would take freely from a storehouse of goods.
- Anarcho-communism– tendency that advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, currency, wages and private property (while retaining respect for personal property),[29]in favor of common ownership of the means of production,[30][31]direct democracy, and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need".[32][33]
- Magonism–magonistaswere how Mexican government and the press of the early 20th century called people and groups who shared the ideas ofRicardo Flores Magón,[34]an anarcho-communist who inspired the overthrow of the dictatorship ofPorfirio Díazand performed an economic and political revolution.[35]
- Anarcha-feminism– a tendency that combines anarchism with feminism. It views patriarchy as a manifestation of involuntary coercive hierarchy that should be replaced by decentralized free association. It states that the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of class struggle, and the anarchist struggle against the state.
- Green anarchism– a tendency that puts a particular emphasis onenvironmental issues.It extends anarchist ideology beyond a critique of human interactions, including a critique of the interactions between humans and non-humans,[36]which culminates in a revolutionary praxis that is not merely dedicated to human liberation, but also to interspecies liberation,[37]aiming to bring about an environmentally sustainable anarchist society.
- Anarcho-naturism– a tendency that unites anarchist and naturist philosophies,[38][39][40][41]that advocatesvegetarianism,free love,hikingand an ecological world view within anarchist groups and outside them, also promoting smallecovillages,and most prominentlynudismas a way to avoid theartificialityof theindustrialmass societyofmodernity.
- Anarcho-primitivism– tendency that critiques the origins and progress of civilization, which states that the shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural subsistence gave rise to social stratification, coercion, alienation, and population growth.
- Social ecology– a theory associated withMurray Bookchinthrough his work.[42]It is a utopian philosophy of human evolution that combines the nature of biology and society into a third "thinking nature" beyond biochemistry and physiology, which is argued as a more complete, conscious, ethical, and rational nature, that view humanity as the latest development from the long history of organic development on Earth. It proposes ethical principles for replacing a society's propensity for hierarchy and domination with that of democracy and freedom.[43]
- Anarcho-pacifism– tendency within the anarchist movement that rejects the use of violence in the struggle for social change and the abolition of the state.[44][45]
- Insurrectionary anarchism– revolutionary tendency and practice that emphasizesinsurrectionwithin anarchist practice[46][47]and criticize formal organizations such aslabor unionsand federations that are based on a political programme and periodic congresses,[46]advocating informal organization and smallaffinity groupbased organization.[46][47]Insurrectionary anarchists put value in attack, permanentclass conflictand a refusal to negotiate or with class enemies.[46][47]
- Religious anarchism(umbrella term) – religious anarchists view organised religion mostly as authoritarian and hierarchical that has strayed from itshumbleorigins.
- Buddhist anarchism– tendency that notes Buddhist scriptures such as theKalama Suttato have an inherentlylibertarianemphasis, placing a priority on the questioning of allauthorityand dogma, with properly informed personal choice as final arbiter. The Indian revolutionary atheistHar Dayal,influenced byKarl MarxandMikhail Bakunin,moved toOaklandand established the Bakunin Institute of California, described as "the first monastery of anarchism".[48][49]
- Christian anarchism– tendency that advocates that there is only one source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable, the authority ofGodas embodied in the teachings of Jesus. It states thatfreedom from governmentor Church is justified spiritually and will only be guided by the grace of God if Man shows compassion to others andturns the other cheekwhen confronted with violence.
- Jewish anarchism– tendency that combines contemporary radical ideas with traditional Judaism. Some Jewish mystical groups were based on anti-authoritarian principles, somewhat similar to the ChristianQuakersandDukhobors.Martin Buber,a deeply religious philosopher, had frequently referred to the Hasidic tradition. TheOrthodoxKabbalistrabbiYehuda Ashlagbelieved in a religious version oflibertarian communism,based on principles of Kabbalah, which he called altruist communism.[50]
- Anarchism without adjectives– in the words of historian George Esenwein, "referred to an unhyphenated form of anarchism, that is, a doctrine without any qualifying labels such as communist, collectivist, mutualist, or individualist. For others,... [it] was simply understood as an attitude that tolerated the coexistence of different anarchist schools."[51]It served as basis for thesynthesis anarchismfederation.
- Black anarchism– a loose term sometimes applied to group together a number of people of African descent who identify with anarchism opposing the existence of the state, the subjugation and domination of black people, and other groups, and favor a non-hierarchical organization of society. It argues forclass strugglewhile stressing the importance of ending racial and national oppression, opposingwhite supremacy,patriarchyandcapitalism,rejecting narrow or vulgar forms of "anarchism" that ignore issues of race and national oppression.[52]
- Crypto-anarchism– a tendency ofanarchyaccomplished throughcomputer technology,[53]employingcryptographicsoftware to evade persecution and harassment while sending and receiving information overcomputer networks,in an effort to protect theirprivacy,theirpolitical freedom,and theireconomic freedom.
- Free-market anarchism(umbrella term) – a tendency that advocate aneconomic systembased on voluntary market interactions without the involvement of thestate.There is a branch of market anarchism which isleft-wing market anarchism(such asmutualists) that isanti-capitalistand self-identify as part of thesocialist movement[54]and there is another branch who identify asanarcho-capitalistsstress the legitimacy and priority ofprivate property,describing it as an integral component of individual rights and a free market economy (though it is disputed if anarcho-capitalism is a form of anarchism, due to anarchists's anti-capitalism[55][56][57]). Thus, the term may refer either tolibertarian socialists(likePierre-Joseph ProudhonandBenjamin Tucker) or to anarcho-capitalists (likeMurray Rothbard[58]andDavid D. Friedman).[59]
- Agorism– a tendency that advocates the creation of asociety in which all relations between people are voluntary exchangesby means ofcounter-economics,thus engaging with aspects ofpeaceful revolution,proposed by the libertarian philosopherSamuel Edward Konkin III.[60][61]
- Anarcho-capitalism– political philosophy which advocates the elimination of the state in favor of individual sovereignty, private property, and open markets. Anarcho-capitalists believe that in the absence of statute (law by decree or legislation), society would improve itself through the discipline of the free market (or what its proponents describe as a "voluntary society" ).[62][63]Seeanarchism and capitalism.A strong current within anarchism does not consider anarcho-capitalism to be part of the anarchist movement because anarchism has historically been ananti-capitalistmovement and for definitional reasons which see anarchism as incompatible with capitalist forms.[64][65][66][67][68][69]
- Left-wing market anarchism– a tendency ofindividualist anarchism[70]which stress the value ofradically free markets,termed "freed markets" to distinguish them from the common conception which libertarians believe to be riddled withstatistandcapitalistprivileges.[71]also referred to as market-oriented left-libertarians,[72]proponents of this approach strongly affirm theclassical liberalideas ofself-ownershipandfree marketswhile maintaining that taken to their logical conclusions these ideas supportanti-capitalist,[73][74]anti-corporatist,anti-hierarchical andpro-laborpositions in economics;anti-imperialismin foreign policy; and radical views regarding such cultural issues as gender, sexuality and race. Left-libertarians who supportprivate propertydo so under the condition that recompense is offered to thelocal community.
- Postcolonial anarchism– a tendency strongly influenced byindigenism,anti-stateforms ofnationalismandAnarchist People of Color,that aims to bring together disparate aspects and tendencies within the anarchist movement and re-envision them in an explicitlyanti-imperialistframework. Since traditional anarchism is a movement arising from the struggles ofproletariansin industrialized western European nations – and thus sees history from their perspective – post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles (mutual aid,class struggle,opposition tosocial hierarchy,community-levelself-management,libertarian municipalism,andself-determinationbut from the perspective of colonized peoples throughout the world and seeking to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective.[75]
- Post-anarchism– political philosophy that employspost-structuralistandpostmodernistapproaches (the term post-structuralist anarchism is used as well, so as not to suggest having moved beyond anarchism). Post-anarchism is not a single coherent theory, but rather refers to the combined works of any number of post-modernists and post-structuralists such asMichel Foucault,Gilles Deleuze,Jacques Lacan,Jacques Derrida,Jean Baudrillard;postmodern feministssuch asJudith Butler;and alongside those of classical anarchist and libertarian philosophers such asZhuang Zhou,Emma Goldman,Max Stirner,andFriedrich Nietzsche.Thus, the terminology can vary widely in both approach and outcome.
- Post-left anarchy– a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique ofanarchism's relationship to traditionalleftism.Influenced by the work ofMax Stirnerand by theSituationist International,post-left anarchy is marked by a focus onsocialinsurrectionand a diminution of leftist social organisation.[76]
- Queer anarchism– a tendency that advocatesanarchismandsocial revolutionas a means ofqueer liberationand abolition ofhomophobia,lesbophobia,transmisogyny,biphobia,transphobia,heteronormativity,heterosexism,patriarchyand thegender binary.LGBTand anarchism who campaigned forLGBT rightsboth outside and inside the anarchist and LGBT movements includeJohn Henry Mackay,[77]Daniel Guérin[78]and theindividualistAdolf Brandwho publishedDer Eigene,the first publication dedicated to gay issues in the world.[79][80]
- Anarcho-transhumanism– the philosophy that social liberty is inherently bound up with material liberty, and that freedom is ultimately a matter of expanding people's capacity and opportunities to engage with the world around them through technology. It is the realization that one's resistance against those social forces that would subjugate and limit us is but part of a spectrum of efforts to expand human agency, to facilitate our inquiry and creativity.
Affinity groups
[edit]Anarchists creates different forms of organizations, structured around the principles of anarchism, to meet each other, share information, organize struggles and trace ways to spread the anarchist ideas through the world, since they understand that the only way to achieve a free and egalitarian society in the end is through equally free and egalitarian means.[81]
- Platformistfederation – a form of anarchist organization that seeks unity among its participants, having as a defining characteristic the idea that each platformist organization should only include members who are fully aligned with the group ideas, rejecting people with any degree of conflicting ideas, different tendencies, or adherence to different schools of anarchist thought.[82]
- Synthesisfederation – a form of anarchist organization that seeks diversity among its participants, joining anarchists of different tendencies under the principles ofanarchism without adjectives.[83]In the 1920s it brought together anarchists of three main tendencies,individualist anarchism,anarcho-communismandanarcho-syndicalism[83][84]and it is the main principle behind the anarchist federations grouped around the contemporary globalInternational of Anarchist Federations.[83]
- Anarcho-syndicalistunion– a form of anarchist organization focused on thelabour movementthat viewsrevolutionary industrial unionismorsyndicalismas a method for workers incapitalist societyto gain control of an economy and, with that control, influence in broader society, with the basic principles being:solidarity,direct actionanddirect democracy,orworkers' self-management.The end goal of syndicalism is to abolish thewage system,regarding it aswage slavery.[85]
History of anarchism
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HaymarketMartyrs.jpg/220px-HaymarketMartyrs.jpg)
Although social movements and philosophies with anarchic qualities predate anarchism, anarchism as a specificpolitical philosophybegan in 1840 with the publication ofWhat Is Property?byPierre-Joseph Proudhon.In the following decades it spread fromWestern Europeto various regions, countries, and continents, impacting local social movements. The success of the 1917October RevolutioninRussiainitiated a decline in prominence for anarchism in the mid-20th century,[86]roughly coinciding with the time period referred to by historians asThe short twentieth century.Since the late 1980s, anarchism has begun a gradual return to the world stage.
Global events
[edit]- Historic precedents and background events (pre-1840)
- 1793 –William GodwinpublishesEnquiry Concerning Political Justice,implicitly establishing thephilosophical foundationsof anarchism.[87]
- 1827 –Josiah Warrenopens theCincinnati Time Store,an early experiment inmutualisteconomics.
- Classical development and global expansion (1840–1917)
- 1840 –Pierre-Joseph ProudhonpublishesWhat Is Property?and becomes history's first self-proclaimed anarchist.
- 1864 – theInternational Workingmen's Association(IWA) is founded. Early seeds of split between anarchists and Marxists begin.
- 1871 – theParis Communetakes place. Early anarchists (mutualists) participate.
- 1872 – the IWA meets at theHague Congress.Anarchists expelled byMarxistbranch, beginning theanarchist/Marxist conflict.
- 1878 –Max Hödelfails in assassination attempt againstKaiser Wilhelm I.Ushers in era ofpropaganda of the deed.
- 1882 –God and the StatebyMikhail Bakuninis published.
- 1886 – theHaymarket affairtakes place, origin ofMay Dayas a worker's holiday and inspires a new generation of anarchists.
- 1892 –The Conquest of BreadbyPeter Kropotkinpublished and establishesanarcho-communism.
- 1911 – theHigh Treason Incidentleads to the execution of twelve Japanese anarchists, the first major blow against theJapanese anarchist movement.
- Post-World War I decline (1918 –c. 1980s)
- 1917 – theRussian Revolutioncreates first "socialist state".The combination of a Soviet dictatorship in the east, theRed Scarein the west, and the globalCold War,discourage anarchist revolution throughout the following decades.
- 1919–21 – theMakhnovshchina,the first major anarchist revolution, is established in theUkraine.
- 1919–21 – thePalmer Raidseffectively cripple theanarchist movement in the United States.
- 1921 – theChinese Communist Partyis founded. Theanarchist movement in Chinabegins slow decline due to communist repression.
- 1929–31 – theautonomous Shinmin region,the second major anarchist revolution, is established inManchuria.
- 1936–39 – theSpanish Revolution,the third and last major anarchist revolution, is established inCataloniaand surrounding areas.
- 1959 – theCuban Revolutionestablishes a communist dictatorship. TheCuban anarchist movementis immediately repressed.
- 1974 – theDallas Accord,anarcho-capitalismis tolerated insideLibertarian Party.[88]
- Post-Cold War resurgence (c. 1990s– present)
- 1999 – anarchists take part inriots which interrupt the WTO conferencein Seattle. It is viewed as part of an anarchist resurgence in the United States.
History of anarchism by region
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Celebrating_100_years_of_Anarchism_888_monument.jpeg/220px-Celebrating_100_years_of_Anarchism_888_monument.jpeg)
- Anarchism in Africa
- Anarchism in the Americas
- Anarchism in Asia
- Individualist anarchism in Europe
- Anarchism in Oceania
Historians
[edit]- Historical societies
- Anarchy Archives
- Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme
- Kate Sharpley Library
- Labadie Collection
General anarchism concepts
[edit]These are concepts which, although not exclusive toanarchism,are significant in historical and/or modern anarchist circles. As the anarchist milieu is philosophicallyheterogeneous,there is disagreement over which of these concepts should play a role in anarchism.
Organizations
[edit]Notable organizations
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anarchist_black_cross_logo.svg/120px-Anarchist_black_cross_logo.svg.png)
Formal anarchist organizational initiatives date back to the mid-19th century. The oldest surviving anarchist organizations includeFreedom Press(est. 1886) of England, theIndustrial Workers of the World(est. 1905),Anarchist Black Cross(est. 1906),Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden(est. 1910) and theConfederación Nacional del Trabajo(est. 1910) of Spain.
- Jura federation(est. 1870)
- Freedom Press(est. 1886)
- Argentine Regional Workers' Federation(est. 1901)
- Industrial Workers of the World(est. 1905) (not formally anarchist, but has a significant anarchist presence)
- Anarchist Black Cross(est. 1906)
- Mexican Liberal Party(est. 1906)
- Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden(est. 1910)
- Confederación Nacional del Trabajo(est. 1910)
- Unione Sindacale Italiana(est. 1912)
- Black Guards(est. 1917)
- International Workers Association(est. 1922)
- Federación Anarquista Ibérica(est. 1927)
- Mexican Anarchist Federation(est. 1945)
- Fédération Anarchiste(est. 1945)
- Federazione Anarchica Italiana(est. 1945)
- Confédération nationale du travail(est. 1946)
- Japanese Anarchist Federation(est. 1946)
- Argentine Libertarian Federation(est. 1955)
- Uruguayan Anarchist Federation(est. 1956)
- International of Anarchist Federations(est. 1968)
- Confederación General del Trabajo(est. 1979)
- Solidarity Federation(est. 1979)
- Alternative libertaire(est. 1991)
- Anarchist Federation (Britain and Ireland)(est. 1986)
- Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front(est. 2003)
- Conspiracy of Fire Cells(est. 2008)
- International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces(est. 2017)
- Libertarian Communist Union(est. 2019)
- Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists(Est. 2018, Active 2022)
Structures
[edit]Anarchist organizations come in a variety of forms, largely based upon common anarchist principles of voluntary cooperation, mutual aid, and direct action. They are also largely informed by anarchist social theory and philosophy, tending towardsparticipationanddecentralization.
- Affinity group(e.g.Black bloc)
- Adhocracy
- Collective
- Federation
- Participatory organization
- Popular assembly
- Security culture
- Spokescouncil
Anarchist literature
[edit]Notable figures
[edit]- Émile Armand
- Mikhail Bakunin
- Anselme Bellegarrigue
- Alexander Berkman
- Bob Black
- Alfredo M. Bonanno
- Murray Bookchin
- L. Susan Brown
- Chaz Bufe
- Judith Butler[89]
- Albert Camus
- Kevin Carson
- Noam Chomsky
- Leon Czolgosz
- Voltairine de Cleyre
- Buenaventura Durruti
- Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin
- Sébastien Faure
- Francisco Ferrer Guardia
- Mahatma Gandhi[90][91]
- Emma Goldman
- Paul Goodman
- Uri Gordon
- David Graeber
- Germaine Greer[92]
- Daniel Guérin
- Ann Hansen
- Abbie Hoffman
- Ted Kaczynski
- Peter Kropotkin
- Gustav Landauer
- John Henry Mackay
- Ricardo Flores Magón
- Nestor Makhno
- Errico Malatesta
- Michael Malice
- Louise Michel
- Octave Mirbeau
- Johann Most
- Saul Newman
- Albert Parsons
- Lucy Parsons
- Fredy Perlman
- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
- Rudolf Rocker
- Murray Rothbard
- Nicola Sacco
- Lucía Sánchez Saornil
- Diego Abad de Santillán
- Jean-Paul Sartre[93][94][95]
- Martin Sostre
- August Spies
- Lysander Spooner
- Henry David Thoreau
- Leo Tolstoy
- Benjamin Tucker
- Bartolomeo Vanzetti
- Volin
- Colin Ward
- Josiah Warren
- Simone Weil[96]
- Oscar Wilde
- Peter Lamborn Wilson
- Robert Paul Wolff
- John Zerzan
Influential non-anarchists
[edit]Related philosophies
[edit]- Absurdism
- Communalism
- Democratic confederalism
- Existentialism
- Inclusive Democracy
- Libertarian Marxism
- Libertarian socialism
- Neozapatismo
- Nihilism
- Panarchism[97]
- Voluntaryism
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^
Malatesta, Errico."Towards Anarchism".Man!.Los Angeles: International Group of San Francisco.OCLC3930443.
Agrell, Siri (2007-05-14)."Working for The Man".The Globe and Mail.Archived fromthe originalon 2007-05-16.Retrieved2008-04-14.
"Anarchism".Encyclopædia Britannica.Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 14 December 2006.Retrieved2006-08-29.
"Anarchism".The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy:14. 2005.
Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.
The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy: Mclaughlin, Paul (2007).Anarchism and Authority.Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 59.ISBN978-0-7546-6196-2. Johnston, R. (2000).The Dictionary of Human Geography.Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. p. 24.ISBN0-631-20561-6. - ^Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism."The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics.Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
- ^ab"TheIAF – IFAfights for: the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual. ""Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations"Archived2012-01-05 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations."Emma Goldman."What it Really Stands for Anarchy" inAnarchism and Other Essays.
- ^Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, — follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of the socialism off Karl Marg."Benjamin Tucker.Individual Liberty.
- ^Ward, Colin (1966)."Anarchism as a Theory of Organization".Archived fromthe originalon 25 March 2010.Retrieved1 March2010.
- ^Anarchist historianGeorge Woodcockreport ofMikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State. "
- ^Brown, L. Susan (2002). "Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism".The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism.Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing. p. 106.
- ^"That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organization and preaches free agreement — at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist."Peter Kropotkin.Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal
- ^"anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy — hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society.""B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?"inAn Anarchist FAQ.Archived2012-06-15 at theWayback Machine
- ^"ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies." George Woodcock. "Anarchism" at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^"In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions."Peter Kropotkin. "Anarchism" from the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism".The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics.Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
- ^"What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience."Mini-Manual of Individualismby Han Ryner
- ^"I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself." "Anarchism and the State" inIndividual Liberty
- ^Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). Anarchism.The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought(2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing
- ^Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 183
- ^"The illegalisis in this study,...As anarchist individualists, they came from a milieu whose most important theoretical inspiration was undoubtedly Max Stimer—whose work The Ego and Its Own remains the most powerful negation of the State, and affirniation of the individual, to date." —Richard Parry,The Bonnot Gang: the history of the French illegalists], 1987, p. 5.
- ^"Parallel to the social, collectivist anarchist current there was an individualist one whose partisans emphasized their individual freedom and advised other individuals to do the same...Some individualists rebelled by withdrawing from the economy and forming voluntary associations to achieve self-sufficiency. Others took the route of illegalism, attacking the economy through the direct individual reappropriation of wealth. Thus theft, counterfeiting, swindling and robbery became a way of life for hundreds of individualists, as it was already for countless thousands of proletarians.—" The "Illegalists" "by Doug Imrie (fromAnarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed,Fall-Winter, 1994–95)
- ^Marshall, Peter.Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism.pg.580
- ^Avrich, Paul.Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America,Princeton University Press 1996ISBN0-691-04494-5,p. 6 Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Blackwell Publishing 1991ISBN0-631-17944-5,p. 11
- ^Carson, Kevin (2007)."Preface".Studies in Mutualist Political Economy.BookSurge Publishing.ISBN978-1-4196-5869-3.Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2024.
- ^"Under the mutual system, each individual will receive the just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount; and so much as the individual laborer will then get over and above what he has earned will come to him as his share in the general prosperity of the community of which he is an individual member." From "Communism versus Mutualism", Socialistic, Communistic, Mutualistic and Financial Fragments. (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1875) byWilliam Batchelder Greene
- ^Suissa, Judith(2001) "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education",Journal of Philosophy of Education35 (4), 627–46.doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00249
- ^Patsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54
- ^Avrich, Paul. 2006.Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America.AK Press.p. 5
- ^Bakunin, Mikhail. Bakunin on Anarchism. Black Rose Books. 1980. p. 369
- ^"The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people."Alexander Berkman."What Is Communist Anarchism?"[1]
- ^Mayne, Alan James (1999).From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms Alan James Mayne Published 1999 Greenwood Publishing Group 316 pages ISBN 0-275-96151-6.ISBN978-0-275-96151-0.Retrieved2010-09-20.
- ^Anarchism for Know-It-Alls By Know-It-Alls For Know-It-Alls, For Know-It-Alls.Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. January 2008.ISBN978-1-59986-218-7.Retrieved2010-09-20.
- ^Fabbri, Luigi. "Anarchism and Communism." Northeastern Anarchist #4. 1922. 13 October 2002.[2]
- ^Makhno, Mett, Arshinov, Valevski, Linski (Dielo Trouda). "The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists". 1926. Constructive Section: availablehere
- ^(in Spanish)Magonismo, anarquismo en México
- ^National Archive of Mexico, Governance Branch:Revoltosos Magonistas(1906)
- ^'Green Anarchism: Towards the Abolition of Hierarchy'
- ^'Steve Best on total liberation'
- ^"Anarchism and the different Naturist views have always been related.""Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega at Asociacion para el Desarrollo Naturista de la Comunidad de Madrid. Published on RevistaADN.Winter 2003
- ^EL NATURISMO LIBERTARIO EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (1890–1939) by Jose Maria RoselloArchived2016-01-02 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism"by Carlos Ortega
- ^"In many of the alternative communities established in Britain in the early 1900s nudism, anarchism, vegetarianism and free love were accepted as part of a politically radical way of life. In the 1920s the inhabitants of the anarchist community at Whiteway, near Stroud in Gloucestershire, shocked the conservative residents of the area with their shameless nudity.""Nudism the radical tradition" by Terry PhillipsArchived2012-09-11 atarchive.today
- ^Light, Andrew (1998).Social Ecology After Bookchin.Guilford Press. p. 5.ISBN978-1-57230-379-9.
- ^Stokols, Daniel (2018).Social Ecology in the Digital Age: Solving Complex Problems in a Globalized World.Elsevier Science. p. 33.ISBN978-0-12-803114-8.
- ^George Woodcock.Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements(1962)
- ^""Resisting the Nation State, the pacifist and anarchist tradition" by Geoffrey Ostergaard ".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-14.Retrieved2015-02-09.
- ^abcd"Some Notes on Insurrectionary Anarchism"
- ^abc"A-Infos (en) Ireland, Red & Black Revolution #11 – Anarchism, insurrections and insurrectionalism by Joe Black – WSM".Archived fromthe originalon 6 December 2010.Retrieved15 December2015.
- ^Anarchist Portraitsby Paul Avrich, Princeton University Press, 1988, p30
- ^Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategyby Karish K. Puri, Guru Nanak Dev University Press, 1983
- ^Baal HaSulam."Building the Future Society".World Wide Kabbalah Academy.Retrieved2010-05-15.
- ^Esenwein, George Richard "Anarchist Ideology and the Working Class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898" [p. 135]
- ^Pedro Ribeiro|Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism
- ^Crypto-anarchism.Crypto-anarchism and Cryptocurrencies Series. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed 30 November 2017.
- ^Gary Chartier has joinedKevin Carson,Charles Johnson,and others (echoing the language ofBenjamin TuckerandThomas Hodgskin) in maintaining that, because of its heritage and its emancipatory goals and potential, radical market anarchism should be seen—by its proponents and by others—as part of thesocialisttradition, and that market anarchists can and should call themselves "socialists." See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference,Association of Private Enterprise Education(Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier,"Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'";Gary Chartier,Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays.Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."
- ^Marshall, Peter (1992).Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism.London: HarperCollins. pp. 564–565.ISBN978-0-00-217855-6."Anarcho-capitalists are against the State simply because they are capitalists first and foremost. [...] They are not concerned with the social consequences of capitalism for the weak, powerless and ignorant. [...] As such, anarcho-capitalism overlooks the egalitarian implications of traditional individualist anarchists like Spooner and Tucker. In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice. Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary cooperation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the state, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists."
- ^Goodway, David (2006).Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward.Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition."
- ^Newman, Saul (2010).The Politics of Postanarchism.Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism)."ISBN0748634959.
- ^Editor's note in "Taxation: Voluntary or Compulsory". Formulations. Free Nation Foundation. Summer 1995"Heritage".Archived fromthe originalon 2010-12-28.Retrieved2008-03-15.
- ^Gerald F. Gaus, Chandran Kukathas. 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. Sage Publications. pp. 118–119. Source refers to David D. Friedman's philosophy as "market anarchism."
- ^Konkin III, Samuel Edward."Last Whole Introduction to Agorism"(PDF).agorism.eu.org.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 27, 2022.RetrievedMay 4,2022.
- ^Gordon, David(1 April 2011)Sam Konkin and Libertarian Theory,LewRockwell
- ^Morris, Andrew (2008)."Anarcho-Capitalism".InHamowy, Ronald(ed.).The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism.Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE;Cato Institute.pp. 13–14.doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n8.ISBN978-1-4129-6580-4.LCCN2008009151.OCLC750831024.
- ^Edward Stringham,Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice,p. 51
- ^"The philosophy of" anarcho-capitalism "dreamed up by the" libertarian "New Right,has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper. "Meltzer, Albert.Anarchism: Arguments For and AgainstAK Press,(2000) p. 50
- ^"In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice, Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the State, might therefore best be calledright-wing libertariansrather than anarchists. "Peter Marshall.Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism.Harper Perennial. London. 2008. p. 565
- ^"It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands ofright-wing libertarianismwhich at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). "Saul Newman,The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press,2010, p. 43ISBN0748634959
- ^Section F – Is "anarcho" -capitalism a type of anarchism?atAn Anarchist FAQpublished in physical book form by An Anarchist FAQ as "Volume I"; byAK Press,Oakland/Edinburgh 2008; 558 pages,ISBN9781902593906
- ^"‘Libertarian’ and ‘libertarianism’ are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for ‘anarchist’ and ‘anarchism’, largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of ‘anarchy’ and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, ‘minimal statism’ and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard andRobert Nozickand their adoption of the words ‘libertarian’ and ‘libertarianism’. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between theirright libertarianismand theleft libertarianismof the anarchist tradition. "Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Wardby David Goodway. Liverpool University Press. Liverpool. 2006. p. 4
- ^"Within Libertarianism, Rothbard represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state. However Rothbard's claim as an anarchist is quickly voided when it is shown that he only wants an end to the public state. In its place he allows countless private states, with each person supplying their own police force, army, and law, or else purchasing these services from capitalist venders...so what remains is shrill anti-statism conjoined to a vacuous freedom in hackneyed defense of capitalism. In sum, the" anarchy "of Libertarianism reduces to a liberal fraud."Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy" by Peter Sabatiniin issue #41 (Fall/Winter 1994–95) ofAnarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed
- ^Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011).Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty.Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia
- ^Gillis, William (2011). "The Freed Market." In Chartier, Gary and Johnson, Charles.Markets Not Capitalism.Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 19–20.
- ^Sheldon Richman (3 February 2011). "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown idealArchived2019-06-10 at theWayback Machine."The American Conservative.Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^Gary Chartier and Charles W. Johnson (eds).Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty.Minor Compositions; 1st edition (November 5, 2011
- ^Gary Chartier has joinedKevin Carson,Charles Johnson, and others (echoing the language ofBenjamin TuckerandThomas Hodgskin) in maintaining that because of its heritage and its emancipatory goals and potential, radical market anarchism should be seen – by its proponents and by others – as part of thesocialisttradition, and that market anarchists can and should call themselves "socialists." See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference,Association of Private Enterprise Education(Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier,"Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'";Gary Chartier,Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays.Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."
- ^White, Roger.Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004(PDF).Oakland California: Jailbreak Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006.Retrieved9 February2017.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^Macphee, Josh (2007). "Introduction".Realizing the Impossible.Stirling: AK Press.ISBN978-1-904859-32-1.
- ^"The story of one person's struggle against intolerance and repression during the early 20th century homosexual emancipation movement in Germany. Mackay is a very interesting figure in both anarchist and homosexual circles."Hubert Kennedy.Anarchist Of Love: The Secret Life Of John Henry Mackay.ArchivedMarch 22, 2012, at theWayback Machine
- ^"Although by 1968 he could be seen as the “grandfather of the French homosexual movement”, Daniel Guérin has always been better known outside gay circles for his rôle in the revolutionary movement. On the revolutionary left of the Socialist Party in the 1930s, he was later heavily influenced by Trotsky, before becoming attracted to the libertarian communist wing of the anarchist movement. "David Berry. "For a dialectic of homosexuality and revolution"
- ^Karl Heinrich Ulrichshad begun a journal calledPrometheusin 1870, but only one issue was published. (Kennedy, Hubert,Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality,In: 'Science and Homosexualities', ed. Vernon Rosario (pp. 26–45). New York: Routledge, 1997.
- ^"Hubert Kennedy.Anarchist Of Love: The Secret Life Of John Henry Mackay.pg. 7 "(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-04.Retrieved2019-02-01.
- ^"J.3 What kinds of organisation do anarchists build? | Anarchist Writers".anarchism.pageabode.Retrieved2019-01-30.
- ^"J.3 What kinds of organisation do anarchists build? | Anarchist Writers".anarchism.pageabode.Retrieved2019-01-31.
- ^abc"J.3.2 What are" synthesis "federations?"inAn Anarchist FAQ.
- ^"The remedy has been found: libertarian communism."[3]Sébastien Faure."Libertarian Communism"
- ^Jeremy Jennings,Syndicalism in France(St Martin's Press, 1990)ISBN031204027X
- ^Avrich, Paul(2006).The Russian Anarchists.Stirling:AK Press.p. 188.ISBN1-904859-48-8.
- ^Peter Kropotkin,"Anarchism",Encyclopædia Britannica1910
- ^Less Antman,The Dallas Accord is Dead,Lew Rockwell,May 12, 2008.
- ^Heckert, Vishwam Jamie."On Anarchism: An Interview with Judith Butler".Retrieved10 September2016.
- ^Snow, Edgar.The Message of Gandhi.27 September March 1948. "Like Marx, Gandhi hated the state and wished to eliminate it, and he told me he considered himself 'a philosophical anarchist.'"
- ^Jesudasan, Ignatius (1987)A Gandhian theology of liberation.Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, pp. 236–37,ISBN0883441543.
- ^"Greer on Revolution; Germaine on Love",Overland,Nos. 50/51, Autumn 1972.
- ^Davis, Lydia (7 August 1975)."Sartre at Seventy: An Interview by Jean-Paul Sartre and Michel Contat".The New York Review of Books.Retrieved27 October2011.
- ^"R.A. Forum > Sartre par lui-même (Sartre by Himself)".Raforum.info. 28 September 1966. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-30.Retrieved27 October2011.
- ^"Interview with Jean-Paul Sartre" inThe Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre,ed. P. A. Schilpp, p. 21.
- ^McLellan, David (1990).Utopian Pessimist: The Life and Thought of Simone Weil.Poseidon Press.ISBN9780671685218.,p121
- ^P. E. de Puydt."Panarchy".First published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860.
Further reading
[edit]- Caplan, Bryan(2008)."Anarchism".InHamowy, Ronald(ed.).The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism.Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE;Cato Institute.pp. 10–13.ISBN978-1-4129-6580-4.LCCN2008009151.OCLC750831024.
External links
[edit]- "Anarchism",entry from theEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition,(1910) byPeter Kropotkin.