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Pan-African Congress

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For South African political party, seePan Africanist Congress of Azania.

Members of the Second Pan African Conference, Brussels, 1921
Members of the Second Pan African Conference, Brussels, 1921

ThePan-African Congress(PAC) was a series of eight meetings which took place on the back of thePan-African Conferenceheld in London in 1900. The Pan-African Congress gained a reputation as a peacemaker fordecolonization in Africaand in theWest Indies.It made a significant advance for thePan-Africancause. One of the group's major demands was to end colonial rule and racial discrimination. It stood against imperialism and it demanded human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a new world context of international cooperation and the need to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent.

Congresses took place in order: 1919 in Paris; 1921 inBrussels,London and Paris; 1923 inLisbonand London; 1927 in New York City; 1945 inManchester;1974 inDar es Salaam;1994 inKampala;and 2014 inJohannesburg.

Background[edit]

Letter from W.E.B. Du Bois to the NAACP January 1919 about planning the First Pan African Congress.

Pan Africanismas a philosophy was created as early as the late 1700s, seen through the movements ofabolitionin both the United States and Britain.[1]British writers and former slaves,Ottobah CugoanoandOlaudah Equianocreated the foundations for Pan Africanism in English literature.[2]French speakers,likeLéopold Sédar Senghor,created the idea ofNégritude.[3]These ideas refuted the inferiority of Black people.[3]Pan Africanists believed that bothslaveryand colonialism were built on negative attitudes towards people of African descent, which in turn, contributed to racism.[4]African Americans were especially frustrated with their slow progress towards racial equality in the United States.[4]

Trinidadianlawyer,Henry Sylvester Williamscreated theAfrican Associationin 1897 to encourage a sense of Pan African unity in theBritish Colonies.[4][5]The African Association published the discrimination and injustices faced by people in theAfrican diaspora.[6]The African Association's work led to theFirst Pan-African Conferenceheld in London in 1900.[4]The conference, which brought together people who were against racism and colonialism, attracted international attention, though it did not lead to political action on these issues.[4][7]Attendees of the Pan-African Conference discussed the need to preserve Blackcultural identityand for the rights ofindigenous peopleto be recognized bycolonizers.[6]W. E. B. Du Boiswas one of thirty attendees at this conference where he described "thecolor line"as one of the most important issues of the 20th century.[4][8]Du Bois' inclusion at the 1900 conference marked him as a developing leader in the Pan-African movement.[9]

DuringWorld War I,African American soldiers fought bravely overseas and people like Du Bois felt that they should not face racial violence when they return to the United States.[10]Black soldiers also faced discrimination in Europe at the hands of theAmerican Expeditionary Forcesin Europe during the fighting.[11]Du Bois described the fighting done by Black Americans as a "debt of blood" and that they deservedreparationsfor slavery and racial violence.[10]He also believed that ensuring a positive future for Africa would be key to helping all Black people around the world.[10]Wilson'sFourteen Pointsplan gave Du Bois hope that there would be greater opportunities for Black people politically in a future marked by democratic andanti-colonial values.[12]In addition, Du Bois wanted to oppose the influence of theUnited Negro Improvement Association(UNIA) andMarcus Garveyon any potential proceedings.[10]The U.S. saw Garvy and the UNIA as linked to "Moscow"andBlack separatismand Du Bois wanted to avoid that connection.[13]Of all groups that were trying to have a voice during the end of WWI, Du Bois believed he could have "positive political influence."[14]

In December 1918, Du Bois went to France as a representative of theNAACPat the same time theParis Peace Conferencewas taking place at the end of WWI.[8]Many majority groups, including Black people in Europe and Africa, felt that the creation of aLeague of Nationswould lead to positive outcomes for them politically and socially.[15]Du Bois wrote to President Wilson and asked to be a delegate for thePeace Conferenceto speak on behalf of Black people.[16]Du Bois knew that the fate of someAfrican colonieswere going to be discussed at the Peace Conference.[10]He hoped that having a conference of Black representatives from around the world would be heard by the European powers and the European public.[8]He wanted to lobby the governments attending the Peace Conference to ensure better treatment forpeople of coloraround the world.[17]Du Bois believed that he could "exert some positive political influence on the power-brokers and decision-makers during the Paris Peace Conference."[14]However, Du Bois was one of many individuals representing various other advocacy groups who also wanted to have a voice at the Peace Conference.[18]Since he was not given permission to speak at the Peace Conference, he decided to create a separate meeting to take place at the same time.[19]

Amass meetingin New York City was held on January 19, 1919, by the NAACP on the future of Africa.[20]At the event, there was wide support for Du Bois to discuss Pan African issues in Paris during the Peace Conference.[20]Speakers at the New York meeting includedWilliam Henry Sheppard,Horace Kallen,andJames Weldon Johnson.[20]

1919 Paris Congress (First)[edit]

Planning[edit]

In February 1919, the first Pan-African Congress was organized quickly in Paris byW. E. B. Du Bois,Ida Gibbs Hunt,Edmund FredericksandBlaise Diagne.[21][8][22]Diagne served as the president of the Congress with Du Bois the secretary and Gibbs the assistant secretary.[23]Du Bois created a list of groups he wanted to attend to the congress which included countries who had Black citizens, but he also wanted representatives from other countries as well.[24]Du Bois wanted to petition theVersailles Peace Conferenceheld in Paris at that time to make a case for African colonies to become self-ruling.[22][25]The Pan-African Congress proposed that Germany should be required to turn over its colonies to an international organization rather than other colonial powers.[26]: 16 Unlike theInternational Council of Women,the Pan-African Congress was unable to send delegates to the Peace Conference, nor were members permitted to serve on commissions.[27]Delegates to the Pan African Congress had no "official status" among world governments or organizations.[28]

Diagne was able to get official permission for the Congress to take place in Paris by persuading Prime MinisterGeorges Clemenceauof its importance.[29]Dates were set for February 12 and 13 to coincide with the birthday ofAbraham Lincoln.[30]Funding for the event came from theNAACPand Americanfraternal organizations.[4][31]Mary White OvingtonandJames Weldon Johnsonraised money through solicitations of prominent NAACP supporters.[30]Despite the funding received, the conference took place on a very small budget.[32]

Once the event had permission, American officials in Paris, such asTasker H. BlissandGeorge Louis Beerbecame alarmed.[30]Beer, who was the chief colonial expert working for the U.S., believed that Black people could not govern themselves.[30]A series oftelegramsdescribed as "urgent" and "confidential" began to pass between theUnited States Department of Stateand American officials in Paris.[30]The French government even later stated that Clemenceau had never approved of the Congress.[30]

There were 57 delegates representing 15 countries, a smaller number than originally intended because British and American governments refused to issue passports to their citizens who had planned on attending.[33][34]Representatives of theNational Equal Rights LeagueincludingMadam C. J. WalkerandWilliam Monroe Trotterwere denied passports.[35]It was reported by the U.S. State Department that theFrench governmentdid not believe the timing was right for a Pan-African Congress.[34][36]ANew YorkCallwriter believed that the U.S. was worried it would be embarrassed by discussions of race relations at the Congress in Paris.[35]Many of the delegates who attended did so on short notice, or by getting through on other types of credentials, such as being journalists.[28][29]Others, like Gibbs, were already in Europe.[29]Du Bois did not invite Blacksocialistsorworking classleaders to the Congress.[37]

Event[edit]

Pan-African Congress in Paris, February 19–22, 1919

Eventually, the Congress took place between February 19 and 21 at theGrand Hotel.[30]There was greater representation fromAfrican countriesat the First Pan-African Congress than there had been at the 1900Pan-African Conference.[38]Africa had twelve delegates with three fromLiberia.[39]There were 21 delegates representingCaribbean countriesand 16 delegates from the U.S.[39]Delegates to the Congress weremiddle-classand moderate.[38]Nevertheless, Du Bois was able to create the idea of a Pan AfricanMarxismduring the event.[40]

The first speech of the Congress was by Diagne, who said thatassimilatedBlack people from America, Britain and France "were far more advanced than indigenous and 'inherently backwards' Africans.[23]In this capacity, he felt that African countries held by Germany should be transferred to a system similar to the colonial system of France.[41]This speech touched on concerns Black intellectuals from Europe and America felt in being compared to the stereotypes of African people as primitive.[42]It also placed significant value on Black people who had been "civilized" by colonizing powers.[43]For Diagne, Germany should give up their colonies not because colonialism was bad, but because German governance was not good.[44]After Diagne's speech, Portuguese representativeAlfredo Andrade,praised French democracy and its inclusion of Black people in government.[44]Other representatives to the Pan-African Congress also praised France for having Black representation in politics and good relations with Black peopleanecdotally.[44]Andrade, Diagne,Gratien Candace,Achille René-Boisneuf,andJoseph Lagrosillièreall felt that there was "no room for adiasporanpolitical consciousness because they saw theFrench Third Republic's empire as the best current opportunity for the realization of black rights within their constituencies. "[45]Adherence to a "benevolent" nation was seen as a practical approach to helping improve the lives of Black people they represented.[46]

Liberian delegate,Charles D. B. King,spoke about the importance of developing his country as a free state, emphasizing the importance of a shared African heritage.[46]Because of American support, however, Liberia did not want to agitate against the United States.[46]Helen Noble Curtisgave a speech called "The Use of African Troops in Europe" which described many racist experiences Black soldiers fighting in WWI encountered in hospitals and other institutions.[47]Curtis pleaded for the world to recognize thatjusticeis not separate: it should be the same for all people regardless of skin color.[48]Addie Waites Huntonreminded delegates that it was important to include women in the Pan-African proceedings.[39]

Outcomes[edit]

The congress eventually adopted several resolutions, especially related to people living under colonialism.[46]They advocated for self-determination of African people except where "existing practices were directly contradictory to best established principles of civilization."[46]It was felt that Africa should be grantedhome ruleand Africans should take part in governing their countries as fast as their development permits until at some specified time in the future.[49]Resolutions were sent to the press in France, Britain and the United States.[50]The Congress recommended the creation of a multi-lingual, international publication, theBlack Review.[4]It was also expected that delegates would plan for the next Pan-African Congress and that this could be a continuing discussion.[51]Du Bois also hoped for the creation of a world organization, the Pan-African Association.[52]

It was reported that there was little news coverage of the Congress in the French press, but one newspaper in Paris called Du Bois a "disciple of Garvey."[53][54]West African coloniesunder British rule barely reported on the event.[55]However, European press did run information about the Congress in the weeks prior to the event.[56]Black people in the United States "generally approved of the actions of Du Bois as reported in the newspapers."[57]Paul Otlet,a Belgian peace activist, wrote an article inLa Patrie Belgeproposing that European powers return German colonies to African people.[56]When Du Bois wrote about the Congress in theCrisisand in his reports to the NAACP, he did not give a full view of actual nature of the speeches and implied criticism of the United States'racial problemsthat did not take place at the conference.[46]Instead, he focused on "black solidarity" over reporting other content of the discussions.[46]One conference attendee, the French AfricanistMaurice Delafosse,wrote that the French government was largely tolerant of the ideas expressed at the Congress.[58]Harry F. Worley,a white Virginian working for the U.S. State Department in Paris, expressed greater alarm at the "so-called Pan-African Congress": he reported that he had heard that "speeches of the American Negroes were highly inflammatory and condemnatory of the social conditions in the United States".[59]

Du Bois sent a letter toWinston Churchillin 1921, where he enclosed the resolutions adopted at this first Congress in 1919.[17]Du Bois also sent the resolutions to Beer andEdward M. Housewho served as advisors to President Wilson.[50]

Delegates[edit]

Among the delegates were:[60]

1921 Brussels, London and Paris Congress (Second)[edit]

Session in thePalais Mondial,Brussels, 1921

In 1921, the Second Pan-African Congress met in several sessions in London,Brusselsand Paris, during August (28, 29, and 31) and September (2, 3, 5 and 6).[69]AsW. E. B. Du Boisreported inThe Crisisin November that year, represented at this congress were "26 different groups of people of Negro descent: namely, British Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; the Egyptian Sudan, British East Africa, former German East Africa; French Senegal, the French Congo and Madagascar; Belgian Congo; Portuguese St. Thomé, Angola and Mozambique; Liberia; Abyssinia; Haiti; British Jamaica and Grenada; French Martinique and Guadeloupe; British Guiana; the United States of America, Negroes resident in England, France, Belgium and Portugal, and fraternal visitors from India, Morocco, the Philippines and Annam."[69]There was an Indian revolutionary who took part,Shapurji Saklatvala,and a journalist from the Gold Coast named W. F. Hutchinson who spoke. This session of the Congress was the most focused for change of all the meetings thus far. At the London session, resolutions were adopted, later restated by Du Bois in his "Manifesto To the League of Nations":[70][69]

If we are coming to recognize that the great modern problem is to correct maladjustment in the distribution of wealth, it must be remembered that the basic maladjustment is in the outrageously unjust distribution of world income between the dominant and suppressed peoples; in the rape of land and raw material, and the monopoly of technique and culture. And in this crime white labor isparticeps criminiswith white capital. Unconsciously and consciously, carelessly and deliberately, the vast power of the white labor vote in modern democracies has been cajoled and flattered into imperialistic schemes to enslave and debauch black, brown and yellow labor.

The only dissenting voices were these ofBlaise DiagneandGratien Candace,French politicians of African and Guadeloupean descent, who representedSenegaland Guadeloupe in theFrench Chamber of Deputies.They soon abandoned the idea of Pan-Africanism because they advocated equal rights inside the French citizenship and thought the London Manifesto declaration too dangerously extreme.

American Helen Noble Curtis acted as the sole representative for Liberia during this conference.[71]

Planning[edit]

In 1920, Du Bois secured three-thousand dollars from the NAACP for the creation of a "Pan-African fund."[72]He planned to have more African representatives at this event.[72]Paul Panda Farnanaintroduced Du Bois to colonial leaders in Brussels.[73]Imperial and colonial powers were worried about the American delegates supporting radical and revolutionary ideas.[74]

Event[edit]

The London meeting took place inMethodist Central Hall, Westminsterand the Paris meeting happened at the Salles des Ingènieurs.[75]The Brussels sessions were hosted at thePalais Mondial.[76]The Congress met on August 28 and 29 at the Central Hall with around 113 people in attendance and 41 delegates.[77]

Outcomes[edit]

The press in the British colony of theGold Coastcompletely denounced the entire 1921 Congress.[55]The Belgian press targeted Garvey and links to the UNIA and the Congress due to "fears of disruption in the Congo."[78]This led to fears among businesses and the government in Brussels that the Congress would be a radical event that would advocate for the overthrow of colonial rule.[73]Panda Farnana even tried suing the newspaper,L'Avenir Colonial Belge,to court for "having smeared and discredited the Pan-African Congress."[79]The smear campaign made many in Brussels see the meeting as a "gathering of dangerous agitators who, like their leader Marcus Garvey, were bent on freeing Africa from European rule."[79]However, Garvey saw the Congress as little more than a joke and sharply criticized it and Du Bois loudly and publicly.[80]

Delegates[edit]

1923 Lisbon and London Congress (Third)[edit]

Helen Noble Curtis– Agreement to hold the third Pan-African Congress in Lisbon, 1921

In 1923, the Third Pan-African Congress was held in London and inLisbon.Helen Noble Curtiswas an important planner of the Lisbon event, which was smaller than the others.[71]The London Congress was held at Denison House.[75]This meeting also repeated the demands such as self-rule, the problems in theDiasporaand the African-European relationship.[84]The following was addressed at the meeting:

  • The development of Africa should be for the benefit of Africans and not merely for the profits of Europeans.
  • There should be home rule and a responsible government for British West Africa and theBritish West Indies.
  • The Abolition of the pretension of a white minority to dominate a black majority in Kenya,Rhodesiaand South Africa.
  • Lynchingand mob law in the US should be suppressed.
Delegates of the 1923 Pan-African Congress, Lisbon.

Before the Congress met in London,Isaac Bétonof the French Committee wrote a letter to Du Bois, telling him that the French group would not be sending delegates. However, in one of the reports he published inThe Crisis,Du Bois drew on words spoken byIda Gibbs HuntandRayford Loganto imply that the French Committee had sent delegates. As long-time African-American residents of France, Hunt and Logan had traveled independently to the meeting, and Hunt and Béton were perturbed that Du Bois had implied they represented France.[85]Black French people, including Béton andGratien Candacewho resigned from the congress, were worried the event would have "radical tendencies."[86]

1927 New York City Congress (Fourth)[edit]

Delegates from Oregon for the 4th Pan African Congress in New York 1927.

Planning[edit]

According to Du Bois, an earlier plan to hold the 4th Congress in theWest Indies,specificallyPort-au-Prince,in 1925 did not pan out due to transportation and other issues.[87][88]Instead, the Congress was held in New York City in 1927.[87]

Women played a significant role in this congress.[88]Addie Whiteman Dickerson,Addie Huntonand theWomen's International League for Peace and Freedomwere key fundraisers for the meeting.[71][89]TheCircle for Peace and Foreign Relationsof New York City was also one of the sponsors of the 4th PAC.[90][4]Beatrice Morrow Cannady,Dora Cole Norman,Dorothy R. Peterson,andJessie Redmonwere all active in planning for the 4th PAC.[88][91]TheGrace Congregational Churchserved as planning headquarters.[91]

Event[edit]

The opening meeting was held at St. Mark's Methodist Church and the Headquarters remained at the Grace Congregational Church.[92]There were about 208 delegates from the United States and other countries.[4]Low attendance from British and French colonies was due to government travel restrictions.[4]

William Pickensgave a speech on the importance ofworker solidarityduring the opening session.[93][94]Other speakers at the opening session included ChiefNana Amoah,Reginald G. Barrow,Dantès Bellegarde,James Francis Jenkins,H. K. Rakhit,Adolph Sixto,andT. Augustus Toote.[95]Later speeches were given byW. Tete Ansa,Helen Noble Curtis,Du Bois,Leo William Hansbury,Leslie Pinckney Hill,Georges Sylvain,andCharles H. Wesley.[95][88]The final speeches of the congress were given by H. H. Philips,Rayford Logan,and Y. Hikada on politics in Africa.[96]

Committees were formed during the event, including the creation of a resolution committee headed by Bellegarde, Cannady, Du Bois, Hunton, andReverdy C. Ransom.[96]

Outcomes[edit]

The Fourth Pan-African Congress was held in New York City adopted resolutions that were similar to the Third Pan-African Congress meetings.[97]Resolutions called for the liberation of various colonized countries, including Haiti, China, and Egypt.[96]A call for working class solidarity across racial lines was also included, but no plans for how to accomplish this were made.[88]

Delegates[edit]

There were 208 delegates from the United States and 10 different foreign countries.[4]Africa was represented by delegates from theGold Coast,Liberia,Nigeria,andSierra Leone.[4]

1945 Manchester Congress (Fifth)[edit]

The commemorating plaque at Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall, Manchester.

Following the foundation of thePan-African Federation(PAF) in Manchester in 1945,[98]the Fifth Pan-African Congress was held at theChorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall,Manchester, United Kingdom, between the 15 and 21 October 1945.

Although forming a part of a larger Pan-African movement at the beginning of the century, this event was organised by people in Manchester, and they brought in the people from all over the world. "[99]While the previous four congresses had involved predominantly members of the African diaspora, including those in the United Kingdom,Afro-CaribbeansandAfro-Americans."[100][101]the fifth included more representatives from the African continent.

It was the wish of theWest African Students' Unionthat the event be hosted in Liberia and not in Europe, however having originally been scheduled in Paris to coincide with the1945 World Trade Union Conference,it was switched to August in Manchester. The Conference took place in a building decorated with the flags of the three black nations under self-governance at the timeEthiopia,andLiberiaand theRepublic of Haiti.[102]

The Fifth Congress had a larger profile than the first four PACs.[103]At the end of World War II, around 700 million people lived under imperial rule and were 'subject people', with no freedoms, no parliaments, no democracy, and no trade unions to protect workers.[104]Many felt betrayed after being promised movement towards self-government if they fought for European colonial powers during theFirst World War– only to have such promises later denied so a new militancy had emerged with demands fordecolonizationas well as condemningimperialism,racial discrimination,andcapitalism.[105][106]

Planning[edit]

Planning began in 1944 after Du Bois corresponded withAmy Jacques GarveyandHarold Moodyon an idea for an "African Freedom Charter."[107]This correspondence led to Du Bois calling for a fifth Pan African Congress to be held in London.[108]Du Bois was unaware thatGeorge Padmorehad also called for a Pan African Congress to be held after WWII, but once he found out, he was interested in working with Padmore.[109]Additional plans were made with the NAACP, and the congress was tentatively scheduled for Paris at the same time as the World Trade Union Conference.[110]Plans changed again in August 1945, when Du Bois announced that the fifth PAC would be held in England, one week after the trade union conference.[110]

Attendees[edit]

There was a much greater representation of African delegates and attendees from Continental Africa at this conference.[111]Marika Sherwoodnotes that "There were also eleven listed 'fraternal delegates', from Cypriot,Somali,Indian andCeylonese(Sri Lankan) organisations, as well as theWomen's International Leagueand two British political parties, theCommon Wealth Partyand Independent Labour Party ". Historian Saheed Adejumobi writes inThe Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945that "while previous Pan-African congresses had been controlled largely by black middle-class British and American intellectuals who had emphasized the amelioration of colonial conditions, the Manchester meeting was dominated by delegates from Africa and Africans working or studying in Britain." Adejumobi notes that "the new leadership attracted the support of workers, trade unionists, and a growing radical sector of the African student population. With fewer African American participants, delegates consisted mainly of an emerging crop of African intellectual and political leaders, who soon won fame, notoriety, and power in their various colonized countries."[4]Among attendees wereHastings Banda,Kwame NkrumahandJomo Kenyattawho would go on to be the first presidents of their newly independent countries. Commentators estimate that 87–90 delegates were in attendance at the Congress, representing some 50 organisations, with a total of 200 audience members present.[99][105]WhileNnamdi Azikiwedid not attend the conference, he is on the record saying how important it was for the momentum of independence movement at the time.[104]

Delegates Fifth Pan-African Congress include:[104][105][99]

Fraternal delegates, observers and other attendees include:[104]

Other Attendees include:Raphael Armattoe,[121]Kojo Botsio,[122]Cecil Belfield Clarke[104]andDudley Thompson.[123]

Issues addressed[edit]

Among the issues addressed at the conference were:

  • "The Colour Problem in Britain", Including issues of unemployment among black youth;abandoned mixed-race childrenfathered by black ex-servicemen and white British mothers; racial discrimination, thecolour baranddiscriminatoryemployment practices. These topics were discussed at the first session of the Congress held on October 15, 1945, chaired by Amy Ashwood Garvey.[104]
  • "Imperialism in North and West Africa". All present demanded independence for African nations; delegates were split on the issue of having political emancipation first or control of the economy. Kwame Nkrumah advocated for revolutionary methods of seizing power as essential to Independence. From this session onwards the chair was taken by Dr W. E. B. Du Bois.[104]
  • "Oppression in South Africa". Including the social, economic, educational, health and employment inequalities faced byBlack South Africans.All present expressed support and sympathy which included a number of demands outlined.[104]
  • "The East African Picture". Focusing on the issue of land, most of the best land had been occupied byWhite settlers;working conditions and wages for Africans reflected the same inequalities as South Africa. This session was open by Jomo Kenyatta.[104]
  • "Ethiopia and The Black Republics". Discussing the issue of Britain exercising control over Ethiopia althoughEmperor Haile Selassiehad been restored to the throne; the United Nations not offering help to Ethiopia while Italy (which conquered Ethiopia in 1935 under afascist regime) was receiving UN help.[104]
  • "The Problems in the Caribbean" This session was addressed by a number of trade union delegates from the Caribbean; some delegates demanded "complete independence", some "self-government" and others "dominion status".[104]

Women's contributions[edit]

Women played an important role in the Fifth Congress.Amy Ashwood Garveychaired the opening session andAlma La Badie,a Jamaican member of theUniversal Negro Improvement Association,spoke about child welfare. Women also supported in behind-the-scenes roles, organising many of the social and other events outside the main sessions. Historians Marika Sherwood andHakim Adihave specifically written about women involved in the Fifth-Congress.[124]

Reception[edit]

The British press scarcely mentioned the conference. However,Picture Postcovered the 5th Pan African Congress in an article by war reporter Hilde Marchant titled "Africa Speaks in Manchester", published on 10 November 1945.Picture Postwas also responsible for sendingJohn Deakinto photograph the event.[125]

Outcomes[edit]

This conference shifted the discussion about Pan-Africanism to focus more on African leaders and the people of Africa as "primary agents of change in the anti-colonial and anti-imperial struggles."[126]Du Bois attempted to enlist the NAACP into further support for Pan-Africanism and aid to Africa, but the results were tepid.[127]Du Bois continued to work towards the creation of a Pan-African movement in the United States throughout 1946.[127]Due to theRed Scare,the NAACP stepped back from its support of Pan Africanism.[128]

Commemoration[edit]

  • RedCommemorative plaque.It is suggested by commentators that Manchester community leader and political activist,Kath Locke,persuadedManchester City Councilto place a red plaque commemorating the Congress on the wall of Chorlton Town Hall.[98]
  • Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan African Congress.Autograph ABPhosted the first exhibition showcasing John Deakin's photographs from the Fifth Congress. The exhibition marked the 70th anniversary of the Congress in 2015 and included film screenings exploring Pan-African history and ideals curated byJune Givanni.[129]
  • "Pan African Congress 50 years on". The project interviewed attendees of the 1945 Pan African Congress who were still living in Manchester in 1995. The project was part of the 50th commemorative event held in Manchester in 1995.
  • "PAC@75". Manchester Metropolitan University held a four-day celebration in October 2020 to mark the 75th anniversary of the 5th Pan-African Congress. Curated by Professor of Architecture Ola Uduku, the anniversary celebrations involved both creative and academic events.[130]
  • Archive material relating to the 1945 and the subsequent celebratory events in 1982 and 1995 are held at theAhmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource CentreatManchester Central Library.[131]Len Johnson'spapers at theWorking Class Movement Libraryhas records and documents from the 1945 Congress.[132]

1974 Dar es Salaam Congress (Sixth)[edit]

The sixth Pan-African Congress, also known as "Sixth-PAC or 6PAC," was hosted inDar es Salaam,Tanzaniain June 1974.[133]This was the first time the event took place in Africa.[133]The event was originally proposed byPauulu Kamarakafegoto challengeneocolonialismandapartheid.[134]

Planning[edit]

Activists involved in the Washington, D.C.Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC) and theTanganyika African National Union(TANU) were involved in organizing and hosting the congress.[133][135]Charlie Cobb,Courtland Cox,andJames Garrett,who were involved with the SNCC, helped plan the event.[133]C. L. R. Jamesplayed a role influencing the congress.[133][136]Other key organizers includedGeri Stark Augusto,Judy Claude,Julian Ellison,Kathy Flewellen,Sylvia I. B. Hill,Loretta Hobbs,andJames Turner.[133][63][126]Flewellen and Hill, who served on the international secretariat, conducted meetings to select delegates for 6PAC.[63][134]Hill organized the North American delegates, focusing on ways that the Black community could work together to pool resources to aid in the Pan-African movement.[137]David L. Horneorganized delegates from southern California.[138]

James traveled to Tanzania to talk to Cox andMwalimu Nyerereabout hosting the congress there.[139]During the planning, the radical non-governmental delegation from the Caribbean, which included members of theAfro-Caribbean Liberation movement,theNew Jewel Movement,and theAfrican Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa(ASCRIA), chose not to attend 6PAC.[140]In solidarity, James also boycotted the congress despite "appeals from Julius Nyerere to attend."[140]

Augusto andEdie Wilsonmoved to Dar es Salaam in 1973 where they served as the head of the International Secretariat for 6PAC.[63]Planners had to decided whether 6PAC would pick up right where the 5th congress left off, which meant recommitting to opposing various forms of colonialism still present in Africa.[141]Focusing on colonialism and imperialism was an important decision because it was possible that it could alienate Caribbean governments and delegates from the United States.[142]

Event[edit]

Hundreds to thousands of participants met at theUniversity of Dar es Salaamfrom June 19 to June 27, 1974.[63][134]Around 50 different sovereign governments and political organizations sent delegates to 6PAC.[143]Delegates from liberation movements from several colonized countries also attended.[143]

Hill served as the secretary general for North America.[63]It was part of the original planning that groups working towards liberation have time to network and "build international solidarity."[144]Activists such asMae Mallory,Queen Mother Moore,Brenda Paris,andFlorence Tateall attended 6PAC.[63]For Black British activistsZainab Abbas,Gerlin Bean,Ron Phillips, andAnsel Wong,attending the conference allowed them to express the solidarity of the Black activists in Britain with anti-colonialists activists in the rest of the world. A highlight of the conference was the resolution onPalestine,which was the congress' formal recognition of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination.[145]: 136–137 

The opening address was given by Tanzanian PresidentJulius Nyerere.[143]His speech focused on promoting "nonracialism"at the congress because it is more important for all people to work together to free themselves from oppression in Africa.[146]

Event planners also hoped that the Congress would support the creation of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology.[147]Several men associated withHoward University,Neville Parker, Don Coleman, and Fletcher Robinson, all worked towards the development of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology during the congress.[147]However, there was not enough support for the plan and it didn't make the final resolution.[143]

Reception[edit]

TheLos Angeles Timesreported that the Congress was very divided and often too "militant."[148]

Outcomes[edit]

A General Political Statement was created at 6PAC which called for an end to all forms of colonialism, includingneocolonialism.[149]The statement also called for a unification of African people to work towardssocialismthroughout Africa to endoppression.[149]It explicitly called out all kinds of racism andnationalism.[150]

Augusto stayed in Dar es Salaam after 6PAC to edit the proceedings of the event for theTanzania Publishing House.[151]

Several North American activists from the 6PAC went on to Washington, D.C. in the fall of 1974 to lobby the United States to take action againstapartheid in South Africa.[144]Under Hill's leadership, this grew into the Southern Africa News Collective, and eventually in 1978 turned into theSouthern Africa Support Project(SASP).[152][153]

Attendees[edit]

1994 Kampala Congress (Seventh)[edit]

The seventh Pan-African Congress was held inKampala, Ugandafrom April 3 to April 8, 1994.[154]The theme of the event was "Facing the Future in Unity, Social Progress and Democracy."[155]

Planning[edit]

The seventh Pan African Congress was called by the Pan-African Movement ofNigeriawho hoped to hold the event inLagos.[156]This group, however, wanted to limit attendance only to "African people," notAraborwhite Africans.[156]

Event[edit]

There were more than 2,000 participants at the event, which included a Women's Pre-Congress meeting.[155]Ugandan president,Yoweri Museveni,spoke at the opening of the congress, where he listed five criteria for defining who is an "African."[157]The criteria, which included people of many backgrounds and nationalities, helped define "African" as something that was not just aracial category.[157]In addition, 7PAC brought together activists from different generations to work on modern problems together.[158]Modern issues includedHIV/AIDS in Africa,women's rights, andglobalization.[159]Other tensions to unravel in 7PAC and going forward include Black nationalism, BlackMarxism-Leninismand the historical baggage that surrounds both ideas.[160]

Delegates[edit]

2014 Johannesburg Congress (Eighth)[edit]

The eighth Pan-African Congress was held at theUniversity of the Witwatersrandfrom January 14 to January 16, 2014, inJohannesburg.[162]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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