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Park Avenue

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This article is about the avenue in Manhattan and the Bronx. For other uses, seePark Avenue (disambiguation).
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Park Avenue
Fourth Avenue, Union Square East, Park Avenue South
Looking south from52nd Street,facing theMetLife BuildingandHelmsley Buildingin the background withSt. Bartholomew's Episcopal ChurchandWaldorf Astoria New Yorkto the left
Former name(s)Fourth Avenue
Namesaketracks between 34th and 40th Streets which were covered in grass[1]
OwnerCity of New York
Maintained byNYCDOT
Length10.9 mi (17.5 km)[2][3][4]
LocationManhattanandThe Bronx,New York City
South endAstor PlaceinCooper Square
Major
junctions		Park Avenue TunnelandViaductinEast Midtown
Harlem River DriveinEast Harlem
North endThird AvenueinFordham
EastLe xing ton Avenue
WestMadison Avenue
Construction
CommissionedMarch 1811

Park Avenueis aboulevardinNew York City[5]that carries north and southbound traffic in theboroughsofManhattanandthe Bronx.For most of the road's length in Manhattan, it runs parallel toMadison Avenueto the west andLe xing ton Avenueto the east. Park Avenue's entire length was formerly calledFourth Avenue;the title still applies to the section betweenCooper Squareand14th Street.[6]The avenue is calledUnion Square Eastbetween 14th and17th Streets,andPark Avenue Southbetween 17th and32nd Streets.

History[edit]

Park Avenue on theUpper East Side
The railroad tunnel in 1941

Early years and railroad construction[edit]

Because of its designation as the widest avenue on Manhattan's East Side, Park Avenue originally carried the tracks of theNew York and Harlem Railroadbuilt in the 1830s, just a few years after the adoption of theManhattan street grid.[7]The railroad'sright-of-wayat ground level forced foot and carriage traffic onto either side of the tracks. Later on, the railroad was run through anopen cut tunnelunderMurray Hill,which was then covered with grates and grass between 34th and 40th Street in the early 1850s. A section of this "park" was later renamed Park Avenue in 1860.[8]Park Avenue's original southern terminus was at 34th Street, and the newly renamed Park Avenue was given its own house-numbering system separate from that of Fourth Avenue. The address 1 Park Avenue was assigned to a house at 101 East 34th Street, at the northeast corner of Park Avenue and 34th Street.[9]

The Harlem Railroad was later incorporated into theNew York Central Railroad,and a terminal for the New York Central at 42nd Street, theGrand Central Depot,opened in 1871.[10]: 3 But the tracks laid to the new terminal proved problematic. There were originally no grade-separated crossings of the railroads between 42nd and 59th Streets.[11]As such, they required railroad crossings along Fourth Avenue, which resulted in frequent accidents; seven people died within 12 days of the Hudson River Railroad's move to Grand Central.[12]

In 1872, shortly after the opening of Grand Central Depot, New York Central ownerCornelius Vanderbiltproposed the Fourth Avenue Improvement Project.[10]The tracks between 48th and 56th Streets were to be moved into a shallowopen cut,[13]while the segment between 56th and 97th Streets, which was in a rock cut, would be covered over.[10][a]After the improvements were completed in 1874, the railroads, approaching Grand Central Depot from the north, descended into thePark Avenue Tunnelat 96th Street and continued underground into the new depot.[10]As part of the project, Fourth Avenue was transformed into a boulevard with a median strip that covered the railroad's ventilation grates.[15][16][10]: 4 Eight footbridges crossed the tracks between 45th and 56th Streets, and there were also vehicular overpasses at 45th and 48th Streets.[10]: 4 The boulevard north of Grand Central was renamed Park Avenue in 1888.[17]

Grand Central and Terminal City[edit]

A fatal collision between two trains occurred under Park Avenue in 1902, in part because the smoke coming from the steam trains obscured the signals.[18][19]The New York state legislature subsequently passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan.[20]By December 1902, as part of an agreement with the city, New York Central agreed to put the approach to Grand Central Station from 46th to 59th Streets in an open cut under Park Avenue, and to upgrade the tracks to accommodate electric trains. Overpasses would be built across the open cut at most of the cross-streets.[21]The new electric-train terminal,Grand Central Terminal,was opened in 1913.[22]

After the electric trains were buried underground, the area around Park Avenue in the vicinity of Grand Central was developed into several blocks worth of prime real estate calledTerminal City.Stretching from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Le xing ton Avenues, it came to include theChrysler Buildingand other prestigious office buildings; luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue; and an array of high-end hotels that included theMarguery,Park Lane, andWaldorf Astoria.[23]In 1929, New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building (now called theHelmsley Building), straddling Park Avenue north of the terminal.[24]

ThePark Avenue Viaductreroutes Park Avenue around Grand Central Terminal between 40th and 46th Streets, allowing Park Avenue traffic to traverse around the building and over 42nd Street without encumbering nearby streets.[25]The western (now southbound) leg of the viaduct was completed in 1919,[26]but congestion developed soon after the viaduct's opening, so an eastern leg for northbound traffic was added in 1928.[25]

Later years[edit]

The developer Henry Mandel acquired the lots on the eastern side of Fourth Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Street in 1923 under the name "One Park Avenue Corporation". To ensure his corporate name was accurate, Mandel asked theNew York City Board of Aldermento move Park Avenue's southern terminus to 32nd Street.[9]The change went into effect on December 1, 1924, and address numbers along Park Avenue were changed accordingly.[27]The previous house numbered 1 Park Avenue was occupied by Martha Bacon, widow of diplomatRobert Bacon,who led the opposition to the renumbering.[28]The Board of Aldermen summarily overturned the name change,[9]but MayorJohn Hylanvetoed the move in April 1925.[29]This prompted Bacon to appeal the decision to theNew York Supreme Court, Appellate Division,which overturned Hylan's veto in November 1927, on the basis that the extension of Park Avenue to 32nd Street had been made for the benefit of a developer.[27][30]Mandel's development at 32nd Street was thus known as 461–477 Fourth Avenue, and the developers of that building sued to reverse the appellate ruling.[9]TheNew York Court of Appeals,the state's highest court, reversed the appellate ruling in February 1928.[31][32]Bacon contemplated bringing up the matter with theUnited States Supreme Court,[33]but she ultimately relented, changing her address to "Park Avenue at 34th" by 1930.[9]

In 1927, the medians on Park Avenue north of Grand Central were trimmed to add one lane of traffic in each direction. This project eliminated the pedestrian path on the medians, as they became much narrower. The median was extended by one block from96th Streetto 97th Street in 1941, creating the only remaining median on Park Avenue with a pedestrian path and seating.[34]In the 1920s the portion of Park Avenue from Grand Central to 96th Street saw extensive apartment building construction. This long stretch of the avenue contains some of the most expensive real estate in the world. Real estate at740 Park Avenue,for example, sells for several thousand dollars per square foot.[35]

In October 1937, a part of theMurray Hill Tunnelwas reopened for road traffic. Efforts to promote a Grand Park Avenue Expressway to Grand Concourse in the Bronx were unsuccessful.[36]

A tradition was introduced in 1945 as a memorial to American soldiers killed in action, wherebyChristmas treesare placed in the median and lit up on the first Sunday in December atBrick Presbyterian Church.[37]On May 5, 1959, theNew York City Councilvoted 20–1 to change the name of Fourth Avenue between 17th and 32nd Streets to Park Avenue South. The renaming, along with a ban on overhanging signs along the newly renamed Park Avenue South, was intended to improve the character of the avenue.[38]Unlike with the earlier renamings of Park Avenue, the address numbers of Park Avenue South continued from those on the remaining section of Fourth Avenue.[9]ThePan Am Building(now MetLife Building), in between the Park Avenue Viaduct's legs north of Grand Central Terminal, was opened in 1963.[39]

In September 2007, theMetro-North Railroadreached an agreement with theNew York City Department of Transportation(NYCDOT) to installpedestrian traffic signalsalong Park Avenue between 46th Street and 56th Street. The two sides had feuded over the issue since 1982, whenPenn Centralcontrolled the Park Avenue Tunnel. In 1997, the NYCDOT commissioner stated that signals would be installed during an upcoming phase of reconstruction in the Grand Central area.[40]The $35 million project, whose cost was split between Metro-North and the city, was approved by the MTA Board later that month. It called for the installation of 12 pedestrian signals and 8 traffic signals at the eleven intersections and the renovation of the sidewalks and streets around Grand Central to prevent rainwater from seeping into the tunnel.[41]Car traffic in this area had been controlled by traffic lights on a pole at each intersection in the middle of the median, instead of the usual four from each direction, resulting in a relatively high rate of pedestrian injuries. Additional traffic lights and pedestrian signals had not been added because this area of Park Avenue was located directly atop the roof of the Park Avenue Tunnel, with the street being 8 inches (20 cm) above the roof in some locations. Because the roof was 18 to 24 inches (46 to 61 cm) thick, there was not enough room to provide a foundation for the traffic poles without puncturing the structure. Due to the high cost of making these upgrades, and the lack of cooperation between theNew York City Department of Transportationand Metro-North, which had opposed any solution that would modify the tunnel roof, the project was delayed for several years.[41][42]The project had been estimated to cost $200,000 per intersection in 1994.[43]As part of the new agreement, Metro-North designed a way to anchor the traffic signals in the deck and tunnel roof.[44]Pedestrian signals and gantry-mounted traffic signals were installed at these intersections in July 2010.[45]

On March 12, 2014, two apartment buildings near116th Street,1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, were destroyed ina gas explosion.Eight people were killed and many others were injured.[46]

Route[edit]

Park Avenue inBelmont, Bronx,nearFordham Plaza.

Manhattan[edit]

"Park Avenue South" redirects here. For the street of the same name in Buffalo, New York, seeSouth Park Avenue.

The road that becomes Park Avenue originates at theBowery.FromCooper Squareat8th StreettoUnion Squareat14th Street,it is known asFourth Avenue,a 70-foot-wide (21 m) road carrying northbound traffic. At 14th Street, it turns slightly northeast to align with other avenues drawn up in theCommissioners' Plan of 1811.From 14th Street to17th Street,it forms the eastern boundary of Union Square and is known asUnion Square East;its southbound lanes merge withBroadwaysouth of 15th Street, and the thoroughfare divides into two distinct portions in the one-block section between 14th and 15th Streets. From 17th Street to32nd Street,it is known asPark Avenue South.[3]Address numbers on Park Avenue South are a continuation of those on Fourth Avenue;[47]for example,225 Park Avenue Southwas originally known as 225 Fourth Avenue.[48]

Above 32nd Street, for the remainder of its distance, it is known as Park Avenue, a 140-foot-wide (43 m) boulevard.[3]The address numbers for Park Avenue are reset above 32nd Street;[47]for example, the address 1 Park Avenue would ordinarily have been numbered 461 Fourth Avenue.[9]Between33rd Streetand40th Street,the leftmost northbound lane descends into theMurray Hill Tunnel.North of 40th Street, the center lanes of Park Avenue rise onto an elevated structure that goes aroundGrand Central Terminaland theMetLife Building(formerly the Pan Am Building), carrying each direction of traffic on opposite sides of the buildings. The bridge, one of two structures in Manhattan known as thePark Avenue Viaduct,returns to ground level at 46th Street after going through theHelmsley Building(also referred to as the New York Central Building or 230 Park Avenue).[3]TheIRT Le xing ton Avenue Lineruns under this portion of the street. Once the line reachesGrand Central–42nd Street,it shifts east toLe xing ton Avenue.

Park Avenue northbound past 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan

As Park Avenue entersMidtownnorth of Grand Central Terminal, it is distinguished by many glass-box skyscrapers that serve as headquarters for corporations and investment banks such asSociété Générale,JPMorgan Chaseat270 Park Avenueand277 Park Avenue,UBSat299 Park Avenue,Citigroupat399 Park Avenue,Colgate-Palmolive,andMetLifeat the MetLife Building.[3]From 47th to 97th Streets, the tracks forMetro-North Railroad'sPark Avenue main linerun in the Park Avenue Tunnel underneath Park Avenue. At 97th Street, the tracks come above ground, rising onto the other Manhattan structure known as the Park Avenue Viaduct. The first street to pass under the viaduct is 102nd Street; from there to theHarlem Riverthe railroad viaduct runs down the middle of Park Avenue. Park Avenue in Manhattan ends north of 132nd Street, with connections to theHarlem River Drive.[3]

The flowers and greenery in the median of Manhattan's Park Avenue are privately maintained, by the Fund for Park Avenue. Thebegoniawas specifically chosen by the Fund's gardeners because there is no automatic watering system and the floral variety is resilient under hot sun rays.[49]

The Bronx[edit]

The avenue is continued on the other side of the river inthe Bronx.In the Bronx, Park Avenue begins at East 135th Street in theMott Havenneighborhood. The entire avenue is divided by Metro-North's own right of way in the borough. Between East 135th Street to East 173rd Street, Park Avenue is one way only in either direction in most sections. North of East 173rd Street it is a two way avenue continuing toFordham Plazawhere it ends.[4]

Businesses[edit]

Park Avenue Viaduct,during the 2008Summer Streetsevent.

The following institutions are either headquartered or have significant business presences on Park Avenue:

Notable structures[edit]

In north-south order:[3]

Transportation[edit]

Rail transit[edit]

Metro-North Railroad'sGrand Central Terminal,serving theHarlem Line,Hudson Line,andNew Haven Line,is at 42nd Street and Park Avenue. The MNR'sPark Avenue main lineruns along Park Avenue in both boroughs betweenGrand CentralandFordham station,with stations in between at125th Street,162nd Street,andTremont Avenue.[50]

TheNew York City Subway's adjacentGrand Central–42nd Street stationserves the4,​5,​6,<6>​,7,<7>​​, andStrains. TheIRT Le xing ton Avenue Lineadditionally runs under Park Avenue and its extensions from 41st to 8th Streets. The33rd Street,28th Street,23rd Street,andAstor Place stationsare served by the6and<6>​ trains, while the14th Street-Union Square stationis served by the4,​5,​6,<6>​,L​,N,​Q,​R,and ​Wtrains.[51]

Bus service[edit]

The southboundM98 Limitedruns on Park Avenue betweenHarlem River Driveand 120th Street, stopping at the Harlem-125th Street station. The northboundM1,M2,andM3serve Park Avenue between 8th Street and 25th Street.[52]The southboundSIM1,SIM3,SIM4,SIM33,X27andX28express bus routes serve Park Avenue during off-peak hours.[53][54]No buses run along Park Avenue in the Bronx, althoughFordham Plaza Bus Terminalis located at the northern end of the road.[55]

In popular culture[edit]

  • The song "Puttin' On the Ritz",from the filmBlue Skies(1946), refers to affluent people strutting "up and down Park Avenue".
  • The 1961 stage and film musicalHow to Succeed in Business Without Really Tryingtakes place in the fictional "Park Avenue office building of World Wide Wicket Company, Inc."
  • The 1936 filmTheodora Goes Wild,the bachelor apartment of Michael Grant is located on Park Avenue.
  • In the intro to the mid 1960s – early 1970s TV showGreen Acres,Eva Gabor's character sings "Darling I love you, but give me Park Avenue!", where she lived before moving to ruralHootervillewith her husband, the lawyer-turned-farmer.[56]
  • In the TV seriesThe Odd Couple,Felix Unger and Oscar Madison live at 1049 Park Avenue.
  • In the 1971 filmCarnal Knowledge,the characters ofJack NicholsonandArt Garfunkelcan be seen walking up Park Avenue, past the crossing with East 52nd Street.
  • In the TV seriesDiff'rent Strokes,Phillip Drummond, with his daughter, Kimberly and adopted sons, Willis and Arnold Jackson live at 697 Park Avenue.
  • In the 1987 novelThe Bonfire of the Vanities,WASP bond trader Sherman McCoy lives in an apartment on Park Avenue, signifying his financial success.
  • In the multi-platinum 1989 hit single "Youth Gone Wild" by American bandSkid Row,Park Avenue is mentioned in the lyrics: "I said 'Hey man, there's something that you oughta know. / I tell ya Park Avenue leads to Skid Row.'"
  • InThe Simpsonsepisode "E-I-E-I-D'oh",Homer is ridiculed by two farmers outside Sneed's Feed & Seed (Formerly Chuck's) for having a" Park Avenue manicure ". Homer responds by saying" I'm sorry, I believe in good grooming ".
  • ThePBSdocumentaryPark Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dreamsheds light on the gap between the impoverished people living on Park Avenue in theSouth Bronxand the extremely wealthy living at740 Park Avenuein Manhattan.
  • General Motors borrowed the name of the street for theBuick Park Avenue,a large luxury sedan that was produced first as the premium trim line for the Buick Electra from 1977 to 1990, and as a standalone model from 1991 to 2005.
  • In the 2017 video gameSonic Forces,one of the main stage takes place on Park Avenue, the stage re-imagined as a war zone.
  • In the second season ofRiverdale,one of the main characters from the show,Veronica Lodgeis said to have lived on Park Avenue when she was back in New York City.
  • In an episode in the second season ofSeinfeld,"The Chinese Restaurant",one character that cuts in front of the main characters Jerry, Elaine, and George at a restaurant in Manhattan is said to live there, implying that he is incredibly wealthy and deserving of the special treatment.
  • In the sixth season ofMad Men,Don Draper's address appears on an envelope as "783 Park Avenue, apt. 17B".
  • In the 2012 filmThe Avengers,the climax takes place on the Park Avenue Viaduct.
  • In the 2020 miniseriesThe Undoing

Gallery[edit]

  • 10 Park Avenue, at the corner of East 34th Street
    10 Park Avenue, at the corner of East 34th Street
  • The Adelaide L. Townsend Douglas House, currently the Guatemalan U.N. Mission at 57 Park Avenue, between East 37th and 38th Streets
    TheAdelaide L. Townsend Douglas House,currently the Guatemalan U.N. Mission at 57 Park Avenue, between East 37th and 38th Streets

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^The line entered fully enclosed brick tunnels between 67th and 71st Streets, and between 80th and 96th Streets. The remainder of this segment was located in a "beam tunnel" structure, which were mostly open-air, except where cross-streets traversed the cut on steel-beam bridges.[14]

Citations

  1. ^Kuban, Adam (February 13, 2013)."Mean Streets: The Stories Behind NYC Street Names".NYCgo.
  2. ^Google(September 10, 2015)."Fourth Avenue and Union Square East"(Map).Google Maps.Google.RetrievedSeptember 10,2015.
  3. ^abcdefgGoogle(September 10, 2015)."Park Avenue (Manhattan)"(Map).Google Maps.Google.RetrievedSeptember 10,2015.
  4. ^abGoogle(September 10, 2015)."Park Avenue (The Bronx)"(Map).Google Maps.Google.RetrievedSeptember 10,2015.
  5. ^Gray, Christopher(May 12, 2002)."Streetscapes:903 Park Avenue, at 79th Street".The New York Times.
  6. ^"NYCityMap".NYC.gov.
  7. ^Gray, Christopher(March 3, 2013)."Before There Was a 'Grand' in Central".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 15,2015.
  8. ^Gray, Christopher(July 24, 2011)."Putting the Park in Park Avenue".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 15,2015.
  9. ^abcdefgGray, Christopher (November 7, 2008)."History Lessons by the Numbers".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  10. ^abcdefFitch, James Marston; Waite, Diana S. (1974).Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance.Albany, New York: The Division.
  11. ^"THE RAILROAD TRAP.; Another Day's Scenes at the Grand Central Depot".The New York Times.November 18, 1871.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  12. ^"RAILROAD ABUSES.; Official Investigation into the Grand Central Depot Nuisance. Scenes and Incidents at the Crossings Yesterday.Search for the Missing Dead Only One Out of the Seven Said to be Killed Yet Found The Coroners and the PoliceUtterly in the Dark. The Dangers that Centre Around the New Vanderbilt Depot What the Officials Say Minor Inconveniences".The New York Times.October 1, 2018.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  13. ^"The State Capital; Rapid Transit of Railroad Bills in the Assembly".New York Herald.April 24, 1872. p. 13.RetrievedDecember 6,2018– via newspapers.Open access icon
  14. ^Robins, A.W.; New York Transit Museum (2013).Grand Central Terminal: 100 Years of a New York Landmark.ABRAMS. p. 85.ISBN978-1-61312-387-4.RetrievedDecember 6,2018.
  15. ^Reitano, J. (2018).The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present.Taylor & Francis. p. 278.ISBN978-1-134-81048-2.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  16. ^"Grand Central Terminal".East Side Access in New York, Queens, and Bronx Counties, New York, and Nassau and Suffolk Counties, New York: Environmental Impact Statement.2001. p. 3.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  17. ^Gray, Christopher(March 17, 2002)."Streetscapes: 709 and 711 Park Avenue, Between 69th and 70th Streets; When Park Ave. Was 4th, and Not Socially Correct".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 15,2015.
  18. ^"FIFTEEN KILLED IN REAR END COLLISION; Trains Crash in Darkness of Park Avenue Tunnel. TWO SCORE ARE INJURED Engineer Disregards or Fails to See Signals. LOCOMOTIVE BURIED IN CAR Firemen Cut Their Way Into the Wreck and Climb Over the Hot Boiler to the Aid of the Wounded – Heroic Acts of Rescuers and Rescued – Survivors and Others Tell Thrilling Stories of Their Experiences".The New York Times.January 9, 1902.RetrievedDecember 10,2018.
  19. ^"Fifteen Killed, Thirty-Six Hurt".New-York Tribune.January 9, 1902. p. 1.RetrievedDecember 10,2018– via newspapers.Open access icon
  20. ^Sprague, J. L.; Cunningham, J. J. (2013). "A Frank Sprague Triumph: The Electrification of Grand Central Terminal [History]".IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.11(1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 58–76.doi:10.1109/mpe.2012.2222293.ISSN1540-7977.S2CID6729668.
  21. ^"NEW YORK CENTRAL TO ACCEPT CITY'S PLANS; Station, Tunnel, and Other Improvements to Cost $25,000,000. Park Avenue to be Opened, Bridges Built at Cross Streets, Electricity Introduced, and Grade Crossings Abolished".The New York Times.December 27, 1902.RetrievedDecember 10,2018.
  22. ^Maranzani, Barbara."Grand Central Terminal: An American Icon".History.RetrievedFebruary 2,2018.
  23. ^Gray, Christopher (August 19, 2010)."Covering Its Tracks Paid Off Handsomely".The New York Times.RetrievedDecember 10,2018.
  24. ^"Park Avenue, Interrupted".The New York Times.December 21, 2014.RetrievedDecember 8,2018.
  25. ^ab"New Viaduct Thoroughfare Relieves Park Avenue Traffic Congestion; Result of Many Years' Work"(PDF).The New York Times.September 2, 1928. p. Real Estate, Page 123.RetrievedDecember 7,2018.
  26. ^"Link Up Park Av. to Ease Congestion".The New York Times.April 17, 1919.RetrievedDecember 7,2018.
  27. ^ab"Appellate Court Scores Officials in Park Ave. Suit".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.November 4, 1927. p. 24.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  28. ^"Number One Park Avenue".The New York Times.February 10, 1925.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  29. ^"Hylan Veto Halts Park Ave. Change".The Yonkers Herald.April 23, 1925. p. 8.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  30. ^"Bacon's Widow Blocks Trade on Park Avenue".Press and Sun-Bulletin.November 5, 1927. p. 16.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  31. ^"Mrs. Bacon's Long Fight to Retain '1 Park Ave.' as Address Is Finally Lost".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.February 19, 1928. p. 7.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  32. ^"Mrs. Bacon Loses Fight for No. 1 Park Avenue; Appeals Court Upholds Renumbering by City".The New York Times.February 15, 1928.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  33. ^"Mrs. Bacon May Fight On; Reported Ready to Take No. 1 Park Avenue Battle to Supreme Court".The New York Times.February 16, 1928.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  34. ^Kadinsky, Sergey (October 24, 2017)."Park Avenue's Hidden History".Forgotten-NY.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
  35. ^Rogers, Teri Karush (October 9, 2005)."Peeking Behind the Gilded Walls of 740 Park Ave".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 15,2007.
  36. ^"Park Avenue Express Highway (NY 22, unbuilt)".Nycroads. February 14, 1935.RetrievedOctober 8,2012.
  37. ^Kilgannon, Corey (December 3, 2010)."Park Ave. Christmas Lights Go Up, and Xiao Ye Closes".The New York Times.
  38. ^Bennett, Charles G. (May 6, 1959)."Sign Ban Is Voted on Two Avenues".The New York Times.p. 41.RetrievedJuly 31,2010.
  39. ^Gray, Christopher (October 7, 2001)."Streetscapes/The MetLife Building, Originally the Pan Am Building; Critics Once Called It Ugly; Now They're Not Sure".The New York Times.RetrievedSeptember 30,2015.
  40. ^Stamler, Bernard (November 16, 1997)."Neighborhood Report: East Side; The Mystery of Missing Park Ave. Lights".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2022.RetrievedOctober 3,2019.
  41. ^abNeuman, William (September 22, 2007)."It's a Deal: Help for Park Ave. Pedestrians".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2022.RetrievedOctober 3,2019.
  42. ^Upham, Ben (December 17, 2000)."Neighborhood Report: Midtown; For Jaywalkers Who Dare, A Scary Stretch of Park Avenue".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on May 27, 2015.RetrievedOctober 3,2019.
  43. ^Lambert, Bruce (September 11, 1994)."Neighborhood Report: Midtown; Pushing to Make Park Avenue Safer".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on May 26, 2015.RetrievedOctober 3,2019.
  44. ^Pollak, Michael (September 24, 2006)."Unwelcome and Uncounted".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2022.RetrievedOctober 3,2019.
  45. ^Goodman, Jillian; Rovzar, Chris (July 7, 2010),"City Finally Installs Crossing Signals on Park Avenue Above Grand Central",New York,retrievedFebruary 24,2012
  46. ^Santora, Marc & Rashbaum, William K. (March 13, 2014)."Rescue Effort in East Harlem Yields Only More Victims".New York Times.RetrievedMarch 13,2014.
  47. ^ab"NYCityMap".NYC.gov.New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications.RetrievedMarch 20,2020.
  48. ^Records & Briefs New York State Appellate Division.p. 7.RetrievedJuly 20,2021.
  49. ^Pollak, Michael (July 16, 2006)."Why Yellow Takes the Wheel".The New York Times.RetrievedJuly 31,2010.
  50. ^"MNR Map".Metropolitan Transportation Authority.RetrievedFebruary 2,2019.
  51. ^"Subway Map"(PDF).Metropolitan Transportation Authority.September 2021.RetrievedSeptember 17,2021.
  52. ^"Manhattan Bus Map"(PDF).Metropolitan Transportation Authority.July 2019.RetrievedDecember 1,2020.
  53. ^"Staten Island Bus Service"(PDF).Metropolitan Transportation Authority.January 2020.RetrievedDecember 1,2020.
  54. ^"Brooklyn Bus Service"(PDF).Metropolitan Transportation Authority.October 2020.RetrievedDecember 1,2020.
  55. ^"Bronx Bus Map"(PDF).Metropolitan Transportation Authority.October 2018.RetrievedDecember 1,2020.
  56. ^Green Acres Intro,archivedfrom the original on November 17, 2021,retrievedNovember 27,2019

Further reading

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toPark Avenue.


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