Suicide attempt
| Suicide |
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Asuicide attemptis an act in which an individual tries tokill themselvesbut survives.[1][2]Mental health professionals discourage describing suicide attempts as "failed" or "unsuccessful", as doing so may imply that a suicide resulting in death is a successful or desirable outcome.[3][4][5][6]
Epidemiology
[edit] | The examples and perspective in this sectionmay not represent aworldwide viewof the subject.(August 2021) |
In theUnited States,theNational Institute of Mental Healthreports there are 11 nonfatal suicide attempts for every suicide death.[7]TheAmerican Association of Suicidologyreports higher numbers, stating that there are 25 suicide attempts for every suicide completion.[8]The ratio of suicide attempts to suicide death is about 25:1 in youths, compared to about 4:1 in elderly.[9]A 2008 review found that nonfatal self-injury is more common in women,[10]and a separate study from 2008/2009 found suicidal thoughts higher among females, as well as significant differences between genders for suicide planning and suicide attempts.[11]
Suicide attempts are more common among adolescents in developing countries than developed ones. A 12-month prevalence of suicide attempt in developing countries between 2003 and 2015 was reported as 17%.[12]
Parasuicide and self-injury
[edit]![[icon]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg&t=vi){kind=small} | This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(December 2016) |
Without commonly agreed-upon operational definitions, somesuicidologyresearchers regard many suicide attempts as parasuicide (para- meaning near)[13]orself harmbehavior, rather than "true" suicide attempts, as in lacking suicidal intent.
Methods
[edit]Somesuicide methodshave higher rates oflethalitythan others. The use of firearms results in death 90% of the time. Wrist-slashing has a much lower lethality rate, comparatively. 75% of all suicide attempts are by drug overdose, a method that is often thwarted because the drug is nonlethal, or is used at a nonlethal dosage. These people survive 97% of the time.[14]
Repetition
[edit]A nonfatal suicide attempt is the strongest known clinical predictor of eventual suicide.[15]Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population.[16]However, it is estimated that only about 10–15% of suicide attempt survivors eventually die by suicide.[17]The mortality risk is highest during the first months and years after the attempt: almost 1% of individuals who attempt suicide will die by suicide if the attempt is repeated within one year.[18]Recent meta-analytic evidence suggests that the association between suicide attempt and suicidal death may not be as strong as it was thought before.[19]
Outcomes
[edit]Suicide attempts can result in serious and permanent injuries and/or disabilities. At least 700,000 Americans survive a suicide attempt each year. People who attempt either hanging or carbon monoxide poisoning and survive can face permanent brain damage due tocerebral anoxia.People who take a drug overdose and survive can face severe organ damage (e.g.,liver failure). Individuals who jump from a height and survive may face irreversible damage to multiple organs, as well as the spine and brain.
While a majority sustain injuries that allow them to be released followingemergency roomtreatment, a significant minority—about 116,000—are hospitalized, of whom 110,000 are eventually discharged alive. Their average hospital stay is 79 days. Some 89,000, 17% of these people, are permanently disabled.[20]
Criminalization of attempted suicide
[edit] | This article needs to beupdated.(January 2014) |
Historically in the Christian church, people who attempted suicide wereexcommunicatedbecause of the religiously polarizing nature of the topic.[21]While previously criminally punishable, attempted suicide is no longer illegal in most Western countries. It remains a criminal offense in most Islamic countries.[22]In the late 19th century in Great Britain, attempted suicide was deemed to be equivalent toattempted murderand could be punished by hanging.[23]In the United States, suicide is not illegal and almost no country in Europe currently considers attempted suicide to be a crime.[21]
In India, attempted suicide was decriminalized by theMental Healthcare Act, 2017,[24][25]while Singapore removed attempted suicide from their criminal code in 2020;[26]previously it had been punishable by up to one-year in prison.[27]
Many other countriesstill prosecute suicide attempts.[28]As of 2012, attempted suicide is a criminal offense inUganda,[29]and as of 2013, it is criminalized inGhana.[30]
Despite having its own laws,Marylandstill reserves the right to prosecute people under the EnglishCommon lawsthat were in place when America declared independence in 1776. These laws were used to convict a man for attempted suicide in 2018, resulting in a three-year suspended sentence and two years of supervised probation.[31][32][33]
See also
[edit]- International Survivors of Suicide Loss Day
- Mental health first aid
- Suicidal ideation
- Suicide crisis
- World Suicide Prevention Day
References
[edit]- ^Danuta Wasserman(2016).Suicide: An unnecessary death.Oxford University Press.p. 63.ISBN978-0-19-102684-3.RetrievedSeptember 27,2017.
- ^"Facts About Suicide".7 September 2021.
- ^Rory C. O'Connor; Jane Pirkis (2016).The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention.John Wiley & Sons.pp. 13–14.ISBN978-1-118-90323-0.RetrievedSeptember 27,2017.
- ^Sommer-Rotenberg, D (1998)."Suicide and language".Canadian Medical Association Journal.159(3): 239–240.PMC1229556.PMID9724978.
- ^Beaton, Susan (2013)."Suicide and language: Why we shouldn't use the 'C' word".Australian Psychological Society.Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2021.
- ^Silverman, M. M. (2006). "The language of suicidology".Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior.36(5): 519–532.doi:10.1521/suli.2006.36.5.519.PMID17087631.
- ^Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS):https:// cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars
- ^USA suicide 2006 Official final data: JL McIntosh for the American Association of Suicidology 2009. Many figures there taken from Reducing suicide: a national imperative, Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE, editors.
- ^"Suicide Statistics — AFSP".American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.Archived fromthe originalon 2 September 2016.Retrieved3 September2016.
- ^Nock, M. K.; Borges, G.; Bromet, E. J.; Cha, C. B.; Kessler, R. C.; Lee, S. (14 May 2008)."Suicide and Suicidal Behavior".Epidemiologic Reviews.30(1): 133–154.doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn002.PMC2576496.PMID18653727.
- ^Crosby, AE; Han, B; Ortega, LA; Parks, SE; Gfroerer, J; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC). (21 October 2011). "Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged ≥18 years--United States, 2008-2009".MMWR. Surveillance Summaries.60(13): 1–22.PMID22012169.
- ^Uddin, R; Burton, NW; Maple, M; Khan, SR; Khan, A (2019). "Suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts among adolescents in 59 low-income and middle-income countries: a population-based study".The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health.3(4): 223–233.doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30403-6.hdl:10072/387579.PMID30878117.S2CID81982117.
- ^"para- - Wiktionary".Wiktionary.RetrievedAugust 18,2020.
- ^Schwartz, Allan N. (Apr 12, 2007),Guns and Suicide
- ^Harris EC, Barraclough B: Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170:205–228
- ^Owens D, Horrocks J, House A: Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181:193–199
- ^Suominen et al. (2004). Completed Suicide After a Suicide Attempt: A 37-Year Follow-Up Study. Am J Psychiatry, 161, 563–564.
- ^Hawton K, Catalan J. Attempted suicide: a practical guide to its nature and management, 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.
- ^Ribeiro, JD; Franklin, JC; Fox, KR; Bentley, KH; Kleiman, EM; Chang, BP; Nock, MK (2016)."Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation, attempts, and death: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies".Psychological Medicine.46(2): 225–236.doi:10.1017/S0033291715001804.PMC4774896.PMID26370729.
- ^Stone, Geo (September 1, 2001).Suicide and Attempted Suicide.Da Capo Press.ISBN978-0-7867-0940-3.
- ^abMcLaughlin, Columba (2007).Suicide-related behaviour understanding, caring and therapeutic responses.Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 24.ISBN978-0-470-51241-8.
- ^Aggarwal, N (2009). "Rethinking suicide bombing".Crisis.30(2): 94–7.doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94.PMID19525169.
- ^"When suicide was illegal".BBC News.2011-08-03.Retrieved2021-12-08.
- ^Jain, Bharti (11 December 2014)."Government decriminalizes attempt to commit suicide, removes section 309".The Times of India.Archivedfrom the original on 8 January 2021.
- ^"Govt decides to repeal Section 309 from IPC; attempt to suicide no longer a crime".2014-12-10.
- ^Ng, Charmaine (27 December 2019)."Watch that cigarette butt and BBQ embers - firestarters to feel more heat from the law from Jan 1".The Straits Times.Retrieved31 December2019.
- ^Singapore Penal Code(Cap 224, Rev Ed 2008), s 309
- ^Mishara, BL; Weisstub, DN (2016). "The legal status of suicide: a global review".International Journal of Law and Psychiatry.44:54–74.doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.032.PMID26375452.S2CID205283662.
- ^Hjelmeland, Heidi; Kinyanda, Eugene; Knizek, Birthe Loa (2012). "Mental health workers' views on the criminalization of suicidal behaviour in Uganda".Medicine, Science and the Law.52(3): 148–151.doi:10.1258/msl.2012.011107.PMID22528562.S2CID7820312.
- ^Hjelmeland, H; Osafo, J; Akotia, C. S.; Knizek, B. L. (2014). "The law criminalizing attempted suicide in Ghana: The views of clinical psychologists, emergency ward nurses, and police officers".Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention.35(2): 132–36.doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000235.PMID24197485.
- ^Andrews, Abby (March 1, 2018)."Rare attempted suicide charge goes through Caroline court".Kent County News.Archivedfrom the original on December 2, 2020.
- ^Dufour, Christine B. (March 7, 2018)."Attempted suicide likely not a crime".The Star Democrat.Archived from the original on August 24, 2021.RetrievedAugust 24,2021.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^Fenton, Justine (February 23, 2018)."Attempting suicide is not a crime under Maryland law. But an Eastern Shore man was convicted of it".The Baltimore Sun.Archivedfrom the original on June 24, 2021.