Parya language
| Parya | |
|---|---|
| Парйа | |
| Native to | Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,Afghanistan |
| Region | Gissar Valley,Surkhandarya basin |
Native speakers | 2,600 (2008–2017)[1] Tajikistan: 1,600 (2017)[1] Uzbekistan: 1,000 (2008)[1] Afghanistan: Extinct (no date)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | paq |
| Glottolog | pary1242 |
| ELP | Parya |
Parya(Tajik Alpha bet:Парйа) is an isolatedCentral Indo-Aryanlanguage spoken in the border region betweenTajikistanandUzbekistan.There are several thousand speakers worldwide.
Classification and Status
[edit]Parya is classified as aCentral Zone[2]language in theIndo-Aryanlanguage family.[3]
Tajuzbeki (or Tadj-Uzbeki) was an alternative name coined by Bholanath Tiwari for the same language.[4]Much of the academic research in documenting and characterizing Parya was done by prominentSovietlinguistI. M. Oranski.The language may also be referred to as Afgana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, or Pbharya.[1]
SIL estimates that there may be between 2,500 and 7,500 speakers.[5][6]
The language is not officially recognized or used in schools[7]and is categorized as severely endangered.[8]
Speakers of Parya
[edit]Parya is spoken in theHissor Valleyof Tajikistan, west of Dushanbe, and the adjacentSurkhondaryo basinof Uzbekistan, including the towns ofHisor,Shahrinav,Regar/Tursunzoda,Surchi, Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism.
The language is mostly spoken with one's family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.[9]
Parya speakers tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,[10]but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.[1]
The Tajik language has increasingly influenced the Parya language.[11]
Phonology
[edit]| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar- Palatal |
Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | ||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t̪ | t͡ʃ | ʈ | k | q | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | t͡ʃʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | b | d̪ | d͡ʒ | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ||||
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||||
| Approximant | ɾl | j | ɽ | ɦ | |||||
Grammar
[edit]Vigesimal counting
[edit]Parya employs somevigesimalnumeral counting patterns.[12][13]
| English | Parya | Hindi | Cognate Hindi words |
|---|---|---|---|
| one | yek | ek | |
| two | du | do | |
| three | tin | tīn | |
| four | char | cār | |
| five | panj | pāñc | |
| ten | dus | das | |
| twenty | bis | bīs | |
| seventy | sare tin bisi | sattar | sāṛhe tīn = three and a half; bīs = twenty |
| ninety | sare char bisi | nabbe | sāṛhe cār = four and a half; bīs = twenty |
References
[edit]- ^abcdefParyaatEthnologue(25th ed., 2022)
- ^"Did you know Parya is threatened?".Endangered Languages.Retrieved2017-03-10.
- ^Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010)."Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan".RetrievedOctober 10,2020.
- ^abTiwari, Bholanath (1970).Tajuzbeki.National Publishing House.
- ^Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010)."Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan".RetrievedMarch 10,2017.
- ^Brenzinger, Matthias (2007-01-01).Language Diversity Endangered.Walter de Gruyter.ISBN9783110170504.
- ^Clifton, John (2010)."Stable Multilingualism in Tajikistan".CLS 46-2: The parasessions.Chicago Linguistic Society. pp. 17–25.
- ^ChartsBin."Number of Endangered Languages by Country".ChartsBin.Retrieved2017-03-10.
- ^"Did you know Parya is threatened?".Endangered Languages.Retrieved2017-03-10.
- ^Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010)."Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan".RetrievedMarch 6,2021.
- ^Moseley, Christopher (2010-01-01).Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.UNESCO.ISBN9789231040962.
- ^Jadranka Gvozdanović, "Numeral types and changes worldwide", Walter de Gruyter, 1999;ISBN3-11-016113-3,ISBN978-3-11-016113-7
- ^Iosef Mikhailovich Oranski, "Dva indoariyski dialekta iz Srednei Azii", Indiyskaya i Iranskaya Filologiya; Institut Narodov Azii, Nauka, 1964.
External links
[edit]- The Indo-Aryan languages - a tour
- Parya numeralsat theWayback Machine(archived 2021-01-16)