Voiced palatal lateral approximant
(Redirected fromPalatal lateral)
| Voiced palatal lateral approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʎ | |||
| IPA Number | 157 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʎ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+028E | ||
| X-SAMPA | L | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̠ʲ | |
| ʎ̟ |
Thevoiced palatal lateral approximantis a type ofconsonantalsound used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ʎ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter⟨y⟩,and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isL.
Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatallateralapproximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly,alveolo-palatal;that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between thealveolar ridgeand thehard palate(excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,[1]or postalveolo-prepalatal.[2]None of the 13 languages investigated byRecasens (2013),many of themRomance,has a 'true' palatal.[3]That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[4]
There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents thealveolo-palatal lateral approximant.If precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨l̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̟⟩; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letterU+0234ȴLATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CURL;⟨ȴ⟩( "l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives⟨ɕ,ʑ⟩) is used especially in Sinological circles.
The voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with itsvoiceless counterpart/ʎ̥/in theXumi languagespoken in China.[5][6]
Features
[edit]
Cased forms of the IPA letter in thePilagáAlpha bet. The capital is not supported by Unicode.
Features of the voiced palatal lateral approximant:
- Itsmanner of articulationisapproximant,which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.
- Itsplace of articulationispalatal,which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of thetongueraised to thehard palate.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is alateral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[7] | Malsia e Madhe | lule | [ˈʎuʎɛ] | 'flower' | |
| Arbëresh | |||||
| Arvanitika | |||||
| Aragonese | agulla | [a̠ˈɣuʎa̠] | 'needle' | ||
| Aromanian | ljepuri | [ˈʎe̞puri] | 'rabbit' | ||
| Astur-Leonese | Asturian | llingua | [ˈʎĩŋɡwa̝] | 'language' | Where/ʎ/is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known asche vaqueira,its corresponding sounds are spelled⟨ḷḷ⟩. |
| Leonese | |||||
| Mirandese | lhéngua | [ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ] | |||
| Aymara | llaki | [ʎaki] | 'sad' | ||
| Basque | bonbilla | [bo̞mbiʎa̠] | 'bulb' | ||
| Breton | familh | [fa̠miʎ] | 'family' | ||
| Bulgarian | любов | [ʎuˈbof] | 'love' | Alveolo-palatal. SeeBulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Standard | llac | [ˈʎ̟a̠k] | 'lake' | Alveolo-palatal.[2]SeeCatalan phonology |
| Eastern Aragon | clau | [ˈkʎ̟a̠ʊ̯] | 'key' | Allophone of/l/inconsonant clusters. | |
| Chipaya | lloqa | [ʎoqa] | 'bank' | SeeChipaya languages | |
| English | Australian | million | [ˈmɪʎən] | 'million' | A frequent allophone of the sequence/lj/ |
| Canadian(AtlanticandNewfoundland) | |||||
| County Donegal[8] | Allophone of the sequence/lj/.[8] | ||||
| General American[9] | A frequent allophone of the sequence/lj/;sometimes realized as[jj].[9]SeeEnglish phonology | ||||
| Hiberno-English | A frequent allophone of the sequence/lj/ | ||||
| New England | |||||
| New York City | |||||
| New Zealand | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
| South African | |||||
| Southern American | |||||
| Philippine | gorilla | [goˈɾɪʎɐ] | 'gorilla' | Common realization of⟨ll⟩between vowels due to Spanish influence.[citation needed] | |
| Enindhilyagwa | angalya | [aŋal̠ʲa] | 'place' | Laminalpost-alveolar | |
| Faroese[10] | telgja | [ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa] | 'to carve' | Allophone of/l/before palatal consonants.[10]Sometimes voiceless[ʎ̥].[10]SeeFaroese phonology | |
| Franco-Provençal | balyi | [baʎi] | 'give' | ||
| French | Some dialects[11] | papillon | [papiʎɒ̃] | 'butterfly' | Corresponds to/j/in modern standard French. SeeFrench phonology |
| Galician | Standard | illado | [iˈʎa̠ðo̝] | 'insulated' | Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadaysyeístas[12]because of influence from Spanish |
| Greek | ήλιος | 'sun' | Postalveolar.[13]SeeModern Greek phonology | ||
| Hungarian | Northern dialects[14] | lyuk | [ʎuk] | 'hole' | Alveolo-palatal.[15]Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanishyeísmo,merging/ʎ/into/j/.SeeHungarian lyandHungarian phonology |
| Irish | duille | [ˈd̪ˠɪl̠ʲə] | 'leaf' | Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar/lʲ/.SeeIrish phonology | |
| Italian[2] | figlio | 'son' | Alveolo-palatal.[2]Realized as fricative[ʎ̝]in a large number of accents.[16]SeeItalian phonology | ||
| Ivilyuat | Ivil̃uɂat | [ʔivɪʎʊʔat] | 'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language') | ||
| Jaqaru | allaka | [a'ʎaka] | 'pumpkin' | SeeJaqaru Language | |
| Jebero | llinllin[17] | [ʎinʎin] | 'name' | SeeJebero Language | |
| Korean | Seoul dialect | 천리마 / cheollima | [t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎʎima̠] | 'qianlima' | /l/is palatalized to[ʎ]before/i,j/and before palatal consonant allophones[18] |
| Latvian | ļaudis | [ʎàwdis] | 'people' | SeeLatvian phonology | |
| Mapudungun | aylla | [ˈɐjʎɜ] | 'nine' | SeeMapuche language | |
| Norwegian | Northern and centraldialects[19] | alle | [ɑʎːe] | 'all' | SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Standard | miralhar | [miɾa̠ˈʎa̠] | 'to reflect' | SeeOccitan phonology |
| Paiwan | Standard | veljevelj | [vəʎəvəʎ] | 'banana' | SeePaiwan language |
| Paez | silli | [siʎi] | 'reed' | SeePaezan languages | |
| Portuguese | Standard | alho | [ˈaʎu] | 'garlic' | Alveolo-palatal inEuropean Portuguese.[20]May instead be[lʲ],[l](Northeast) or[j](Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.[21][22]SeePortuguese phonology |
| Many dialects[23] | sandália | [sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ] | 'sandal' | Possible realization of post-stressed/li/plus vowel. | |
| Quechua[24] | qallu | [qaʎʊ] | 'tongue' | ||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[25] | lingură | [ˈʎinɡurə] | 'spoon' | Corresponds to[l][in which environments?]in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic[26] | till | [tʲʰiːʎ] | 'return' | Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed]SeeScottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[27] | љуљaшка/ljuljaška | [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːʂkä] | 'swing (seat)' | Palato-alveolar.[27]SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Sissano | piyl | [piʎ] | 'fish' | ||
| Slovak | ľúbiť | 'to love' | Merges with/l/in western dialects. SeeSlovak phonology | ||
| Spanish[28] | Andean(from Argentina to Colombia) | caballo | [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʎo̞] | 'horse' | Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with/ʝ/,a phenomenon calledyeísmo.SeeSpanish phonology."Caballo" withyeísmois pronounced[ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʝo̞] |
| Castilian,AragoneseandCatalonianoutside of large cities[29] | |||||
| Centralareas in Extremadura | |||||
| Eastern and southwesternManchego[citation needed] | |||||
| Murcian | |||||
| Paraguayan[30] | |||||
| Philippine | |||||
| Very fewareas in Andalusia | |||||
| Xumi | Lower[5] | [ʎ̟o˩˥] | 'musk deer' | Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless/ʎ̥/.[5][6] | |
| Upper[6] | [ʎ̟ɛ˦] | 'correct, right' | |||
See also
[edit]- Yeísmo,a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with[ʝ]
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
[edit]- ^Recasens (2013:2), citingLadefoged (1997:602)
- ^abcdRecasens et al. (1993),p. 222.
- ^Recasens (2013),p. 11.
- ^Recasens (2013),pp. 10–13.
- ^abcChirkova & Chen (2013),pp. 365, 367–368.
- ^abcChirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013),pp. 382–383.
- ^Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023)."Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect".Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America.8(1).Linguistic Society of America:7.doi:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501.
- ^abStenson (1991),cited inHickey (2004:71)
- ^abWells (1982),p. 490.
- ^abcÁrnason (2011),p. 115.
- ^Grevisse & Goosse (2011,§33, b),Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006:47)
- ^Regueira, Xosé L. (December 1996)."Galician".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.26(2): 119–122.doi:10.1017/S0025100300006162.
- ^Arvaniti (2007),p. 20.
- ^Benkő (1972),p.?.
- ^Recasens (2013),p. 10.
- ^Ashby (2011:64): "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of[ʎ],creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol). "
- ^"Diccionario Shiwilu o Jebero (Pano-Tacanas) | PDF | Lengua española | Vocal".Scribd.Retrieved2023-10-11.
- ^Crosby, Drew; Dalola, Amanda (March 2021)."Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme".Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America.6(1): 706–707, 711.doi:10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5002.Retrieved5 September2022.
- ^Skjekkeland (1997),pp. 105–107.
- ^Teixeira et al. (2012),p. 321.
- ^Stein (2011),p. 223.
- ^Aragão (2009),p. 168.
- ^"Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português".Archivedfrom the original on 2014-04-07.Retrieved2014-04-06.
- ^Ladefoged (2005),p. 149.
- ^Pop (1938),p. 30.
- ^Oftedal (1956),p.?.
- ^abJazić (1977:?), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:188)
- ^[1]Archived2015-11-20 at theWayback MachineALPI
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003),p. 255.
- ^Peña Arce, Jaime (2015)."Yeísmo en el español de América. Algunos apuntes sobre su extensión"[Yeísmo in the Spanish spoken in America. Some notes on its extension].Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna(in Spanish).33:175–199.RetrievedOctober 5,2021.
References
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- Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants(2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell
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- Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român,Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
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