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Kalibr (missile family)

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Kalibr
An export variant of the missile (mockup)
TypeCruise missile
Anti-ship missile
Anti-submarine missile
Submarine-launched cruise missile
Air-launched cruise missile
Land-attack missile
Surface-to-surface missile
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service1994
Used bySeeOperators
WarsSyrian Civil War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Production history
ManufacturerNovator Design Bureau,KTRV,MKB Fakel, NPO Mash, Raduga, NPO Zvezda Strela (Orenburg)
Unit cost$980,000 (domestic cost, land-attack version)
$6.5 million (export cost, anti-ship version)[1]
Produced1994–present
Specifications
MassVaries on variant, from 1,300 kg-1,780 kg-2,300 kg
LengthVaries on variant, from 6.2 m to 8.9 m
Diameter0.533 m
Warhead400–500 kgHEorthermonuclear[2][3][4]
EngineMulti-stagesolid-fuelrocket,turbojetengine for 3M-54/E/TE/E1/TE1, -14/E/TE, solid fuel rocket for 91RE1/RTE2
Operational
range
91RE1: 50 km

3M-54E (export anti-ship version): 220 km
3M-54E1/3M-14E (export anti-ship version): 300 km
3M-54/3M-54T: 660 km (domestic anti-ship version, estimate)

3M-14/3M-14T: 1,500–2,500 km (domestic land-attack version, estimate)
Flight ceiling1,000 m
Flight altitude50–150 mAGL
20 m over water[2]
Maximum speed0.8–2.5–3.0 Mach
Guidance
system
Inertial guidanceplus terminalactive radar homing,by satellites[citation needed],DSMAC
Accuracy2-3 m (domestic version, withGLONASS)
50 m CEP (Club-T export version, withoutGLONASS)[5]
Launch
platform
naval ships,submarines,containers,airplanes,TEL

The NovatorKalibr(Калибр,caliber), also referred to as3M54-1 Kalibr,3M14 Biryuza(Бирюза,turquoise), (NATO reporting nameSS-N-27 SizzlerandSS-N-30A) is a family of Russiancruise missilesdeveloped byNPO Novator(OKB-8). It first saw service in 1994. There are ship-launched,submarine-launchedand air-launched versions of the missile, and variants foranti-ship,anti-submarineandland attackuse. Some versions have a second propulsion stage that initiates asupersonicsprint in the terminal approach to the target, reducing the time thatair defense systemshave to react, whilesubsonicversions have greater range than the supersonic variants. The missile can carry a warhead weighing up to 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of explosive or athermonuclear warhead.

Design

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The missile is a modular system with five versions: two anti-shipping types, one for land attack and two anti-submarine types. The missile is designed to share common parts between the surface and submarine-launched variants but each missile consists of different components, for example, the booster. The missile can be launched from a surface ship using avertical launching system(VLS).

It has a booster with thrust vectoring capability. The missile launched from a submarinetorpedo tubehas no need for such an addition but has a conventional booster instead. The air launched version is held in a container that is dropped as the missile launches, detaching from the container.

There are several claims about the maximum range of Kalibr land attack versions in use by Russia. TheU.S. Department of Defenseestimates its range at 1,400 km (870 mi), andRussian Defence MinisterSergei Shoiguput its range at "almost 1,500 km (930 mi)." Following its first operational firing in October 2015,Russian Ministry of Defencestatements suggested a range of 2,000 km (1,200 mi), while a December 2015Office of Naval Intelligencereport gathered a number of Russian statements projecting ranges between 1,500-2,500 km (1,600 mi).[2][6]

Discrepancies in range values may be political declarations for strategic effect,[2]or potentially longer 2,500 km-range claims could be associated with athermonuclear armedvariant while shorter 1,500 km-range estimates are for the conventionally armed missile.[6]

Launch of production of a submarine-variant of the 3M14TE Kalibr-NK called the Kalibr-PL missile occurred in 2012, according to state television news (broadcast of 11.10.2015).[7]

Russia has improved the targeting system of its ship- and submarine-launched Kalibr cruise missiles to improve their ability to conduct time sensitive attacks. Defence MinisterSergei Shoigurevealed the development, which was initiated as a result of combat experience in Syria, in an interview with theMoskovsky Komsomoletsnewspaper on 22 September 2019.[8][9]

Launch platforms

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A Club-K erected in a standard shipping container

Club-K

[edit]

'Club-K'– a Russian container complex ofmissile weapons,placed in the standard20- and 40-foot sea container.It is designed to defeat surface and ground targets. The complex can be mounted onshorelines,vessels of various classes, rail platforms andtrucks.It is a modification of the Kalibr missile system.

A Club-K variant, which is disguised as ashipping containerthat can be placed on a truck, train, or merchant vessel, was advertised in 2010 and was shown for the first time at theMAKS 2011 air show.[10][11]

[edit]

Russian submarines of theKiloclass,Ladaclass,Amur[12]class,Akulaclass,Yasenclass, andBoreiclass are launch platforms for the missiles.[citation needed]

The RussianGremyashchyclass,Buyan-Mclass, the second batch ofSteregushchyclass corvettes and theKarakurtclassare lowdisplacementplatforms with Kalibr system ability.[citation needed]

Indian NavyfrigateINSTabarfiring the Club missile

The RussianAdmiral Gorshkovclass,Admiral Grigorovichclass, andGepardclass frigates are able to carry these missiles. Also the IndianTalwarclass frigate is another shipborne launch platform for the Club missile system.[citation needed]

Operational history

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Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war

[edit]
Main article:Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war
  • On 7 October 2015, a Gepard class frigate and three Buyan-M class Russian Navy corvettes, part of the Caspian Flotilla launched 26 Kalibr-NK system cruise missiles 3M14T from theCaspian Seaat 11 targets in Syria during theSyrian Civil War.[13]The missiles traveled 1,500 km (932 mi) through Iranian and Iraqi airspace and struck targets inRaqqaandAleppoprovinces (controlled by theIslamic State) but primarily inIdlibprovince (controlled by theFree Syrian ArmyandNusra Front).[14]AnonymousUS DoDofficials alleged that four missiles crashed inIran.[15]The US officials offered no evidence while Russian and Iranian governments denied the claim of missile crash.[16]Pentagon and State Department officials refused to comment on the reports.[17]Russia posted video footage of 26 Kalibr missile launches as well as several videos of missile impacts without time or location information.[18]
  • On 20 November 2015, Russia launched 18 3M14T cruise missiles from the Caspian Sea onto targets in Syria, the targets were in Raqqa, Idlib and Aleppo.[19][20][21]
  • On 9 December 2015, Russia fired a group of 3M14K cruise missiles from Kalibr-PL system at positions occupied byISILfrom theImproved Kilo-class submarine B-237Rostov-on-Dondeployed in the Mediterranean.[22][23]
  • On 19 August 2016, Russia launched three Kalibr-NK cruise missiles fromBuyan-class corvetteZelenyy Dol and Serpukhov deployed in the eastern Mediterranean, and struckal-Nusratargets in the Aleppo province.[citation needed]
  • On 20 September 2016, Russian state media reported that Russian warships in the Mediterranean fired three Kalibr-NK missiles at western Aleppo, near Mount Simeon. The Russians claimed that the missile strike killed "30 Israeli and Western officers directing the terrorists' attacks in Aleppo and Idlib".[24]
  • On 15 November 2016, Russian frigateAdmiral Grigorovichfired at least three missiles against targets in Idlib and Homs provinces, Syria, in the opening stages ofthe decisive offensive on Aleppo.[25][26]
  • On 31 May 2017, the Russian frigateAdmiral Essenand submarineKrasnodarlaunched four missiles against targets east of Palmyra, Syria.[27][28][29]
  • On 23 June 2017, Russian frigatesAdmiral GrigorovichandAdmiral Essen,and the submarineKrasnodarfired six Kalibr missiles at ISIL arms depot targets in Hama.[30][31][32][33][34]
  • On 5 September 2017, the Russian frigateAdmiral Essenfired some Kalibr missiles on ISIL targets (command posts, a communications center, a facility repairing armored vehicles, and arms and ammunition depots) as part of an operation to take Deir ez-Zor.[citation needed]
  • On 14 September 2017, the Russian submarinesVeliky NovgorodandKolpinofired seven Kalibr missiles on ISIL targets (command posts, communications centers and ammunition depots) in the south-east of Deir ez-Zor.[35]
  • On 22 September 2017, the Russian submarineVeliky Novgorodfired at least three Kalibr missiles on al-Nusra in the Idlib province. The missile strike destroyed command centers, training bases and armored vehicles.[36]
  • On 5 October 2017, the Russian submarinesVeliky NovgorodandKolpinolaunched 10 Kalibr missiles. The strikes were to support Syrian troops conducting a ground offensive in Deir-ez-Zor province.[37][38]
  • On 31 October 2017, the Russian submarineVeliky Novgorodlaunched 3 Kalibr missiles. The strikes were again to support Syrian troops conducting a ground offensive in Deir-ez-Zor province.[citation needed]
  • On 3 November 2017, the Russian submarineKolpinolaunched 6 Kalibr missiles from a submerged position. Missiles hit terrorists' strongholds, weapon and ammunition depots, concentrations of militants, and important command centres near Abu Kamal, Deir-ez-Zor.[39][40]
  • On 3 February 2018, Russian frigates and submarines active in the Mediterranean sea launched several Kalibr missiles on the positions of rebels in theIdlib province,Syria where theSukhoi Su-25attack aircraft of MajorRoman Filipovwas shot down, killing about 30.[41]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

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Main article:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Kalibr cruise missiles have been widely used by Russian forces since the start of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraineon 24 February 2022. The opening assault is said to have included at least 30 cruise missiles, targeting command and control points, air bases, and air-defense batteries. The missiles were likely fired by theBuyan-class corvettes,Admiral Grigorovich-class frigatesandKilo-class submarinesof the RussianBlack Sea Fleet.[42]Ukraine's military command reported widespread usage of Kalibr cruise missiles in strikes against strategic and non-combat targets across Ukraine.[43][44]Most notable incidents were:

  • On 14 July 2022, three Kalibr cruise missileshit the city centerofVinnytsia,Ukraine, killing at least 20 people, including at least three children. Ukraine claimed two other missiles were shot down.[45]
  • On 23 July 2022, at least two Kalibr cruise missiles hit the port ofOdesa,other two were reportedly shot down.[46]
  • On 11 September 2022, Kalibr cruise missiles were again fired from the Black Sea on targets in Ukraine.[47]The same day, missile strike onKharkiv TEC-5thermal power plant inKharkivwas confirmed by Ukrainian officials.[48]
  • During2022 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructurein October, November and December 2022, number of Kalibr cruise missiles fired from the Black Sea targeted various Ukrainian energy facilities across the country. This led to destruction of at least 50% of Ukraine's energy sector by mid-November 2022.[49]
    • On 10 October 2022, three Kalibr cruise missiles violated the airspace of theRepublic of Moldova.[50]
    • On 31 October 2022, remains of a Kalibr missile reportedly shot down by Ukrainian air defence crashed in Moldova.[51]
  • On 20 March 2023, Ukraine claimed Russian Kalibr cruise missiles had been involved in an explosion in the north of annexed Crimea. Ukraine announced the explosions but, as is normal, did not explicitly say it was behind the attack.[52]

Variants

[edit]

Domestic variants are basic versions of this missile family; these are the 3M54 and 3M14. The export model is called Club (formerly Klub). There are two major launch platforms: the Kalibr-PL (export Club-S), designed for use from submarines, and the Kalibr-NK (export Club-N), designed for surface ships. These two launch platforms can be equipped with the following warhead and guidance combinations:[53]

[edit]

Domestic variants

[edit]
  • 3M54K:A submarine-launched anti-shipping variant deployed by the Russian Navy. Its length is 8.22 m (27.0 ft), with a 200 kg (440 lb) warhead. Its range is 550–660 km (340–410 mi) (estimate).[citation needed]
  • 3M54TAn anti-shipping variant deployed by the Russian Navy on surface ships. It is launched with a VLS, has aThrust vectoringbooster, and is 8.9 m (29 ft) long. Its warhead weight and other performances are the same as the 3M-54K.[citation needed]
  • 3M14K(SS-N-30A) Aninertial guidanceland attack variant deployed by the Russian Navy. The submarine-launched weapon has a basic length of 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead. Its range is 2,500 km (1,600 mi). Its subsonic terminal speed is Mach 0.8.[citation needed]
  • 3M14Tis the inertial guidance land attack variant which is deployed by the Russian Navy. A surface ship withVLS launched missile,with thrust vectoring booster, its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performance are the same as the 3M14K.[citation needed]
  • Kalibr-Mis a claimed new version of Kalibr with larger warhead and extended range to 4,500 km. The ship, submarine, air, and land-launched versions are in development.[54]

Export variants

[edit]
3M-54E1 mockup

Club-S

[edit]
  • 3M-54E Club-S[55]is the submarine-launched anti-shipping variant, Its basic length is 8.2 m (27 ft), with a 200 kg warhead. Its range is 300 km.[citation needed]
3M-14E mockup
  • 3M-54E1is a submarine-launched anti-shipping variant, Its basic length is 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 200 kg (440 lb) warhead. Its range is 300 km (190 mi). It is a sea-skimmer with a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.[citation needed]
  • 3M-14EAn inertially guided land attack variant; it is launched from a submarine. Its basic length is 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead. Its range is 300 km (190 mi). It has a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.[citation needed]

Club-N

[edit]
  • 3M-54TE Club-N[55]– A surface vessel with VLS launched anti-shipping variant; with a thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m, its warhead weight and other performance is the same as the 3M-54E.[citation needed]
  • 3M-54TE1– A surface ship with VLS anti-shipping variant, with thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performance is the same as the 3M-54E1. A sea-skimmer with a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.[citation needed]
  • 3M-14TE– An inertially guided land attack variant. It is a surface ship with VLS missile and a thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performances are the same as the 3M-14E.[citation needed]

Club-T

[edit]

Land-based anti-ship (3M-54E2) and land-attack (3M-14E1) self-propelled missile system for coastal defense. Both missile variants in the system arsenal weigh 1,700 kg and feature a 450 kg warhead and flight speed of 240 m/s. According to the manufacturer, in land-attack mode, the system has aCEPof 50 m (export version).[5]

Club-A

[edit]
  • 3M-54AE– Air-launched anti-ship variant. Two stages, terminal supersonic speed. Weight 1950 kg. Warhead 200 kg. Range 300 km.[citation needed]
  • 3M-54AE1– Air-launched anti-ship variant. Subsonic.[citation needed]
  • 3M-14AE– Air-launched land attack variant. Subsonic. INS+satellite guidance. Length 6.2 m. Weight 1400 kg. Warhead 450 kg. Range 300 km.[citation needed]

Operators

[edit]
Map of Kalibr operators

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Russia's Futuristic Military Plagued by Old Problems
  2. ^abcdGame changer: Russian sub-launched cruise missiles bring strategic effect.Jane's Information Group.
  3. ^"صواريخ روسية غيرت مفهوم المعركة وأخافت العالم"[Russian missiles changed the concept of the battle frightened the world].YouTube(in Arabic).Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.
  4. ^"ЦАМТО / Новости / Сводка боевых действий ВКС России в Сирии за 8 декабря".armstrade.org.RetrievedFeb 18,2019.
  5. ^ab"Defexpo 2020: Almaz-Antey upgrades Club-T cruise missile system".Jane's Information Group.6 February 2020.Retrieved26 June2022.
  6. ^abSokov on Russian Cruise Missiles– Armscontrolwonk, 25 August 2015
  7. ^"Вести недели / Эфир от 11.10.2015"[Vesti nedeli/Stream from 11.10.2015].russia.tv(in Russian). Archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2015.Retrieved20 November2015.
  8. ^"Janes | Latest defence and security news".
  9. ^"Russia's Kalibr cruise missile finetuned after Syria campaign – Shoigu".
  10. ^Stott, Michael (2010-04-26)."Deadly new Russian weapon hides in shipping container".Reuters.Retrieved2016-12-19.
  11. ^"MAKS: Russian firm debuts shipping container-housed cruise missiles".Flight Global.Retrieved2011-08-23.
  12. ^"ЦКБ МТ Рубин: Amur 950".
  13. ^"Kalibr cruise missiles strike IS targets in Syria".Oct 7, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.RetrievedFeb 18,2019– via YouTube.
  14. ^Aji, Albert; Vasilyeva, Nataliya (7 October 2015)."Russia fires cruise missiles from warships into Syria".Yahoo News.Associated Press.Retrieved9 October2015.
  15. ^U.S.: Several Russian cruise missiles landed in Iran– Militarytimes, 8 October 2015
  16. ^"Russia, Iran Deny US Claims of Cruise Missiles Crashing on Iran".News From Antiwar.8 October 2015.Retrieved2015-10-20.
  17. ^"Russia denies missiles aimed at Syria landed in Iran".the Guardian.9 October 2015.Retrieved2015-10-20.
  18. ^Russia Refutes Pentagon Claims Some Caspian Strike Missiles Failed Over Iran– News.USNI.org, 9 October 2015
  19. ^"Russian Caspian Sea Flotilla launches Kalibr missiles".Nov 20, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.RetrievedFeb 18,2019– via YouTube.
  20. ^"YouTube".youtube.Archived fromthe originalon 2016-05-05.RetrievedFeb 18,2019.
  21. ^"Kalibr vs ISIS compound".Nov 23, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.RetrievedFeb 18,2019– via YouTube.
  22. ^"Syria – Russian submarine" Rostov-on-Don "launches missiles at Raqqa – December 2015".Dec 9, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.RetrievedFeb 18,2019– via YouTube.
  23. ^"Russia fires Kalibr missiles at IS positions from sub deployed in the Mediterranean".TASS.RetrievedFeb 18,2019.
  24. ^"Russia: Mossad, other foreign agents killed in Aleppo strike".The Times of Israel.Retrieved2016-09-22.
  25. ^"YouTube".youtube.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-08-18.RetrievedFeb 18,2019.
  26. ^"Terrorist positions hit with cruise missiles from Russian frigate 'Admiral Grigorovich' – MoD".Nov 15, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.RetrievedFeb 18,2019– via YouTube.
  27. ^"YouTube".youtube.Archived fromthe originalon 2020-03-11.RetrievedFeb 18,2019.
  28. ^"Russian warships fire cruise missiles at Isil targets near Palmyra".The Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-01-12.Retrieved2017-05-31.
  29. ^"Russia fires cruise missiles at IS targets in Syria".BBC News.2017-05-31.Retrieved2017-05-31.
  30. ^"Удар крылатыми ракетами" Калибр "по объектам ИГИЛ в Сирии кораблями ВМФ РФ в Средиземном море".Jun 23, 2017.RetrievedFeb 18,2019– via YouTube.
  31. ^"Russian warships fire Kalibr missiles, destroy ISIS arms depots in Syria".rbth.Jun 23, 2017. Archived fromthe originalon December 15, 2018.RetrievedFeb 18,2019.
  32. ^"Удар крылатыми ракетами" Калибр "по объектам ИГИЛ в Сирии кораблями ВМФ РФ в Средиземном море".Ministry of Defence (Russia).2017-06-23.
  33. ^"Russian warships fire Kalibr cruise missiles, destroy IS arms depots in Syria".TASS.2017-06-23.
  34. ^"Russian submarine, frigates hit ISIS from Mediterranean, again".navaltoday.2017-06-23.
  35. ^"Veliky Novgorod and Kolpino submarines fired the Kalibr cruise missiles from submerged position against the ISIS critical objects in Syria: Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation".
  36. ^"Пуск крылатых ракет" Калибр "по объектам террористов в Сирии с подводной лодки" Великий Новгород "".Russian MOD.2017-09-22.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.
  37. ^"Нанесение ударов по террористам в Сирии из акватории Средиземного моря подводными лодками ЧФ".Russian MOD.2017-10-05.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.
  38. ^"Поражение объектов террористов комплексами" Калибр "".Russian MOD.2017-10-05.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-15.
  39. ^"Russia targets ISIS with Kalibr cruise missiles".Missile Threat.Nov 3, 2017.RetrievedFeb 18,2019.
  40. ^"Tu-22M3 bombers and submarine Kolpino hit ISIS infrastructure near Abu Kamal: Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation".
  41. ^"Russian cruise missiles kill at least 30 Syrian rebels after jet fighter downed".USA Today.Retrieved4 February2018.
  42. ^"Kalibr: Russia's Very Own 'Tomahawk' Cruise Missiles Is Hitting Ukraine".19fortyfive.8 March 2022.
  43. ^Newdick, Thomas (24 February 2022)."These Are The Standoff Missiles Russia Used To Open Its War Against Ukraine".The Drive.Retrieved2022-03-07.
  44. ^"Ukraine reports fresh air, cruise missile strikes".Reuters.2022-02-26.Retrieved2022-02-26.
  45. ^Max Hunder (2022-07-14)."Twenty killed, dozens hurt in Russian missile strike on central Ukraine - Zelenskiy".Reuters.Retrieved2022-07-14.
  46. ^"Outrage as Russian missiles strike Odesa port one day after grain export deal agreed".cnn.23 July 2022.
  47. ^"Russia launches Kalibr cruise missiles on Ukraine from the Black Sea".navyrecognition.12 September 2022.
  48. ^"Russia's missile strike on Thermal Power Plant in Kharkiv Oblast is an" act of desperation "following immense losses and retreat – Ukraine's Foreign Ministry".pravda.ua.12 September 2022.
  49. ^"Almost 50% of Ukraine's energy system disabled by missile attacks".pravda.18 November 2022.
  50. ^"Russian missiles violated Moldova's airspace, Foreign Minister says".aerotime.aero.10 October 2022.
  51. ^"Video: Russian missile shot down by Ukraine falls in Moldova".aerotime.aero.31 October 2022.
  52. ^"Ukraine says Russian missiles destroyed in Crimea".bbc.20 March 2023.
  53. ^Jane's Weapons: Naval 2012–2013, Janes Information Group, 2012, p. 13
  54. ^"New Kalibr-M cruise missile with range of over 4,500 km in development in Russia – source – Military & Defense – TASS".
  55. ^abJane's Weapons: Naval 2012–2013, Janes Information Group, 2012, p. 15
  56. ^"Advanced anti-ship cruise missile systems enter service with Russian Navy".TASS.RetrievedFeb 18,2019.
  57. ^Pandit, Rajat (August 4, 2008)."India to acquire new undersea cruise missiles".The Times of India.Archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2012.Retrieved2008-08-04.
  58. ^Vietnam Buys Deadly New Missiles Capable of Hitting China– Thediplomat, 30 April 2015
  59. ^Newsweek,article"China's Carrier Killers",Oct. 4, 2010
  60. ^Strategy Page, articleIranian Submarine Launched Missiles,Aug. 30, 2006
  61. ^NTI,articleIran Submarine Import and Export Behavior | NTIIran Submarine Import and Export Behavior], Aug. 8, 2012
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