Panorama

Apanorama(formed fromGreekπᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "view" ) is anywide-angleview or representation of a physical space, whether inpainting,drawing,photography,film,seismic images,or3D modeling.The word was coined in the 18th century^[1]by the English (Irish descent) painterRobert Barkerto describe hispanoramic paintingsofEdinburghandLondon.The motion-picture termpanningis derived frompanorama.^[2]

A panoramic view is also purposed for multimedia, cross-scale applications to an outline overview (from a distance) along and across repositories. This so-called "cognitive panorama" is a panoramic view over, and a combination of,cognitive spaces^[3]used to capture the larger scale.

History

The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly inmurals,as early as 20 A.D., in those found inPompeii,^[4]as a means of generating an immersive "panoptic"experience of avista.

Cartographicexperiments during theEnlightenmentera preceded Europeanpanorama paintingand contributed^[5]to a formative impulse toward panoramic vision and depiction.

This novel perspective was quickly conveyed to America byBenjamin Franklinwho was present for the first manned balloon flight by theMontgolfier brothersin 1783, and by the American-born physician,John Jeffrieswho had joined French aeronautJean Pierre Blanchardon flights overEnglandand the first aerial crossing of theEnglish Channelin 1785.^[6]

As popular spectacle

In the mid-19th century,panoramic paintingsand models became a very popular way to representlandscapes,topographic views^[7]andhistorical events.Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion,immersedin a winding 360-degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. Thepanoramawas a360-degreevisual medium patented under the titleApparatus for Exhibiting Picturesby the artistRobert Barkerin 1787. The earliest that the word "panorama" appeared in print was on June 11, 1791, in the British newspaperThe Morning Chronicle,referring to this visual spectacle.^[8]Barker created a painting, shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon, rendering the original scene with high fidelity. The inaugural exhibition, a "View of Edinburgh" (specifically the view from the summit ofCalton Hill), was first shown in that city in 1788, then transported to London in 1789. By 1793, Barker had built "The Panorama"rotundaat the center of London's entertainment district inLeicester Square,where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years, then closing in 1863,^[9]before being converted into the church ofNotre Dame de France.

A panorama of London by Robert Barker, 1792

Inventor SirFrancis Ronaldsdeveloped a machine to remove errors inperspectivethat were created when a sequence of planar sketches was combined into a cylinder. It also projected the cylindrical drawing onto the wall of the rotunda at much larger scale to enable its accurate painting. The apparatus was exhibited at theRoyal Polytechnic Institutionin the early 1840s.^[10]

Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape. TheBourbaki PanoramainLucerne,Switzerlandwas created byEdouard Castresin 1881.^[11]The painting measures about 10 metres in height with acircumferenceof 112 meters.^[12]In the same year of 1881, theDutch marinepainterHendrik Willem Mesdagcreated and established thePanorama MesdagofThe Hague,Netherlands,a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the United States of America is theAtlanta Cyclorama,depicting theCivil War Battle of Atlanta.It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 × 109 metres).^[13]Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is theRacławice Panorama(1893) located inWrocław,Poland,which measures 15 × 120 metres.^[14]

In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is theVelaslavasay Panoramain Los Angeles, California (2004).

Photographs

Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as the most common method for creating wide views. Not long after the introduction of theDaguerreotypein 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image.^[15]In the late 19th century, flexible film enabled the construction of panoramic cameras using curved film holders and clockwork drives to rotate the lens in an arc and thus scan an image encompassing almost 180 degrees.^{[citation needed]}

360-degree panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch

Pinhole cameras of a variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images. A popular design is the "oatmeal box", a vertical cylindrical container in which the pinhole is made in one side and the film or photographic paper is wrapped around the inside wall opposite, and extending almost right to the edge of, the pinhole. This generates an egg-shaped image with more than 180° view.^[16]

Popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but now superseded by digital presentation software,Multi-image^[17](also known as multi-image slide presentations,slide showsor diaporamas)35mm slideprojections onto one or more screens characteristically lent themselves to the wide screen panorama. They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades, recorded beside anaudio voice-overor musictrack.Precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft-edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama. Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in the panorama format.

A 270-degree panorama stitched "in-camera". Many modern digital cameras can automatically stitch a sequence of images shot while the camera is rotated.

A vertical panorama orvertoramais a panorama with an upright orientation instead of a horizontal. It is created using the same techniques as when making a horizontal panorama.^[18]

VR photographs

Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known asimage stitching.Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms ofvirtual realitymovies, using technologies such asQuickTime VR,Flash,Java,or evenJavaScript.Arotating line camerasuch as thePanoscanallows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need forimage stitching,but immersive "spherical" panorama movies (that incorporate a full 180° vertical viewing angle as well as 360° around) must be made by stitching multiple images. Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolutiongigapixelpanoramic images.

Panoramic view of the antennas of theAtacama Large Millimeter Arrayunder the clear sky over the Chajnantor Plateau, in the Chilean Andes.^[19]

Motion picture

On rare occasions, 360° panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces—typically attheme parks,world's fairs,and museums. Starting in 1955,Disneyhas created360° theatersfor its parks^[20]and theSwiss Transport Museumin Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example,Cineramaused a very wide curved screen, with three synchronized projectors, andIMAX Dome / OMNIMAXmovies are projected on a dome above the spectators.

Non-photographic representations

Panoramic representation can be generated fromdigital elevation modelssuch asSRTM.In these diagrams, a panorama from any given point^[21]can be generated and imaged from the data.^[22]

References

^A Review of ‘The Panoramic River,’ at the Hudson River Museum - NYTimes
^"Motion picture - Expressive elements of motion pictures".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved2018-06-13.
^For more see theInternational Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics.
^Grau, Oliver; Custance, Gloria (2003),Virtual art: from illusion to immersion(Rev. and expanded ed.), MIT Press,ISBN 978-0-262-07241-0
^as argued in Oettermann, Stephan, The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (New York: Zone Books, 1997)
^John Jeffries.Two Voyages of Dr Jeffries with Mons.Blanchard (London. 1786: reprint, New York: Aeronautical Archive of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and the Works Projects Administration. 1941), 17, 20.
^The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities[1]and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies[2]
^This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien',Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts,edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)
^Grovier, Kelly."The surprising history of the word 'dude'".bbc.Retrieved2020-04-14.
^Ronalds, B.F. (2016).Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph.London: Imperial College Press.ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.
^The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject ofJeff Wall's 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. (Mieszkowski, Jan (22 August 2012),Watching war,Stanford, California Stanford University Press (published 2012),ISBN 978-0-8047-8240-1p.91)
^Bernard Comment (2004),Panorama,Reaktion Books, page 214
^Marty Olmstead (2002),Hidden Georgia,Ulysses Press, page 204
^Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976),Kosciuszko and Pulaski,Interpress, page 220
^for example, the Cincinnati Panorama (1848), a daguerreotype by Charles Fontayne and William S. Porter. 6½ x 68 inches (15.24 by 21.59 cm). Held at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County.http:// ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401coll36/id/4168
^Eric Renner (2008). Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application (4th ed). Amsterdam Focal Press pps. 129-140
^Kenny, Michael F.; Schmitt, Raymond F. (1983).Images, Images, Images: The Book of Programmed Multi-Image Production.New York:Eastman Kodak.ISBN 978-0-87985-327-3.
^Wyden Kivowitz, Scott (5 May 2014).Go Wider with Panoramic Photography.Pearson Education.ISBN 9780133904383.
^"ALMA Panoramic View with Carina Nebula".ESO Picture of the Week.Retrieved12 November2013.
^Joshua C. Shaffer (2010),Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide,AuthorHouse, page 200ISBN 1452063125
^McAdoo, B. G., Richardson, N., & Borrero, J. (2007). Inundation distances and run‐up measurements from ASTER, QuickBird and SRTM data, Aceh coast, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(13-14), 2961-2975.
^Fedorov, R., Fraternali, P., & Tagliasacchi, M. (2014, November). Mountain peak identification in visual content based on coarse digital elevation models. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Analysis for Ecological Data (pp. 7-11). ACM.

External links

"Panorama".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 681.
Peak finder

[1] A Review of ‘The Panoramic River,’ at the Hudson River Museum - NYTimes

[2] "Motion picture - Expressive elements of motion pictures".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved2018-06-13.

[3] For more see theInternational Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics.

[4] Grau, Oliver; Custance, Gloria (2003),Virtual art: from illusion to immersion(Rev. and expanded ed.), MIT Press,ISBN 978-0-262-07241-0

[5] s argued in Oettermann, Stephan, The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (New York: Zone Books, 1997)

[6] John Jeffries.Two Voyages of Dr Jeffries with Mons.Blanchard (London. 1786: reprint, New York: Aeronautical Archive of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and the Works Projects Administration. 1941), 17, 20.

[7] The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities[1]and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies[2]

[8] This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien',Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts,edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)

[9] Grovier, Kelly."The surprising history of the word 'dude'".bbc.Retrieved2020-04-14.

[10] Ronalds, B.F. (2016).Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph.London: Imperial College Press.ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.

[11] The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject ofJeff Wall's 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. (Mieszkowski, Jan (22 August 2012),Watching war,Stanford, California Stanford University Press (published 2012),ISBN 978-0-8047-8240-1p.91)

[12] Bernard Comment (2004),Panorama,Reaktion Books, page 214

[13] Marty Olmstead (2002),Hidden Georgia,Ulysses Press, page 204

[14] Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976),Kosciuszko and Pulaski,Interpress, page 220

[15] r example, the Cincinnati Panorama (1848), a daguerreotype by Charles Fontayne and William S. Porter. 6½ x 68 inches (15.24 by 21.59 cm). Held at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County.http:// ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401coll36/id/4168

[16] Eric Renner (2008). Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application (4th ed). Amsterdam Focal Press pps. 129-140

[17] Kenny, Michael F.; Schmitt, Raymond F. (1983).Images, Images, Images: The Book of Programmed Multi-Image Production.New York:Eastman Kodak.ISBN 978-0-87985-327-3.

[18] Wyden Kivowitz, Scott (5 May 2014).Go Wider with Panoramic Photography.Pearson Education.ISBN 9780133904383.

[19] "ALMA Panoramic View with Carina Nebula".ESO Picture of the Week.Retrieved12 November2013.

[20] Joshua C. Shaffer (2010),Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide,AuthorHouse, page 200ISBN 1452063125

[21] McAdoo, B. G., Richardson, N., & Borrero, J. (2007). Inundation distances and run‐up measurements from ASTER, QuickBird and SRTM data, Aceh coast, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(13-14), 2961-2975.

[22] Fedorov, R., Fraternali, P., & Tagliasacchi, M. (2014, November). Mountain peak identification in visual content based on coarse digital elevation models. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Analysis for Ecological Data (pp. 7-11). ACM.

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