Pacaraos Quechua

Pacaraos Quechua
Native to	Peru
Native speakers	(250 cited 1992)
Language family	Quechua Central Quechua Pacaraos Quechua
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qvp
Glottolog	paca1245
ELP	Pacaraos Quechua

Pacaraos Quechuais a variety ofQuechuaspoken until the middle of the 20th century in the community ofPacaraos(Pacaraos District) in thePeruvianLima Regionin theChancayvalley up to 3000 m above sea level.

The Quechua of Pacaraos was investigated by the Dutch linguistWillem F. H. Adelaarin the 1970s, when it was still spoken by women in their sixties and older. Around the year 2000 there were possibly no active speakers left, but there are probably some people with passive knowledge who grew up with their grandparents.

A peculiarity of Pacaraos Quechua is that it does not belong to any of the two main branches of the Quechua family (WaywashandWampuy). In contrast to other Quechua varieties, the Quechua of Pacaraos has phonemic word accent, which is either on the penultimate or the ultimate syllable. Like the Waywash varieties but in contrast to Wampuy, it distinguishes between short and long vowels.

The first person of the verb and the possessive form for nouns is expressed by accent on the last syllable and addition of -y, e.g.: tarpuy "to sow" (root: tarpu-) - tarpúy "I sow" (cf. Waywash:tarpuu,Wampuy: tarpuni) - tarpunki "you sow" - tarpun "he/she sows".

The vocabulary of Pacaraos Quechua corresponds in part withSouthern Quechua(e.g. kunan "now" ), and partially with Waywash (e.g. yarku- "to rise", akshu, "potato" ). Furthermore there are many loanwords fromJaqaruor otherAymaran languages(e.g. achara "old", uni- "to hate", wilka "sun" ). Some words of Pacaraos Quechua are unique, e.g. arapu- "to answer",chaqpa"clothes",rapqa-"both".

Pacaraos Quechua shares many suffixes with Waywash, e.g. -ĉaw "in, on, at" or-piqta,-piq "from, out of". The accusative suffix -kta has a long form -kta and a short form -k, the latter being combined with final stress. The negation suffix -su (<*-chu) is often shortened to -s.

The gerund is expressed with -shpa, as in all Wampuy varieties.

The /q/ of Proto-Quechua is a fricative, at the end of a syllable or near a voiceless consonant it is voiceless [x] and otherwise voiced [g]. In contrast to other Quechua varianties it distinguishes between a simple [r] (tap, e.g.rapqan"they both" ) and a vibrant [rr] (e.g. rraqak "girl" ). As in some dialects ofAncash Quechua/č/ has become [s] (e.g. say "that" ) and /s/ has turned to [h] (e.g. huti "name", haĉa "plant",rrahu"snow" ). Theretroflex/ĉ/ has been preserved.

Bibliography

• Adelaar, Willem(1986).Morfología del Quechua de Pacaraos.Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
• Adelaar, Willem(2004). "The Inca Sphere: A sketch of a Peruvian Quechua Dialect (Pacaraos)".The Languages of the Andes.Cambridge Language Surveys. With the collaboration of Pieter C. Muysken. Cambridge University Press. pp. 242–249.doi:10.1017/CBO9780511486852.005.ISBN978-0-521-36831-5.