Oxyrhynchus Papyri
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Grenfell-hunt-1896.jpg/300px-Grenfell-hunt-1896.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Excavations_at_Oxyrhynchus_1_ca_1903_A.jpg/220px-Excavations_at_Oxyrhynchus_1_ca_1903_A.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Excavations_at_Oxyrhynchus_1_ca_1903_B.jpg/220px-Excavations_at_Oxyrhynchus_1_ca_1903_B.jpg)
TheOxyrhynchus Papyriare a group ofmanuscriptsdiscovered during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries bypapyrologistsBernard Pyne GrenfellandArthur Surridge Huntat an ancientrubbish dumpnearOxyrhynchusinEgypt(28°32′N30°40′E/ 28.533°N 30.667°E,modernel-Bahnasa).
The manuscripts date from the time of thePtolemaic(3rd century BC) andRomanperiods of Egyptian history (from32 BCto theMuslim conquest of Egyptin 640 AD).
Only an estimated 10% are literary in nature. Most of the papyri found seem to consist mainly of public and private documents:codes,edicts,registers,official correspondence,census-returns,tax-assessments,petitions,court-records,sales,leases,wills,bills,accounts,inventories,horoscopes,and private letters.[1]
Although most of the papyri were written inGreek,some texts written in Egyptian (Egyptian hieroglyphics,Hieratic,Demotic,mostlyCoptic),LatinandArabicwere also found. Texts inHebrew,Aramaic,SyriacandPahlavihave so far represented only a small percentage of the total.[2]
Since 1898, academics havecollatedand transcribed over 5,000 documents from what were originally hundreds of boxes of papyrus fragments the size of large cornflakes. This is thought to represent only 1 to 2% of what is estimated to be at least half a million papyri still remaining to be conserved, transcribed, deciphered and catalogued. The most recent published volume was Vol. LXXXVII, released on 31 August 2023[update].
Oxyrhynchus Papyri are currently housed in institutions all over the world. A substantial number are housed in theBodleian Art LibraryatOxford University.There is an online table of contents briefly listing the type of contents of each papyrus or fragment.[3]
Administrative texts[edit]
Administrative documents assembled and transcribed from the Oxyrhynchus excavation encompass a wide variety of legal matters, such as marriages, employment contracts, and censuses. Some of the more notable papyri transcribed so far include:
- The contract of a wrestler agreeing tothrowhis next match for a fee.[4]
- Various and sundry ancient recipes for treating haemorrhoids, hangovers and cataracts.[5]
- Details of agrain dolemirroring a similar program in the Roman capital.[6]
- Tryphon and Saraeus:
- Tryphon, son of Dionysus, and Saraeus, daughter of Apion, a married couple are mentioned in several administrative papyri, detailing their various brushes with legal authorities in Oxyrhynchus.[7]
- However, before Tryphon married Saraeus, he had a wife called Demetrous, daughter of Heraclides. After their divorce, Tryphon complains to thestrategus,Alexander, that she has stolen several of his belongings. The papyrus is too damaged, however, to correctly ascertain what these are.[8]
- In 37 CE, the couple appears in a marriage contract, almost entirely concerned with Saraeus' dowry. Most surviving marriage contracts keep similar detail on dowries and other assets, in case of divorce.
- However Tryphon's first wife, it seems, had not forgiven him. The same year as his second marriage, he petitions the strategus again, this time alleging that Demetrous and her mother have attacked Saraeus. The response from the strategus, Sotas, is unknown.[9]
- In 49 CE, Saraeus was summoned before the strategus as part of a case between her and an employer. She has been contracted as a wet-nurse for a foundling, who had died during her employment. Pesouris, her employer, accused her of kidnapping the child to pose as her own. Paison, the strategus, ruled that the living child was Saraeus', and that in return she must pay back her wages.[10]
- However, several months, later, Tryphon is petitioningCapito,thepraefectus,complaining that Saraeus' former employer is refusing to co-operate with Paison's ruling, and 'hinders [Tryphon] in [his] trade'.
- In 51 CE, Tryphon files another complaint, presumably to the strategus, that he and Saraeus were attacked by unnamed women in the street.[11]
In addition to detailing the cases themselves, these legal documents provide interesting insight into everyday life under Graeco-Roman occupied Egypt, and are often overlooked beside its pharaonic predecessor. For example, Saraeus' hearing with strategus Paison reveal that courts used the Roman names for year, marked by the reign of the emperor, but maintained the Egyptian months, called Pharmouthi.[12]
Secular texts[edit]
Although most of the texts uncovered at Oxyrhynchus were non-literary in nature, the archaeologists succeeded in recovering a large corpus of literary works that had previously been thought to have been lost. Many of these texts had previously been unknown to modern scholars.[citation needed]
Greek[edit]
Several fragments can be traced to the work ofPlato,for instance theRepublic,Phaedo,or the dialogueGorgias,dated around 200–300 CE.[13]
Historiography[edit]
The discovery of a historical work known as theHellenica Oxyrhynchiaalso revealed new information about classical antiquity. The identity of the author of the work is unknown; many early scholars proposed that it may have been written byEphorusorTheopompusbut many modern scholars are now convinced that it was written byCratippus.[14][15]The work has won praise for its style and accuracy[16]and has even been compared favorably with the works ofThucydides.[17]
Mathematics[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P._Oxy._I_29.jpg/250px-P._Oxy._I_29.jpg)
The findings at Oxyrhynchus also turned up the oldest and most complete diagrams fromEuclid'sElements.[18]Fragments ofEuclidled to a re-evaluation of the accuracy of ancient sources forThe Elements,revealing that the version ofTheon of Alexandriahas more authority than previously believed, according toThomas Little Heath.[19]
Drama[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/P.Oxy._IX_1174_col._iv-v.jpg/220px-P.Oxy._IX_1174_col._iv-v.jpg)
The classical author who has most benefited from the finds at Oxyrhynchus is theAthenianplaywrightMenander(342–291 BC), whose comedies were very popular in Hellenistic times and whose works are frequently found in papyrus fragments. Menander's plays found in fragments at Oxyrhynchus includeMisoumenos,Dis Exapaton,Epitrepontes,Karchedonios,DyskolosandKolax.The works found at Oxyrhynchus have greatly raised Menander's status among classicists and scholars ofGreek theatre.
Another notable text uncovered at Oxyrhynchus wasIchneutae,a previously unknown play written bySophocles.The discovery ofIchneutaewas especially significant sinceIchneutaeis asatyr play,making it only one of two extant satyr plays, with the other one being Euripides'sCyclops.[20][21]
Extensive remains of theHypsipyleofEuripidesand a life ofEuripidesbySatyrus the Peripateticwere also found at Oxyrhynchus.
Poetry[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/P._Oxy._20.jpg/220px-P._Oxy._20.jpg)
- Poems ofPindar.Pindar was the first known Greek poet to reflect on the nature of poetry and on the poet's role.
- Fragments ofSappho,Greek poet from the island ofLesbosfamous for her poems about love.
- Fragments ofAlcaeus,an older contemporary and an alleged lover of Sappho, with whom he may have exchanged poems.
- Larger pieces ofAlcman,Ibycus,andCorinna.
- Passages from Homer'sIliad.SeePapyrus Oxyrhynchus 20–IliadII.730-828 andPapyrus Oxyrhynchus 21–IliadII.745-764
Latin[edit]
Anepitomeof seven of the 107 lost books ofLivywas the most important literary find inLatin.
Christian texts[edit]
Among the Christian texts found at Oxyrhynchus, were fragments of early non-canonicalGospels,Oxyrhynchus 840(3rd century AD) andOxyrhynchus 1224(4th century AD). Other Oxyrhynchus texts preserve parts ofMatthew1 (3rd century:P2andP401), 11–12 and 19 (3rd to 4th century:P2384,2385);Mark10–11 (5th to 6th century:P3);John1 and20(3rd century:P208);Romans1 (4th century:P209); theFirst Epistle of John(4th-5th century:P402); theApocalypse of Baruch(chapters 12–14; 4th or 5th century:P403); theGospel of Thomas(3rd century AD:P655);The Shepherd of Hermas(3rd or 4th century:P404), and a work ofIrenaeus,(3rd century:P405). There are many parts of other canonical books as well as many early Christian hymns, prayers, and letters also found among them.
All manuscripts classified as "theological" in the Oxyrhynchus Papyri are listed below. A few manuscripts that belong to multiple genres, or genres that are inconsistently treated in the volumes of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri, are also included. For example, the quotation fromPsalm90 (P. Oxy. XVI 1928) associated with an amulet, is classified according to its primary genre as a magic text in the Oxyrhynchus Papyri; however, it is included here among witnesses to the Old Testament text. In each volume that contains theological manuscripts, they are listed first, according to an English tradition of academic precedence (seeDoctor of Divinity).
Old Testament[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UPennE3074.jpg/250px-UPennE3074.jpg)
The originalHebrew Bible(Tanakh) was translated into Greek between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC. This translation is called theSeptuagint(or LXX, both 70 in Latin), because there is a tradition that seventyJewishscribes compiled it inAlexandria.It was quoted in the New Testament and is found bound together with the New Testament in the 4th and 5th century GreekuncialcodicesSinaiticus,AlexandrinusandVaticanus.The Septuagint included books, called theApocryphaorDeuterocanonicalbyChristians,which were later not accepted into theJewishcanonof sacred writings (seenext section). Portions of Old Testament books of undisputed authority found among the Oxyrhynchus Papyri are listed in this section.
- The first number (Vol) is the volume of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri in which the manuscript is published.
- The second number (Oxy) is the overall publication sequence number in Oxyrhynchus Papyri.
- Standard abbreviated citation of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri is:
- P. Oxy. <volume inRoman numerals> <publication sequence number>.
- Context will always make clear whether volume 70 of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri or the Septuagint is intended.
- P. Oxy. VIII 1073 is anOld Latinversion of Genesis, other manuscripts are probably copies of the Septuagint.
- Dates are estimated to the nearest 50 year increment.
- Content is given to the nearest verse where known.
Old Testament Deuterocanon (or, Apocrypha)[edit]
This name designates several, unique writings (e.g., theBook of Tobit) or different versions of pre-existing writings (e.g., theBook of Daniel) found in thecanonof theJewishscriptures (most notably, in the Septuagint translation of theHebrewTanakh). Although those writings were no longer viewed as having acanonicalstatus amongstJewsby the beginning of the second century A.D., they retained that status for much of theChristianChurch. They were and are accepted as part of the Old Testament canon by theCatholic ChurchandEastern Orthodox churches.ProtestantChristians, however, follow the example of the Jews and do not accept these writings as part of the Old Testament canon.
- PP. Oxy. XIII 1594 and LXV 4444 are vellum ( "vellum" noted in table).
- Both copies of Tobit are different editions to the known Septuagint text ( "not LXX" noted in table).
Vol | Oxy | Date | Content | Institution | City, State | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
III | 403 | 400 | Apocalypse of Baruch12–14 | St. Mark's Library General Theological Seminary |
New York City | U.S. |
VII | 1010 | 350 | 2 Esdras16:57–59 | Bodleian Library MS.Gr.bib.g.3(P) |
Oxford | UK |
VIII | 1076 | 550 | Tobit2 not LXX |
John Rylands University Library 448 |
Manchester | UK |
XIII | 1594 | 275 | Tobit12 vellum, not LXX |
Cambridge University Library Add.MS. 6363 |
Cambridge | UK |
XIII | 1595 | 550 | Ecclesiasticus1 |
Palestine Institute Museum Pacific School of Religion |
Berkeley California |
U.S. |
XVII | 2069 | 400 | 1 Enoch85.10–86.2, 87.1–3 | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
XVII | 2074 | 450 | Apostrophe toWisdom[?] | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
LXV | 4444 | 350 | Wisdom4:17–5:1 vellum |
Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
[edit]
Vol | Oxy | Date | Content | Institution | City, State | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IX | 1173 | 250 | Philo | Bodleian Library | Oxford | UK |
XI | 1356 | 250 | Philo | Bodleian Library | Oxford | UK |
XVIII | 2158 | 250 | Philo | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
XXXVI | 2745 | 400 | onomasticonof Hebrew names | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
New Testament[edit]
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri have provided the most numerous sub-group of the earliest copies of theNew Testament.These are surviving portions ofcodices(books) written in Greekuncial(capital) letters onpapyrus.The first of these wereexcavatedbyBernard Pyne GrenfellandArthur Surridge Huntin Oxyrhynchus, at the turn of the 20th century. Of the 127 registeredNew Testament papyri,52 (41%) are from Oxyrhynchus. The earliest of the papyri are dated to the middle of the 2nd century, so were copied within about a century of the writing of the original New Testament documents.[22]
Grenfell and Hunt discovered the first New Testament papyrus (𝔓1), on only the second day of excavation, in the winter of 1896–7. This, together with the other early discoveries, was published in 1898, in the first volume of the now 86-volume work,The Oxyrhynchus Papyri.[23]
- The third column (CRG) refers to the now standard sequences ofCaspar René Gregory.
- 𝔓 indicates a papyrus manuscript, a number beginning with zero indicates vellum.
- The CRG number is an adequate abbreviated citation for New Testament manuscripts.
- Content is given to the nearest chapter; verses are sometimes listed.
New Testament apocrypha[edit]
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri collection contains around twenty manuscripts ofNew Testament apocrypha,works from theearly Christianperiod that presented themselves as biblical books, but were not eventually received as such by theorthodoxy.These works found at Oxyrhynchus include the gospels ofThomas,Mary,Peter,James,The Shepherd of Hermas,and theDidache.(All of these are known from other sources as well.) Among this collection are also a few manuscripts ofunknown gospels.The three manuscripts of Thomas represent the only knownGreekmanuscripts of this work; the only other surviving manuscript of Thomas is a nearly completeCopticmanuscript from theNag Hammadifind.[25]P. Oxy. 4706, a manuscript ofThe Shepherd of Hermas,is notable because two sections believed by scholars to have been often circulated independently,VisionsandCommandments,were found on the same roll.[26]
- P. Oxy. V 840 and P. Oxy. XV 1782 are vellum
- 2949?, 3525, 3529? 4705, and 4706 are rolls, the rest codices.
Vol | Oxy | Date | Content | Institution | City, State | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early Writings | ||||||
LXIX | 4705 | 250 | Shepherd,Visions1:1, 8–9 | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
LXIX | 4706 | 200 | Shepherd Visions3–4;Commandments2; 4–9 |
Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
L | 3526 | 350 | Shepherd,Commandments5–6 [same codex as 1172] |
Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
XV | 1783 | 325 | Shepherd,Commandments9 | |||
IX | 1172 | 350 | Shepherd,Parables2:4–10 [same codex as 3526] |
British Library;Inv. 224 | London | UK |
LXIX | 4707 | 250 | Shepherd,Parables6:3–7:2 | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
XIII | 1599 | 350 | Shepherd,Parables8 | |||
L | 3527 | 200 | Shepherd,Parables8:4–5 | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
L | 3528 | 200 | Shepherd,Parables9:20–22 | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
III | 404 | 300 | Shepherd | |||
XV | 1782 | 350 | Didache1–3 | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
Pseudepigrapha | ||||||
I | 1 | 200 | Gospel of Thomas | Bodleian Library Ms. Gr. Th. e 7 (P) |
Oxford | UK |
IV | 654 | 200 | Gospel of Thomas | British Library;Inv. 1531 | London | UK |
IV | 655 | 200 | Gospel of Thomas | Houghton Library,Harvard SM Inv. 4367 |
Cambridge Massachusetts |
US |
XLI | 2949 | 200 | Gospel of Peter? | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
L | 3524 | 550 | Gospel of James25:1 | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
L | 3525 | 250 | Gospel of Mary | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
LX | 4009 | 150 | Gospel of Peter? | Ashmolean Museum | Oxford | UK |
I | 6 | 450 | Acts of Paul and Thecla | |||
VI | 849 | 325 | Acts of Peter | |||
VI | 850 | 350 | Acts of John | |||
VI | 851 | 500 | Apocryphal Acts | |||
VIII | 1081 | Gnostic Gospel | ||||
II | 210 | 250 | Unknown gospel | Cambridge University Library Add. Ms. 4048 |
Cambridge | UK |
V | 840 | 200 | Unknown gospel | Bodleian Library Ms. Gr. Th. g 11 |
Oxford | UK |
X | 1224 | 300 | Unknown gospel | Bodleian Library Ms. Gr. Th. e 8 (P) |
Oxford | UK |
[edit]
- Four exact dates are marked inbold type:
Vol | Oxy | Date | Content | Institution | City, State | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biblical quotes | ||||||
VIII | 1077 | 550 | Amulet: magic text quotesMatthew4:23–24 |
Trexler Library; Pap. Theol. 2 Muhlenberg College |
Allentown Pennsylvania |
U.S. |
LX | 4010 | 350 | "Our Father" (Matthew6:9ff) with introductory prayer |
Papyrology Room Ashmolean Museum |
Oxford | UK |
Creeds | ||||||
XVII | 2067 | 450 | Nicene Creed(325) | Papyrology Room Ashmolean Museum |
Oxford | UK |
XV | 1784 | 450 | Constantinopolitan Creed(4th-century) | Ambrose SwaseyLibrary Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School |
Rochester New York |
U.S. |
Church Fathers | ||||||
III | 405 | 250 | Irenaeus,Against Heresies | Cambridge University Library Add. Ms. 4413 |
Cambridge | UK |
XXXI | 2531 | 550 | Theophilus I of Alexandria Peri Katanuxeos[?] |
Papyrology Rooms Sackler Library |
Oxford | UK |
Unknown theological works | ||||||
XIII | 1600 | 450 | treatise onThe Passion | Bodleian Library Ms. Gr. Th. d 4 (P) |
Oxford | UK |
I | 4 | 300 | theological fragment | Cambridge University Library | Cambridge | UK |
III | 406 | 250 | theological fragment | Library; BH 88470.1 McCormick Theological Seminary |
Chicago Illinois |
U.S. |
Dialogues(theological discussions) | ||||||
XVII | 2070 | 275 | anti-Jewish dialogue | Papyrology Rooms Sackler Library |
Oxford | UK |
XVII | 2071 | 550 | fragment of a dialogue | Papyrology Rooms Sackler Library |
Oxford | UK |
Apologies(arguments in defence of Christianity) | ||||||
XVII | 2072 | 250 | fragment of an apology | Papyrology Rooms Sackler Library |
Oxford | UK |
Homilies(short sermons) | ||||||
XIII | 1601 | 400 | homily about spiritual warfare | Ambrose SwaseyLibrary Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School |
Rochester New York |
U.S. |
XIII | 1602 | 400 | homily to monks (vellum) | University Library State University of Ghent |
Ghent | Belgium |
XIII | 1603 | 500 | homily about women | John Rylands University Library Inv R. 55247 |
Manchester | UK |
XV | 1785 | 450 | collection of homilies [?] | Papyrology Room Ashmolean Museum |
Oxford | UK |
XVII | 2073 | 375 | fragment of a homily and other text |
Papyrology Rooms Sackler Library |
Oxford | UK |
Liturgical texts(protocols for Christian meetings) | ||||||
XVII | 2068 | 350 | liturgical [?] fragments | Papyrology Rooms Sackler Library |
Oxford | UK |
III | 407 | 300 | Christian prayer | Department of Manuscripts British Library |
London | UK |
XV | 1786 | 275 | Christian hymn with musical notation |
Papyrology Rooms Sackler Library |
Oxford | UK |
Hagiographies(biographies of saints) | ||||||
L | 3529 | 350 | martyrdomof Dioscorus | Papyrology Room Ashmolean Museum |
Oxford | UK |
Libelli(certificates of pagan sacrifice) | ||||||
LVIII | 3929 | 250 | libellusfrom between 25 June and 24 July 250 |
Papyrology Room Ashmolean Museum |
Oxford | UK |
IV | 658 | 250 | libellusfrom the year 250 | Beinecke Library Yale University |
New Haven Connecticut |
U.S. |
XII | 1464 | 250 | libellus27 June 250 | Department of Manuscripts British Library |
London | UK |
XLI | 2990 | 250 | libellusfrom the 3rd century | Papyrology Rooms Sackler Library |
Oxford | UK |
Other documentary texts | ||||||
XLII | 3035 | 256 | warrantto arrest a Christian 28 February 256 |
Papyrology Room Ashmolean Museum |
Oxford | UK |
Other fragments | ||||||
I | 5 | 300 | early Christian fragment | Bodleian Library Ms. Gr. Th. f 9 (P) |
Oxford | UK |
See also[edit]
- Herculaneum papyri
- List of early Christian writers
- List of Egyptian papyri by date
- List of New Testament minuscules
- List of New Testament papyri
- List of New Testament uncials
- Novum Testamentum Graece
- Palaeography
- Papyrology
- Tanakh at Qumran
- Textual criticism
- The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus
- Zooniverse - Ancient Lives
- Serapeum of Alexandria
References[edit]
- ^Professor Nickolaos Gonis from University College London, ina filmfrom the British Arts and Humanities Research Council on Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project.
- ^World ArchaeologyIssue 36,7 July 2009
- ^Search by table of contents;"Oxyrhynchus Online Image Database".Imaging Papyri Project.Retrieved25 May2007.A listing of what each fragment contains.
- ^Jarus, Owen.Live Science.16 April 2014.
- ^Sharpe, Emily.Armchair archaeologists reveal details of life in ancient Egypt.The Art Newspaper. 29 February 2016.
- ^Rathbone, Dominic.Documentaryof an event organised by the Hellenic Society in association with the Roman Society and the Egypt Exploration Society. 28 April 2012.
- ^Brewster, Ethel H. (1927)."A Weaver of Oxyrhynchus: Sketch of a Humble Life in Roman Egypt".Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association.58:132–154.doi:10.2307/282908.JSTOR282908.
- ^Grenfell, Bernard P.; Hunt, Arthur S. (1906)."Papyrus Cattaoui".Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete.3(1).doi:10.1515/apf.1906.3.1.55.ISSN0066-6459.S2CID202510388.
- ^Bernard P. Grenhell and Arthur S. Hunt (1899).The Oxyrhynchus Papyri part 2.p. 305.
- ^The Oxyrhynchus papyri.London: Egypt Exploration Fund. 1898.
- ^Bernard P. Grenhell and Arthur S. Hunt (1899).The Oxyrhynchus Papyri part 2.
- ^The Oxyrhynchus papyri.London: Egypt Exploration Fund. 1898. pp. 79–81.
- ^Bernard Pyne Grenfell; Arthur Surridge Hunt (1898)."The Oxyrhynchus papyri".p. 187.
- ^e.g.Goligher, W. A. (1908)."The New Greek Historical Fragment Attributed to Theopompus or Cratippus".English Historical Review.23(90). Oxford University Press: 277–283.doi:10.1093/ehr/xxiii.xc.277.JSTOR550009.
- ^Harding, Philipp (1987). "The Authorship of the Hellenika Oxyrhynchia".The Ancient History Bulletin.1:101–104.ISSN0835-3638.
- ^Meister, Klaus (2003). "Oxyrhynchus, the historian from". InHornblower, Simon;Spawforth Antony (eds.).Oxford Classical Dictionary.New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-866172-X.
- ^Westlake, H. D. (1960). "Review ofHellenica Oxyrhynchiaby Vittorio Bartoletti ".The Classical Review.New Series.10(3).Cambridge University Press:209–210.doi:10.1017/s0009840x00165448.JSTOR706964.S2CID162707716.
- ^abBill Casselman."One of the Oldest Extant Diagrams from Euclid".University of British Columbia.Retrieved2008-09-26.
- ^Thomas Little Heath (1921)."A history of Greek mathematics".Oxford, The Clarendon Press.
- ^West, M. L. (1994).Ancient Greek Music.Oxford, England: Clarendon Press at the Oxford University Press. p. 281.ISBN978-0198149750.Retrieved7 June2017.
- ^Sophocles'Ichneutaewas adapted, in 1988, into a play entitledThe Trackers of Oxyrhynchus,by British poet and authorTony Harrison,featuring Grenfell and Hunt as main characters.
- ^Eberhard Nestle,Erwin Nestle,Barbara Aland andKurt Aland(eds),Novum Testamentum Graece,27th edition, (Stuttgart:Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft,2001).
- ^Philip W Comfort and David P Barrett.The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts.Wheaton, Illinois:Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated,2001.
- ^Wallace, Daniel B. (4 September 2023).""Sayings of Jesus" papyrus (P.Oxy. 5575) now published ".Daniel B. Wallace.
- ^Kirby, Peter."The Gospel of Thomas",Early Christian Writings.Retrieved June 30, 2007.
- ^Barbantani, Silvia. "Review: Gonis (N.), Obbink (D.) [et al.] (edd., trans.)The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Volume LXIX. (Graeco-Roman Memoirs 89.)"(2007)The Classical Review,57:1 p.66Cambridge University Pressdoi:10.1017/S0009840X06003209
External links[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri(1898 publication by S.H. Hunt)
- Oxford University:Oxyrhynchus Papyri Project
- Oxyrhynchus Online
- Table of Contents.The Oxyrhynchus Papyri.
- Trismegistos.orgOnline database of ancient manuscripts.
- GPBC:Gazetteer of Papyri in British Collections
- The Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri.P. Oxy.: The Oxyrhynchus Papyri.
- Wieland WillkerComplete List of Greek NT Papyri
- The papyri on line
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. I,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt at theInternet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. II,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. III,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. III,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Digitized by Cornell University Library Digital Collections
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IV,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. V,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VI,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VII,edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VIII,edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IX,edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Digitized byCornell University Library Digital CollectionsISBN978-1-4297-3971-9
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XI,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XII,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIII,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIV,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XV,edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt at the Internet Archive
- The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. I - XV(single indexed PDF file)