Paragoge

Paragoge(/ˌpærəˈɡoʊdʒi/) is the addition of a sound to the end of a word. It is a type ofvowel epenthesis.^{[citation needed]}

Paragoge is most often linked with thenativizationofloanwords.It is particularly common inBrazilian Portuguese,not only in loanwords but also in word derivation. It is also present in the accents of many Brazilians while speaking foreign languages such asEnglish.^[1]

Some languages have undergone paragoge as asound change,and modern forms are longer than the historical forms they are derived from. Italiansono'I am', from Latinsum,is an example. Sometimes, as above, the paragogic vowel is anecho vowel,such asProto-Oceanic*saqat"bad" >Uneapazaɣata.

Etymology

The wordparagogeis taken fromGreek:παραγωγή'deviation; language alteration': from παρα-prefixpara-'beside' and ἀγωγήagogē'bringing in'.^{[citation needed]}

In loanwords

Some languages add a sound to the end of aloanwordwhen it would otherwise end in a forbidden sound. Some languages add a grammatical ending to the end of a loanword to make itdeclinable.

Examples

Englishrack→Finnishräkki;
Englishgal→Japaneseギャル(gyaru);
Englishgolf→Portuguesegolfe

Grammatical endings

Englishcomputer→Latviankompjūters;
Ottoman Turkishراقى(rakı) >South Slavicrakia;
Englishchips→Polishchipsy(alt.czipsy) — the -yis added to make it a regular plural in Polish due to declension (the word turns intodouble plural);
Polishpierogi(pl.)→Englishpierogis— the -sis added to indicate plurality, due to the common misconception thatpierogiis a singular form (double plural).

In inherited words

Paragoge can occur in the inherited words of a language as well. This is the case with many words inRomance languagesandAustronesian languages.

Examples

Latinsunt→Italiansono
Latinfine→Catalanfins
Proto-Oceanic*saqat"bad" →*saqati→Tamambosati
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian*bayaD"pay" →Proto-South Sulawesi*bayar→Makassaresebáyaraʔ
Proto-Austronesian*bəsuʀ"satiated" →Proto-Malayo-Polynesian*bəsuʀ→Proto-South Sulawesi*bəssuʀ→Makassaresebássoroʔ

References

^Major, Roy C. (June 1986). "Paragoge and degree of foreign accent in Brazilian English".Second Language Research.2(1): 53–71.doi:10.1177/026765838600200104.S2CID 143765687.

Sources

Crowley, Terry (1997):An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
Sorbet, Piotr (2019): "El mecanismo de paragoge". In: LÓPEZ GONZÁLEZ, Antonio María, KOBYŁECKA-PIWOŃSKA, Ewa, KŁOSIŃSKA-NACHIN, Agnieszka, BARAN, Marek (eds.):Voces dialogantes,Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 375-384.

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[1] Major, Roy C. (June 1986). "Paragoge and degree of foreign accent in Brazilian English".Second Language Research.2(1): 53–71.doi:10.1177/026765838600200104.S2CID 143765687.

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