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Coordinates:38°06′40″N13°21′06″E/ 38.11111°N 13.35167°E/38.11111; 13.35167
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This article is about the city in Italy. For other uses, seePalermo (disambiguation).

Palermo
Palermu(Sicilian)
Comune
Comune di Palermo
Palermo Cathedral
Interior ofSanta Caterina Church
Norman Palace
Piazza Pretoria
San Giuseppe dei Teatini
theVirgin Annunciatein thePalazzo Abatellis
Zisa
Flag of Palermo
Flag
Coat of arms of Palermo
Coat of arms
The municipality of Palermo within the Metropolitan City of Palermo
The municipality of Palermo within the
Metropolitan City of Palermo
Location of Palermo
Map
Palermo is located in Italy
Palermo
Palermo
Location of Palermo in Sicily
Palermo is located in Sicily
Palermo
Palermo
Palermo (Sicily)
Coordinates:38°06′40″N13°21′06″E/ 38.11111°N 13.35167°E/38.11111; 13.35167
CountryItaly
RegionSicily
Metropolitan cityPalermo(PA)
Founded736 BC
Government
• MayorRoberto Lagalla(UDC)
Area
[1]
• Total158.9 km2(61.4 sq mi)
Elevation
14 m (46 ft)
Population
(31 January 2013)[2]
• Total676,118(city)
1,300,000(metro)
Demonym(s)Palermitano
Panormito
Palermitan (English)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
90100
Dialing code091
ISTATcode082053
Patron saintSaint Rosalia,Saint Agata,Saint OlivaandSaint Benedict the Moor
Saint day14 July
WebsiteOfficial website
Wikimedia Commons has media related toPalermo.

Palermo(⫽pəˈlɛərmoʊ,-ˈlɜːr-⫽pə-LAIR-moh, -⁠LUR-,[3]Italian:[paˈlɛrmo]ⓘ;Sicilian:PalermuSicilian pronunciation:[paˈlɛmmʊ],locally alsoPaliemmuorPalèimmu)[4][a]is a city insouthern Italy,thecapitalof both theautonomous regionofSicilyand theMetropolitan City of Palermo,the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is in the northwest of the island of Sicily, by the Gulf of Palermo in theTyrrhenian Sea.

The city was founded in 734 BC by thePhoeniciansasSis( "flower" ). Palermo then became a possession ofCarthage.TwoGreekcolonieswere established, known collectively asPanormos;the Carthaginians used this name on their coins after the 5th centuryBC. AsPanormus,the town became part of theRoman RepublicandEmpirefor over a thousand years. From 831 to 1072 the city was underArab rulein theEmirate of Sicilywhen the city became the capital of Sicily for the first time. During this time the city was known asBalarm.[5] Following theNorman conquest,Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom, theKingdom of Sicily,that lasted from 1130 to 1816.[6]

The population of Palermourban areais estimated byEurostatto be 855,285, while itsmetropolitan areais the fifth most populated in Italy with around 1.2 million people. In the central area, the city has a population of around 676,000 people. The inhabitants are known as Palermitani or, poetically,panormiti.The languages spoken by its inhabitants are theItalian languageand the Palermitano dialect of theSicilian language.

Palermo is Sicily'scultural,economicandtourismcapital. It is a city rich inhistory,culture,art,musicandfood.Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its appealingMediterraneanclimate, its renownedgastronomy[citation needed]andrestaurants,itsRomanesque,Gothic,Baroque[7]andArt Nouveau[8]churches,palacesandbuildings,and itsnightlifeandmusic.[9]Palermo is the main Sicilianindustrialandcommercialcenter: the main industrial sectors includetourism,services,commerceandagriculture.[10]Palermo has aninternational airportand a significantunderground economy.[citation needed] For cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo is one of the largest cities in theMediterraneanand is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. It is the main seat of theUNESCOWorld Heritage SiteArab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale.The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.[11]

Roman Catholicismis highly important in Palermitan culture. The Patron Saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia whose Feast Day is celebrated on 15 July. The area attracts significant numbers oftouristseach year and is widely known for its colourful fruit, vegetable and fishmarketsat the heart of Palermo, known asVucciria,BallaròandCapo.[12]

Geography[edit]

Palermo lies in a basin, formed by the Papireto, Kemonia and Oreto rivers. The basin was named theConca d'Oro(the Golden Basin) by theArabsin the 9th century. The city is surrounded by a mountain range which is named after the city itself. These mountains face theTyrrhenian Sea.Palermo is home to anatural portand offers views to the sea, especially fromMonte Pellegrino.

Climate[edit]

Gulf of Mondello seen from Monte Pellegrino

Palermo experiences a hot-summer subtropicalMediterranean climate(Köppen climate classification:Csa) with moderate seasonality. Summers are very long, hot and dry due to the domination of subtropical high pressure system, while winters are mild and changeable, with rainy weather due to the polar front.[13]Temperatures in autumn and spring are typically warm. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18 °C (64 °F); it is one of the warmest cities in Italy. It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is a rare occurrence having snowed about a dozen times since 1945.[14]Since the 1940s to nowadays there have been at least five times when considerable snowfall has occurred. In 1949 and in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C (32 °F), the city was blanketed by some centimetres of snow.[15]Snowfalls also occurred in 1981, 1986, 1999 and 2014.[16]The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 °C (66 °F); from 14 °C (57 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the period from November to May, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (64 °F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F).[17]

Climate data forPalermo-Boccadifalco Airporton the outskirts of the city(altitude: 117 m,satellite view),1971–2000 normals, Extremes 1943–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.2
(81.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		34.6
(94.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		39.1
(102.4) 		44.0
(111.2) 		43.6
(110.5) 		45.2
(113.4) 		41.2
(106.2) 		37.4
(99.3) 		30.3
(86.5) 		26.7
(80.1) 		45.2
(113.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		27.2
(81.0) 		29.8
(85.6) 		30.5
(86.9) 		27.5
(81.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.8
(60.4) 		21.7
(71.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		11.5
(52.7) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		23.2
(73.8) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.6
(79.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.3
(64.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.9
(48.0) 		8.5
(47.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.3
(59.5) 		19.2
(66.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.8
(58.6)
Record low °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		0
(32) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		11
(52) 		14.8
(58.6) 		13.1
(55.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−1.2
(29.8)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 97.5
(3.84) 		109.9
(4.33) 		78.2
(3.08) 		65.1
(2.56) 		36.2
(1.43) 		17.9
(0.70) 		6.7
(0.26) 		31.8
(1.25) 		65.3
(2.57) 		105.6
(4.16) 		117.5
(4.63) 		123.7
(4.87) 		855.4
(33.68)
Average precipitation days 9.6 9.6 8.7 8.6 4.1 1.9 1.2 2.4 5.4 8.2 10.4 12 82.1
Source 1:Servizio Meteorologico[18]
Source 2: Tu Tiempo[19]Extreme temperatures.
Climate data for Palermo-Valverde, elevation: 21 m or 69 ft, 1961–1990 normals, Extremes 1960–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.2
(81.0) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.3
(82.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		22.5
(72.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.2
(64.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		25.0
(77.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		17.6
(63.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.8
(44.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		11.3
(52.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.7
(54.9)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 89
(3.5) 		69
(2.7) 		58
(2.3) 		46
(1.8) 		25
(1.0) 		10
(0.4) 		5
(0.2) 		12
(0.5) 		42
(1.7) 		80
(3.1) 		84
(3.3) 		93
(3.7) 		613
(24.2)
Average precipitation days 12 9 9 7 4 2 1 1 5 8 10 12 80
Source:Servizio Meteorologico[20]
Climate data for Cinisi, at 30 km (19 mi) from Palermo. (Palermo Punta Raisi Airport), elevation: 21 m or 69 ft, 1961–1990 normals, Extremes 1960–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		29.4
(84.9) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.6
(94.3) 		40.0
(104.0) 		44.2
(111.6) 		43.1
(109.6) 		42.4
(108.3) 		40.6
(105.1) 		35.2
(95.4) 		31
(88) 		26.7
(80.1) 		44.2
(111.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.8
(83.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		16.0
(60.8) 		21.1
(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.5
(54.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		18.5
(65.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.7
(67.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.0
(60.7)
Record low °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		2.4
(36.3) 		2.4
(36.3) 		5.8
(42.4) 		9
(48) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16
(61) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13
(55) 		8
(46) 		5.1
(41.2) 		1.6
(34.9) 		1.4
(34.5)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 71.6
(2.82) 		65.4
(2.57) 		59.5
(2.34) 		44.1
(1.74) 		25.5
(1.00) 		12.2
(0.48) 		5.1
(0.20) 		13.3
(0.52) 		41.5
(1.63) 		98.0
(3.86) 		94.3
(3.71) 		80.0
(3.15) 		610.5
(24.02)
Average precipitation days 10 10 9 6 3 2 1 2 4 8 9 11 75
Averagerelative humidity(%) 73 72 72 72 72 71 69 71 72 71 70 73 72
Source 1:NOAA[21]
Source 2: Altervista[22]Extreme temperatures.

Topography[edit]

Mount Pellegrino,pictured at the end of the 19th century; the mountain is visible from everywhere in the city.

Palermo is surrounded by mountains, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 m (4,373 ft) high. However, historically, the most important mount isMonte Pellegrino,which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain with the mount lying right in front of theTyrrhenian Sea.Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century byJohann Wolfgang von Goethe,as "the most beautiful promontory in the world", in his essayItalian Journey.

Rivers[edit]

Today both thePapiretoriver and theKemoniaare covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from the western uptown and the industrial districts. In the basins there were, though, many seasonal torrents that helped formed swampy plains, reclaimed during history; a good example of which can be found in the borough ofMondello.

View of Palermo from Monte Pellegrino

Districts[edit]

See also:Mayor of Palermo
Quarters of Palermo
Municipality Quarters
I Kalsa,Albergheria, Seralcadio & La Loggia
II Settecannoli,Brancaccio&Ciaculli-Oreto
III Villagrazia-Falsomiele & Stazione-Oreto
IV Montegrappa, S. Rosalia,Cuba,Calafatimi, Mezzomonreale, Villa Tasca-Altarello & Boccadifalco
V Zisa,Noce, Uditore-Passo di Rigano & Borgo Nuovo
VI Cruillas, S. Giovanni Apostolo, Resuttana & San Lorenzo
VII Pallavicino, Tommaso Natale, Sferracavallo, Partanna Mondello, Arenella, Vergine Maria & San Filippo Neri (formerly known asZEN)
VIII Politeama, Malaspina-Palagonia, Libertà & Monte Pellegrino

Shown above are the thirty five quarters of Palermo: these thirty five neighbourhoods or "quartiere"as they are known, are further divided into eight governmental community boards.[23]

Landmarks[edit]

Palermo Cathedral

Palermo has a large architectural heritage and is notable for its manyNorman buildings.

Palaces and museums[edit]

Palazzo dei Normanni,seat of the Sicilian Regional Assembly

Churches[edit]

Main article:Churches in Palermo
San Cataldo
Chiesa della Martorana
Santa Caterina
San Francesco d'Assisi
  • Palermo Cathedral:the long history of the cathedral led to an accumulation of different architectural styles, the latest being the 18th century.
  • Cappella Palatina,12th century chapel of thePalazzo dei Normanni,has outstanding mosaics in both Western and the Eastern traditions and a roof by Saracen craftsmen.
  • San Giovanni dei Lebbrosi
  • San Giovanni degli Eremiti:12th-century church, near Palazzo dei Normanni, notable for bright red domes, a remnant of Arab influence in Sicily. In hisDiary of an Idle Woman in Sicily,F. Elliot described it as "... totally oriental... it would fit well inBaghdadorDamascus".The bell tower is an example of Norman architecture.
  • Chiesa della Martorana:also known asSanta Maria dell'Ammiraglio(St Mary of the Admiral), church annexed to the next-door church ofSan Cataldoand overlooks Piazza Bellini in central Palermo. Original layout was a compactcross-in-square( "Greek cross plan" ), a common south Italian and Sicilian variant of the middle Byzantine period church style. Three easternapsesadjoin directly to thenaos,instead of being separated by an additional bay, as was usual in eastern Byzantine architecture.[24]The bell tower, lavishly decorated, still serves as the main entrance to the church. The interior decoration is elaborate, and includes Byzantine mosaics.
  • San Cataldo:church on central Piazza Bellini, another example ofNorman architecture.
  • Santa Maria della Gancia
  • Santa Caterina:church located on Piazza Bellini, behind Piazza Pretoria, built between 1566 and 1596.
  • Santa Maria della Catena:built between 1490 and 1520. Designed byMatteo Carnilivari:The name derives from chains that were once attached to one of the walls.
  • San Domenico:located nearVia Roma,now "Pantheon of illustriousSicilians".
  • San Giuseppe dei Teatini:located near theQuattro Canti,it is an example ofSicilian Baroque.
  • Oratorio di San Lorenzo:working in stucco, Rococo sculptorGiacomo Serpottaand his family decorated the church (1690/98–1706) with such a profusion of statuary, and an abundance of putti, the walls appear alive. In October 1969, two thieves removed Caravaggio'sNativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrencefrom its frame. It has never been recovered.[25][26]
  • Oratorio del Rosario:completed by Giacomo Serpotta in (1710–17)
  • Santa Teresa alla Kalsa,derives its name fromAl-Khalisa,an Arabic term meaningelected,was constructed between 1686 and 1706 over the formerEmir's residence, is one of the best examples ofSicilian Baroque.It has a single, airy nave, withstuccodecorations from the early 18th century.
  • Santa Maria dello Spasimowas built in 1506 and later turned into a hospital. This church inspiredRaphaelto paint his famousSicilia's Spasimo,now in theMuseo del Prado.The church today is a fascinating open-air auditorium, which occasionally houses exhibitions and musical shows.
  • Church of the Gesù( "Church of Jesus" ): located in the city centre, the church was built in 1564 in the late-Renaissance style by the Jesuits. It was built over a pre-existing convent ofBasilian monks.Alterations in 1591 were completed in a Sicilian Baroque. The church was heavily damaged after the 1943 bombings, which destroyed most of thefrescos.The interior has aLatin crossplan with a nave and two aisles, and has a particularly rich decoration of marbles, intarsia and stuccoes, especially inSt Anne'sChapel. At the right is the Casa Professa, with a 1685 portal and a precious 18th century cloister. The building has been home to the Municipal Library since 1775.
  • San Francesco di Assisi:church built between 1255 and 1277 in what was once the market district of the city, at the site of two pre-existing churches and was largely renovated in the 15th, 16th, 18th and 19th centuries, the last after anearthquake.After the 1943 bombings, the church was restored to its Medieval appearance, which now includes part of the original building such as part of the right side, the apses and the Gothic portal in the façade. The interior has a typical Gothic flavour, with a nave and two aisles separated by two rows of cylindrical pilasters. Some of the chapels are inRenaissance style,as well as the late 16th century side portals. The church includes precious sculptures byAntonio,Giacomo GaginiandFrancesco Laurana.Of note are also statues built by Giacomo Serpotta in 1723.
  • Church of the Magione: officially known as the church of theHoly Trinity.This church was built in the Norman style in 1191 by Matteo d'Ajello, who donated it to theCistercian monks.

Squares and public monuments[edit]

Piazza Pretoria

City walls[edit]

See also:it:Mura_di_Palermo
Phoenicianwall in via degli Schioppettieri
ThePalazzo dei Normanni

Palermo had two rings ofcity walls,many parts of which still survive.[27]The first ring surrounded the ancient core of the Phoenician city, thePalaeopolisorPaleapolis(in the area east of Porta Nuova) and theNeapolis.Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east–west through this early walled city. The eastern edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of Piazza Marina. The wall circuit was approximately Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti, Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni, Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione,Palazzo dei Normanniand back to Porto Nuovo.

The walls followed the course of the two rivers that surround the city, the Kemonia and the Papireto, creating a natural moat and improving the military security of the city. During the Roman era, they were certainly implemented, as deducible from the subsequent account of Procopius of Caesarea about the capture of Palermo [1],

In the medieval period the city was expanded with a second wall. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east–west through the walled city. The west gate was still Porta Nuova, the walls continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this northeast corner theCastello a Mareprotected the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end atSanta Maria della Catena(St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, toPalazzo dei Normanniand back to Porta Nuova.[28]

Several gates in the city wall survive.[29]

Opera houses[edit]

Teatro Massimoopera house
Teatro Politeama

Up until the beginning of 20th century there were hundreds of small opera theatres known asmagazzeniin the city of Palermo.

  • TheTeatro Massimo( "Greatest Theatre" ) was opened in 1897. It is the biggest in Italy (8,000 m2;86,000 sq ft), and one of the largest of Europe (the third after theParis Operaand theVienna State Opera), renowned for its perfect acoustics.Enrico Carusosang in a performance ofLa Giocondaduring the opening season, returning forRigolettoat the very end of his career. Closed for renovation from 1974 until 1997, it is now restored and has an active schedule.
  • TheTeatro Politeamawas built between 1867 and 1874.

Other sights[edit]

Palermo Botanical Garden:the Winter Garden greenhouses

The "Wall of Legality"(Il Muro Della Legalità) depicts 38 important persons who helped in fighting the mafia. The street art project was inaugurated in July 2022 and is a joint effort by 19 artists. It can be found at Piazza degli Aragonesi.

The cathedral has aheliometer(solar observatory) dating to 1690, one of a number[30]built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts aspinhole camera,projecting an image of the sun onto the floor atsolar noon(12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line,la Meridiana,on the floor, running precisely north–south. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and wintersolstices;signs of the zodiacshow the various other dates throughout the year.

The purpose of the instrument was to standardise the measurement oftimeand thecalendar.The convention in Sicily had been that the (24‑hour) day was measured from the moment of dawn, which of course meant that no two locations had the same time and, more importantly, did not have the same time as inSt. Peter's BasilicainRome.It was also important to know when thevernal equinoxoccurred, to provide the correct date forEaster.

TheOrto botanico di Palermo(Palermo Botanical Garden), founded in 1785, is the largest in Italy with a surface of 10 ha (25 acres).

One site of interest is theCapuchinCatacombs,with manymummifiedcorpsesin varying degrees of preservation.

Close to the city is the 600 m-high (2,000 ft)Monte Pellegrino,offering a panorama of the city, its surrounding mountains and the sea.

Another good panoramic viewpoint is the promontory of Monte Gallo (586 m; 1,923 ft), near Mondello Beach.[31]

Moreton Bay fig of >30 m girth and of 32m height can be found on the Piazza Marina. ThisFicus macrophyllais most probably the thickest tree in Europe.[32]

On the boulevardVia Romais thePalazzo delle Poste,an official Italian government building created during theMussolini erain thestripped classicismarchitectural style. It was designed by therationalistand later fascist government architect,Angiolo Mazzoni.Perhaps its most famous feature is the five mural cycle in theFuturiststyle painted by the artistBenedetta Cappatitled "Sintesi delle Comunicazioni" (Synthesis of Communication).[33][34]

UNESCO World Heritage Sites[edit]

UNESCO World Heritage Sitesinclude thePalazzo Realewith theCappella Palatina,theChiesa di San Giovanni degli Eremiti,theChiesa di Santa Maria dell’Ammiraglio,theChiesa di San Cataldo,theCattedrale di Palermo,thePalazzo della Zisaand thePonte dell’Ammiraglio,[35][36][37]adding to the list that makes Italy the country with most UNESCO world heritage sites.[38][39][40]

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1861199,911—
1871223,689+11.9%
1881244,898+9.5%
1901309,566+26.4%
1911339,465+9.7%
1921397,486+17.1%
1931379,905−4.4%
1936411,879+8.4%
1951490,692+19.1%
1961587,985+19.8%
1971642,814+9.3%
1981701,782+9.2%
1991698,556−0.5%
2001686,722−1.7%
2011657,561−4.2%
2021635,439−3.4%
Source:ISTAT

In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and toNorthern Italy.[41]The currentbirth rateof Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.

As of 2006,97.79% of the population was ofItaliandescent. The largest immigrant group came fromSouth Asia(mostly fromBangladeshandSri Lanka(MostlyTamils)): 0.80%, other European countries (mostly fromAlbania,Romania,Serbia,North MacedoniaandUkraine): 0.3%, and North Africa (mostly fromTunisiaandMorocco): 0.28%.[42]

2019 largest resident foreign-born groups[43]
Country of birth Population
Bangladesh 5,296
Sri Lanka 3,394
Romania 3,171
Ghana 2,544
Philippines 1,738
Tunisia 1,048
Morocco 1,014
China 973
Mauritius 856
Ivory Coast 588
other countries each <588

History[edit]

Main article:History of Palermo
For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Palermo.

Early history[edit]

Mesolithiccave artatAddaura

Evidence ofhuman settlementin the area now known as Palermo goes back to at least theMesolithicperiod, perhaps around8000 BC,where a group of cave drawings at nearbyAddaurafrom that period have been found.[44]The original inhabitants wereSicanipeople who, according toThucydides,arrived from theIberian Peninsula(perhapsCatalonia).[45][46]

Antiquity[edit]

In the 8th c. BC thePhoeniciansbuilt a small settlement on the natural harbour of Palermo, which became known asZiz[47](Punic:𐤑‬𐤉𐤑,ṢYṢ).[48]It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along withMotyaandSoluntum.

The first settlement was later known asPaleapolismeaning "Old City". The site chosen by the Phoenicians was connected to the mountains with two roads that today have become Via Cappuccini and Corso Pisani.[49]

TheNeapolisor "New City", the nucleus of the subsequent expansion of the colony, soon developed in the area between the Paleapolis and the port. The new district expanded rapidly, exceeding the size of the old quarter, and soon became the site of markets, artisan and commercial activities. The walls were extended to embrace the new urban perimeter and two new gates ere made, while the old gate at the port was moved to make room for the new buildings. In total there were 4 gates, one on each side of the city. The walls followed the course of the two rivers that surround the city, the Kemonia and the Papireto, creating a natural moat and improving the military security of the city. During the Roman era they were reinforced.[50]

The Cassaro district was probably named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arabal-qaṣr(castle, stronghold, see alsoalcázar). The colony developed around a central street (decumanus) now the Corso Vittorio Emanuele.[citation needed]

Carthagewas Palermo's major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period.[citation needed]Palermo came into contact with theAncient Greeksbetween the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded theSicilian Wars,a conflict fought between the Greeks ofSyracuseand the Carthaginians for control over the island of Sicily. During this war theGreeksnamed the settlementPánormosor 'wide haven'[51]due to its large anchorage, from which the present name of the city developed. The Carthaginians began using the Greek name on the city's coinage from the 5th centuryBC.[52]It was from Palermo thatHamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at theBattle of Himera) was launched.[53]In 409 BC the city was looted byHermocratesofSyracuse.The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Syracuse allied with the Romans of Italy and pushed the Carthaginians off of the island during theFirst Punic War.In 276 BC,[54]during thePyrrhic War,Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered byPyrrhus of Epirus,but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275 BC. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans.[55]Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in thebattle of Panormus250 BC but failed.

In Roman times luxurious residences were built and have been found in several locations (piazza Sett'Angeli, Palazzo Sclafani, piazza della Vittoria).

Middle Ages[edit]

See also:Siege of Panormus,Byzantine Empire,Emirate of Sicily,andKingdom of Sicily
San Giovanni degli Eremiti,a church showing elements of Byzantine, Arabic, and Norman architecture

As theRoman Empirewas falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of severalGermanic tribes.The first were theVandalsin 440 AD under the rule of their kingGeiseric.The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force.[56]They acquiredCorsica,SardiniaandSicilyshortly afterwards. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths. TheOstrogothicconquest underTheodoric the Greatbegan in 488; Theodoric supportedRoman cultureand government unlike the Germanic Goths.[57]TheGothic Wartook place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as theByzantine Empire.Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control ofGeneral Belisariuswho was commissioned by theEastern Emperor.In late 535 his Byzantine army of 7,500–9,000 and a fleet laid siege to the city in theSiege of Panormus,which had refused to surrender unlike all the other Ostrogothic-held cities in Sicily, and eventually prevailed.

Justinian Isolidified his rule in the following years.[58][59]

Cappella Palatina,decorated with Byzantine, Arabic and Norman elements

TheArabstook control of Palermo and most of Sicily in 831, and theEmirate of Sicilywas established, though other cities persisted as Byzantine holdouts until as late as 965.[60]Muslimrule in Palermo lasted for about 240 years.[61][page needed]Palermo (Bal'harmduring Arab rule) displacedSyracuseas the capital of Sicily. It was said to have then begun to compete withCórdobaandCairoin terms of importance and splendor.[62]For more than a hundred years Palermo was the capital of a flourishingemirate.[63]The Arabs alsointroduced many agricultural cropswhich remain a mainstay ofSicilian cuisine.[56]

Arabesqueon a wall of theCuba Palace

After dynastic quarrels however, there was aNorman conquestin 1072. Normans conquered Palermo after a long siege. Indeed, the feat proved difficult because the Normans had never besieged such a populous city with such powerful walls. After 5 months siege, Normans built numerous stairs and war machines and finally conquered the city.[64]The family who returned the city toChristianitywere called theHautevilles,includingRobert Guiscardand his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives.[65][66]It was under his nephewRoger II of Sicilythat Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part of theItalian Peninsulawere promoted from theCounty of Sicilyinto theKingdom of Sicily.The kingdom's capital was Palermo, with the King's Court held at thePalazzo dei Normanni.Much construction was undertaken during this period, such as the building ofPalermo Cathedral.The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe.[67]

Thanks to the marriage betweenConstance, Queen of Sicily,andHenry VI, Holy Roman Emperor,Palermo and the whole Sicily was inherited by their sonFrederick II,who became King of Sicily in 1198 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1220. Palermo was the capital of EmperorFrederick II’s vast empire and also his favorite city. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Frederick's rule. After an interval ofAngevinrule (1266–1282), Sicily came under control of theAragonandBarcelonadynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000.[68]

Early modern era[edit]

Charles V Monument(1631) commemorating the monarch's visit in Palermo in 1535

From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by theKingdom of Spain,and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also underSavoycontrol between 1713 and 1717 and 1718–1720 as a result of theTreaty of Utrecht.It was ruled byAustriabetween 1720 and 1734.

Two Sicilies[edit]

After theTreaty of Utrecht(1713), Sicily was handed over to theHouse of Savoy,but by 1734 it was inBourbonpossession.Charles IIIchose Palermo for his coronation asKing of Sicily.Charles had new houses built for the growing population, while trade and industry grew as well. However, Palermo had become just another provincial city as the Royal Court resided in Naples. Charles' sonFerdinand,though disliked by the population, took refuge in Palermo after theFrench Revolutionin 1798. His sonAlbertodied on the way to Palermo and is buried in the city.

When theKingdom of the Two Sicilieswas founded, the original capital city was Palermo (1816) but a year later moved toNaples.

The revolution in Palermo (12 January 1848)

From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with apopular insurrection,the first one in Europe that year, led byGiuseppe La Masa.A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president wasRuggero Settimo.The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and it remained under their rule until theExpedition of the Thousand,led byGiuseppe Garibaldi,conquered the city after theSiege of Palermoin May 1860. After theplebiscitelater that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the newKingdom of Italy(1861).

Italian unification[edit]

Giuseppe Garibaldientering Palermo on 27 May 1860
The historicGrand Hotel et des Palmes

The majority ofSicilianspreferred independence to annexation to the Savoy kingdom; in 1866, Palermo became the seat of a week-long popular rebellion, which was finally crushed aftermartial lawwas declared.[69]The Italian government blamedanarchistsand the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo, for the rebellion and began enacting anti-Sicilian and anti-clerical policies.[69]A new cultural, economic and industrial growth was spurred by several families, like theFlorio,the Ducrot, theRutelli,theSandron,the Whitaker, theUtveggio,and others. In the early twentieth century, Palermo expanded outside the old city walls, mostly to the north along the new boulevardsVia Roma,Via Dante,Via Notarbartolo,andViale della Libertà.These roads would soon boast a huge number of villas in theArt Nouveaustyle. Many of these were designed by the architectErnesto Basile.The Grand HotelVilla Igiea,designed by Ernesto Basile for theFloriofamily, is a good example of Palermitan Art Nouveau. The hugeTeatro Massimowas designed in the same period byGiovan Battista Filippo Basile,Ernesto's father, and built by the Rutelli & Machì building firm of the industrial and oldRutelliItalian family in Palermo, and was opened in 1897.

The second world war[edit]

During theSecond World War,Palermo was heavily bombed by the Allied air forces in 1942 and 1943, until its capture during theAllied invasion of Sicilyon 22 July 1943.[70][71]The harbour (main objective of the air attacks) and the surrounding quarters were effectively destroyed, as was a considerable part of the city, with heavy civilian casualties.[71]When American troops entered Palermo in 1943 they were greeted with "a thunderous welcome by what seemed the entire population demonstrating their feelings about Fascist rule." The two captured Italian generals claimed that they were happy because in their view "the Sicilians were not human beings but animals".[72]Anti-Sicilian prejudice was part of the fascist regime's world view, being promoted by pro-fascist newspapers, particularly in the north of Italy.[73]

Italian Republic and today[edit]

In 1946 the city was declared the seat of theRegional Parliament,as capital of a Special Status Region (1947) whose seat is in thePalazzo dei Normanni.

In1948the elementTechnetiumwas discovered in theUniversity of Palermo.

A theme in the city's modern age has been the struggle against theSicilian Mafia,Red Brigadesand outlaws such asSalvatore Giuliano,who controlled the neighbouring area ofMontelepre.The Italian state effectively has had to share control of the territory, economically and administratively, with the Mafia.

The "Sack of Palermo"was one of the dramatic consequences of this problem. This popular term refers to thespeculativebuilding practices that resulted in the destruction of a great number of historical buildings and green areas in favour of poor buildings, mainly between the 1950s and the 1980s.[74]The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo, which swelled in size, leading to rapid expansion towards the north. The regulatory plans for expansion was largely ignored in the boom. New parts of town appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city.

The Cosa Nostra has traditionally been the most powerful group in Palermo.[75]ACNNarticle in July 2019 indicated thatSicilian Mafiaactivity in Palermo was particularly notorious in one area: the town of Passo Rigano. "According to Italian police, the Mafia not only engages in extortion there, but also has a large role in the town's legal economy – with its involvement in business such as wholesale food supplies, online betting and gambling." The police investigation at the time also confirmed strong links between the Palermo area mafia and American organized crime, particularly theGambino crime family.[76]According toLa Repubblica,"Off they go, through the streets of Passo di Rigano, Boccadifalco, Torretta and at the same time, Brooklyn, Staten Island, New Jersey. Because from Sicily to the US, the old mafia has returned".[77]

Culture[edit]

Religion[edit]

Patron saints[edit]

Genius of Palermo,the ancient patron of the city

The patron saint of Palermo isSaint Rosalia,who is widely revered.

On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annualFestino,the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession that goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Saint Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from theBlack Deathin 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is asanctuarymarking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.

Before 1624 Palermo had fourpatron saints,one for each of the four major parts of the city. They wereSaint Agatha,Saint Christina,Saint NymphaandSaint Olivia.

Saint Lucyis also honoured with a celebration on 13 December, during which the inhabitants of Palermo do not eat anything made with flour, but boil wheat in its natural state and use it to prepare a special dish calledcuccìa.This commemorates the saving of the city from famine due to a miracle attributed to Saint Lucy; A ship full of grain mysteriously arrived in the city's harbour and the hungry population wasted no time in making flour but ate the grain as it arrived.

Saint Benedict the Mooris the heavenly protector of the city of Palermo.

The ancient patron of the city was theGenius of Palermo,genius lociandnumenprotector of the place, that became the secular patron of the modern Palermo.[78]

Sports[edit]

Stadio Renzo Barbera

Palermo hosts a professional football team,Palermo Football Club,commonly referred to as simply Palermo, who currently compete inSerie Bas of 2022, having been excluded fromSerie Bafter the 2018–2019 season. After the bankruptcy occurred in the summer of 2019, a new club was formed by the company Hera Hora Srl.

TheTarga Floriowas an open road endurance car race held near Palermo. Founded in 1906, it used to be one of the oldestsports car racingevents until it was discontinued in 1977 due to safety concerns but has since run as a rallying event. Palermo was home to the grand depart of the 2008Giro d'Italia.The initial stage was a 28.5 km-long (17.7 mi) TTT (Team Time Trial).

TheInternazionali Femminili di Palermois an annual ladies professional tennis event held in the city, which is part of theWTA Tour.

Theamerican footballteam isEagles United Palermoand it plays in stadium ofCarini.

City emblems[edit]

Flag[edit]

The flag of Palermo is similar to that of the autonomous region of Sicily, but with a different arrangement of colours. The flag displayed on the Palazzo Pretorio, the town hall, has no coat of arms. However, versions with coats of arms of variable appearance in the center have been observed; for example, around the 1950s or 1960s the flag bore the civic coat of arms formIl Blasone in Sicilia.[79]

  • Flag
    Flag
  • Another flag in use
    Another flag in use

Coat of arms[edit]

The coat of arms consists of a shield with a red background, stamped by the crown of the city, in the center of which there is a gold-colored eagle with open wings holding in its claws the legend bearing the initials "S.P.Q.P.".[80]

  • Coat of arms from Il Blasone in Sicilia (1871–1875)
    Coat of arms fromIl Blasone in Sicilia(1871–1875)
  • Another coat of arms from Il Blasone in Sicilia (1871–1875)
    Another coat of arms fromIl Blasone in Sicilia(1871–1875)
  • Coat of arms used between 1891 and 1999
    Coat of arms used between 1891 and 1999
  • Stemma con capo del Littorio, come da decreto di riconoscimento
    Coat of arms with the chief of the lictor, according to the official decree of recognition of 1942
  • Coat of arms in use since 1999
    Coat of arms in use since 1999

Economy and infrastructure[edit]

The Mondello Beach, one of the main tourist destinations

As Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts aninternational airport,[81]and Palermo'seconomic growthover the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism andservices,but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture.[82]The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significantblack marketempire (Palermo being the home of theSicilian Mafia).

Public transport[edit]

Palermo has a local railway called thePalermo metropolitan railway service.[83]

Trains atPunta Raisi

Buses[edit]

Palermo's public bus system is operated by AMAT[84]which covers a net area of 340 km (211 mi). About 90 different routes reach every part of the city.[85]

Trams[edit]

Main article:Trams in Palermo

Palermo has a publictramsystem finalized in 2015 and operated by AMAT. There are 4 lines:

  1. Roccella — Central Station
  2. Borgo Nuovo — Notarbartolo Station
  3. CEP — Notarbartolo Station
  4. Corso Calatafimi — Notarbartolo Station

Coaches[edit]

The local coach company, AST,[86]with its coaches totalling 35 lines, links Palermo to all of the main cities in Sicily.

Palermo Public Transportation Statistics[edit]

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Palermo, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 63 min. 14.% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 23 min, while 48% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.4 km, while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[87]

Roads[edit]

A20that connects Palermo toMessina

Palermo is a key intersection on the Sicilian road network, being the junction between the easternA19motorwaytoTrapani,the southeasternA29toairportandMazara del Valloand the southwesternA19toCataniaandA20toMessina.Palermo is one of the main cities onEuropean route E90.The three main national roads starting from Palermo are the SS113, SS121, SS186 and the SS624.

Airports[edit]

Palermo International Airport,known as Falcone-Borsellino Airport (formerly Punta Raisi Airport), is located 32 km (20 mi) west of Palermo. It is dedicated toGiovanni FalconeandPaolo Borsellino,two anti-mafia judges killed by the Mafia in the early 1990s.

The airport's rail facility, known asPunta Raisi railway station,can be reached fromPalermo Centrale,Palermo Notarbartoloand Palermo Francia railway stations.

Palermo-Boccadifalco Airportis the second airport of the city.

Port[edit]

Theport of Palermo

Theport of Palermo,founded by thePhoeniciansover 2,700 years ago, is, together with theport of Messina,the main port of Sicily. From hereferrieslink Palermo toCagliari,Genoa,Livorno,Naples,Tunisand other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5×10^6t (5.5×10^6short tons) of cargo and 80,000TEUsyearly.[88]The port also has links to minor Sicilian islands such asUsticaand theAeolian Islands(viaCefalùin summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.

National rail[edit]

The main railway station of Palermo isPalermo Centralewhich links to the other cities of Sicily, includingAgrigento,TrapaniandCatania,and throughMessinaand thestraitto the rest of Italy. The railways also connect to thePalermo airportwith departures every thirty minutes.

Education[edit]

TheUniversity of Palermo

The local university is theUniversity of Palermo,the island's second oldest university. It was officially founded in 1806, although historical records indicate that medicine and law have been taught there since the late 15th century. TheOrto botanico di Palermo(Palermo botanical gardens) is home to the university's Department of Botany and is also open to visitors.

International relations[edit]

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Palermo istwinnedwith:[89][90][91]

Notable people[edit]

Honorary citizens[edit]

People awarded thehonorary citizenshipof Palermo are:

Date Name Notes
17 May 1996 Tenzin Gyatso The14th Dalai Lama
14 December 2015 Abdullah Öcalan[92] Founder ofKurdistan Workers' Party
21 August 2018 Albert II, Prince of Monaco Prince of Monaco[93][94]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Latin:Panormus,fromAncient Greek:Πάνορμος,romanized:Pánormos;olderArabic:بَلَرْم,romanized:Balarm.

References[edit]

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Sources[edit]

See also:it:Bibliografia su Palermo
  • Appleton, D (2005).The World in the Middle Ages.University of Michigan.
  • Almsaodi, Aymn.The Desert Race.
  • Fabbri, Patrizia (2005).Palermo e Monreale.Florence: Bonechi.
  • Graham, A.J. (1982). "The Western Greeks".The Cambridge Ancient History.Vol. III (2nd ed.).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–195.ISBN978-0-521-23447-4..
  • Head, Barclay; et al. (1911)."Zeugitana".Historia Numorum(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 877–882..
  • Langdale, Allan (2015).Palermo: Travels in the City of Happiness.Land of Empires Books.
  • Nef, Anneliese.A Companion to Medieval Palermo: The History of a Mediterranean City from 600 to 1500(Brill, 2013).
  • Tronzo, William. "The Artistic Culture of Twelfth-Century Sicily, with a Focus on Palermo." inSicily and the Mediterranean(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2015) pp. 61–76.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palermo&oldid=1233235595"