Pashayi languages

Pashayi
Pashayi
Pashai
زبان پشهای; Zabân Pašhây
	Pashayi inNastaliq
Native to	Afghanistan
Ethnicity	Pashayi people
Native speakers	400,000 (2000–2011)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Pashayi; ; ; ;
Writing system	Persian Alpha bet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; aee– Northeastern; glh– Northwestern; psi– Southeastern; psh– Southwestern
Glottolog	pash1270
Linguasphere	59-AAA-a
	Linguistic map ofAfghanistan;Pashayi is spoken in the purple area in the east.

PashayiorPashai(پشه اې ژبه) is a group ofIndo-Aryan languagesspoken by thePashai peoplein parts ofKapisa,Laghman,Nangarhar,Nuristan,KunarandKabul(Surobi District) provinces in NortheasternAfghanistan.^[2]

The Pashayi languages had no known written form prior to 2003.^[3]There are four mutually unintelligible varieties, with only about a 30% lexical similarity:^[1]

Northeastern: Aret, Chalas (Chilas), Kandak,Korangal,Kurdar dialects
Northwestern: Alasai, Bolaghain, Gulbahar, Kohnadeh, Laurowan, Najil, Nangarach, Pachagan, Pandau, Parazhghan, Pashagar, Sanjan, Shamakot, Shutul, Uzbin, Wadau dialects
Southeastern: Damench, Laghmani, Sum, Upper and LowerDarai Nur,Wegali dialects
Southwestern: Ishpi, Isken, Tagau dialects

A grammar of the language was written as a doctoral dissertation in 2014.^[4]

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Pashayi consonants^[4]^: 70
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Retroflex	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ɳ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t̪		ʈ	k
Plosive	voiced	b	d̪		ɖ	ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
Affricate	voiced			d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʃ	(ʂ)	x	(h)
	voiced		z	ʒ	(ʐ)	ɣ
	lateral		ɬ
Rhotic	tap		ɾ		ɽ
Rhotic	trill		r
Approximant	lateral		l
Approximant	central	ʋ~w				j

[h] is only phonemic in the Amla dialect.
Sounds [f] and [q] can also occur, but only in loanwords and among Dari speakers.
[ʂ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʃ].
[ʐ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʒ].
/ʋ/ is heard before front vowels /i e/. When occurring before or after central or back vowels /a u o/, it is heard as [w].
According to Masica (1991) some dialects have a /θ/.

Vowels[edit]

Pashayi vowels^[4]^: 91
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	eeː		ooː
Low		aaː

Only mid or low vowels have lengthened equivalents.
/e/ can be heard as [ɛ] and /a/ can be heard as [ə] or [æ], in certain environments.^[4]

References[edit]

^^a ^bNortheasternatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
NorthwesternatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
SoutheasternatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
SouthwesternatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^Masica, Colin P. (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 440.
^Yun, Ju-Hong (2003).Pashai Language Development Project: Promoting Pashai language, literacy and community development(PDF).Conference on language development, language revitalization and multilingual education in minority communities in Asia. 6–8 November 2003. Bangkok, Thailand. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 November 2018.Retrieved5 November2018.
^^a ^b ^c ^dLehr, Rachel (2014).A Descriptive Grammar of Pashai: The Language and Speech Community of Darrai Nur(PhD thesis). University of Chicago.ISBN 978-1-321-22417-7.ProQuest 1620321674.

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[e18-1] NortheasternatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
NorthwesternatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
SoutheasternatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
SouthwesternatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)

[2] Masica, Colin P. (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 440.

[3] Yun, Ju-Hong (2003).Pashai Language Development Project: Promoting Pashai language, literacy and community development(PDF).Conference on language development, language revitalization and multilingual education in minority communities in Asia. 6–8 November 2003. Bangkok, Thailand. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 November 2018.Retrieved5 November2018.

[:0-4] Lehr, Rachel (2014).A Descriptive Grammar of Pashai: The Language and Speech Community of Darrai Nur(PhD thesis). University of Chicago.ISBN 978-1-321-22417-7.ProQuest 1620321674.

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[4]

v t e Languages of Afghanistan
Official languages	Dari Pashto	Afghanistan portal
Regional languages	Balochi Kyrgyz Nuristani(language family) Pashayi Tajiki Turkmen Uzbek
Minority languages	Ashkun Brahui Kamkata-vari Khowar Kyrgyz Pamiri Ishkashimi Munji Shughni Yidgha Prasun Tregami Waigali Wakhi Zemiaki
Sign languages	Afghan Sign Language

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Vowels[edit]

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]