Frigate
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Afrigate(/ˈfrɪɡət/) is a type ofwarship.In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied.
The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to anyfull-rigged shipbuilt for speed and manoeuvrability, intended to be used in scouting, escort and patrol roles. The term was applied loosely to ships varying greatly in design. In the second quarter of the 18th century, the 'true frigate' was developed in France. This type of vessel was characterised by possessing only one armed deck, with an unarmed deck below it used for berthing the crew.
Late in the 19th century (British and French prototypes were constructed in 1858), armoured frigates were developed as powerfulironclad warships,and the term 'frigate' was used because of their singlegun deck.Later developments in ironclad ships rendered the 'frigate' designation obsolete and the term fell out of favour. During theSecond World War,the name 'frigate' was reintroduced to describe a seagoingescort shipintermediate in size, between acorvetteand adestroyer.After World War II, a wide variety of ships have been classified as frigates. Often there has been little consistency in usage. While some navies have regarded frigates as principally large ocean-goinganti-submarine warfare(ASW) combatants, others have used the term to describe ships that are otherwise recognisable as corvettes, destroyers, and even nuclear-powered guided-missilecruisers.Some European navies use the term for both their destroyers and frigates.[1]The rank "frigate captain"derives from the name of this type of ship.
Age of sail
[edit]Origins
[edit]The term "frigate" (Italian:fregata;Dutch:fregat;Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Sicilian:fragata;French:frégate) originated in theMediterraneanin the late 15th century, referring to a lightergalley-type warship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability.[2]
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The etymology of the word remains uncertain, although it may have originated as acorruptionofaphractus,aLatinword for an open vessel with no lower deck.Aphractus,in turn, derived from theAncient Greekphrase ἄφρακτος ναῦς (aphraktos naus) – "undefended ship"[citation needed].In 1583, during theEighty Years' Warof 1568–1648,Habsburg Spainrecovered thesouthern Netherlandsfrom the Protestant rebels. This soon resulted in the use of the occupied ports as bases forprivateers,the "Dunkirkers",to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies. To achieve this the Dunkirkers developed small, maneuverable, sailing vessels that came to be referred to as frigates. The success of these Dunkirker vessels influenced the ship design of other navies contending with them, but because most regular navies required ships of greater endurance than the Dunkirker frigates could provide, the term soon came to apply less exclusively to any relatively fast and elegant sail-only warship. In French, the term" frigate "gave rise to a verb –frégater,meaning 'to build long and low', and to an adjective, adding more confusion. Even the huge EnglishSovereign of the Seascould be described as "a delicate frigate" by a contemporary after her upper decks were reduced in 1651.[3]
The navy of theDutch Republicbecame the first navy to build the larger ocean-going frigates. The Dutch navy had three principal tasks in the struggle against Spain: to protect Dutch merchant ships at sea, to blockade the ports of Spanish-heldFlandersto damage trade and halt enemyprivateering,and to fight the Spanish fleet and prevent troop landings. The first two tasks required speed, shallowness of draft for the shallow waters around the Netherlands, and the ability to carry sufficient supplies to maintain a blockade. The third task required heavy armament, sufficient to stand up to the Spanish fleet. The first of the larger battle-capable frigates were built around 1600 atHoorninHolland.[4]By the later stages of theEighty Years' Warthe Dutch had switched entirely from the heavier ships still used by the English and Spanish to the lighter frigates, carrying around 40 guns and weighing around 300 tons.
The effectiveness of the Dutch frigates became most evident in theBattle of the Downsin 1639, encouraging most other navies, especially the English, to adopt similar designs. The fleets built by theCommonwealth of Englandin the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as "frigates", the largest of which weretwo-decker"great frigates" of thethird rate.Carrying 60 guns, these vessels were as big and capable as "great ships" of the time; however, most other frigates at the time were used as "cruisers":independent fast ships. The term" frigate "implied a longhull-design, which relates directly to speed (seehull speed) and which also, in turn, helped the development of thebroadsidetactic in naval warfare.
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At this time, a further design evolved, reintroducing oars and resulting in galley frigates such asHMSCharles Galleyof 1676, which was rated as a 32-gunfifth-ratebut also had a bank of 40 oars set below the upper deck that could propel the ship in the absence of a favourable wind. In Danish, the word "fregat" often applies to warships carrying as few as 16 guns, such asHMSFalcon,which the British classified as a sloop. Under therating system of the Royal Navy,by the middle of the 18th century, the term "frigate" was technically restricted to single-decked ships of thefifth rate,though small 28-gun frigates classed assixth rate.[2]
Classic design
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The classic sailing frigate, or 'true frigate', well-known today for its role in theNapoleonic Wars,can be traced back to French developments in the second quarter of the 18th century. The French-builtMédéeof 1740 is often regarded as the first example of this type. These ships weresquare-riggedand carried all their main guns on a single continuous upper deck. The lower deck, known as the "gun deck", now carried no armament, and functioned as a "berth deck" where the crew lived, and was in fact placed below thewaterlineof the new frigates. The typical earlier cruiser had a partially armed lower deck, from which it was known as a 'half-battery' ordemi-batterieship. Removing the guns from this deck allowed the height of the hull upperworks to be lowered, giving the resulting 'true-frigate' much improved sailing qualities. The unarmed deck meant that the frigate's guns were carried comparatively high above the waterline; as a result, when seas were too rough for two-deckers to open their lower deckgunports,frigates were still able to fight with all their guns (see theaction of 13 January 1797,for an example when this was decisive).[5][6]
TheRoyal Navycaptured a number of the new French frigates, includingMédée,during theWar of the Austrian Succession(1740–1748) and were impressed by them, particularly for their inshore handling capabilities. They soon built copies (ordered in 1747), based on a French privateer namedTygre,and started to adapt the type to their own needs, setting the standard for other frigates as the leading naval power. The first British frigates carried 28 guns including an upper deck battery of twenty-four 9-pounder guns (the remaining four smaller guns were carried on thequarterdeck) but soon developed into fifth-rate ships of 32 or 36 guns including an upper deck battery of twenty-six 12-pounder guns, with the remaining six or ten smaller guns carried on the quarterdeck and forecastle.[7]Technically, 'rated ships' with fewer than 28 guns could not be classed as frigates but as "post ships";however, in common parlance most post ships were often described as" frigates ", the same casual misuse of the term being extended to smaller two-decked ships that were too small to stand in the line of battle.
A total of fifty-nine French sailing frigates were built between 1777 and 1790, with a standard design averaging a hull length of 135 ft (41 m) and an average draught of 13 ft (4.0 m). The new frigates recorded sailing speeds of up to 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph), significantly faster than their predecessor vessels.[5]
Heavy frigate
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In 1778, the British Admiralty introduced a larger "heavy" frigate, with a main battery of twenty-six or twenty-eight 18-pounder guns (with smaller guns carried on the quarterdeck and forecastle). This move may reflect the naval conditions at the time, with both France and Spain as enemies the usual British preponderance in ship numbers was no longer the case and there was pressure on the British to produce cruisers of individually greater force. In reply, the first French 18-pounder frigates were laid down in 1781. The 18-pounder frigate eventually became the standard frigate of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The British produced larger, 38-gun, and slightly smaller, 36-gun, versions and also a 32-gun design that can be considered an 'economy version'. The 32-gun frigates also had the advantage that they could be built by the many smaller, less-specialised shipbuilders.[8][9]
Frigates could (and usually did) additionally carry smaller carriage-mounted guns on their quarterdecks andforecastles(the superstructures above the upper deck). In 1778 theCarron Iron Companyof Scotland produced a naval gun which would revolutionise the armament of smaller naval vessels, including the frigate. Thecarronadewas a large calibre, short-barrelled naval cannon which was light, quick to reload and needed a smaller crew than a conventional long gun. Due to its lightness it could be mounted on the forecastle and quarterdeck of frigates. It greatly increased the firepower, measured in weight of metal (the combined weight of all projectiles fired in one broadside), of these vessels. The disadvantages of the carronade were that it had a much shorter range and was less accurate than a long gun. The British quickly saw the advantages of the new weapon and soon employed it on a wide scale. The US Navy also copied the design soon after its appearance. The French and other nations eventually adopted variations of the weapon in succeeding decades. The typical heavy frigate had a main armament of 18-pounder long guns, plus 32-pounder carronades mounted on its upper decks.[10]
Super-heavy frigates
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The first 'super-heavy frigates', armed with 24-pounder long guns, were built by the naval architectF H Chapmanfor the Swedish navy in 1782. Because of a shortage of ships-of-the-line, the Swedes wanted these frigates, theBellonaclass, to be able to stand in the battle line in an emergency. In the 1790s the French built a small number of large 24-pounder frigates, such asForteandEgyptienne,they also cut-down (reduced the height of the hull to give only one continuous gun deck) a number of older ships-of-the-line (includingDiadème) to produce super-heavy frigates; the resulting ship was known as arasée.It is not known whether the French were seeking to produce very potent cruisers or merely to address stability problems in old ships. The British, alarmed by the prospect of these powerful heavy frigates, responded by rasée-ing three of their smaller 64-gun battleships, includingIndefatigable,which went on to have a very successful career as a frigate. At this time the British also built a few 24-pounder-armed large frigates, the most successful of which wasHMSEndymion(1,277 tons).[11][12]
In 1797, three of theUnited States Navy'sfirst six major shipswere rated as 44-gun frigates, which operationally carried fifty-six to sixty24-pounder long gunsand 32-pounder or 42-pounder carronades on two decks; they were exceptionally powerful. These ships were so large, at around 1,500 tons, and well-armed that they were often regarded as equal to ships of the line, and after a series of losses at the outbreak of theWar of 1812,Royal Navy fighting instructions ordered British frigates (usually of 38 guns or less) to never engage the large American frigates at any less than a 2:1 advantage.USSConstitution,preserved as amuseum shipby the US Navy, is the oldest commissioned warship afloat, and is a surviving example of a frigate from theAge of Sail.Constitutionand her sister shipsPresidentandUnited Stateswere created in a response to deal with the Barbary Coast pirates and in conjunction with theNaval Act of 1794.Joshua Humphreysproposed that onlylive oak,a tree that grew only in America, should be used to build these ships.[13]
The British, wounded by repeated defeats in single-ship actions, responded to the success of the American 44s in three ways. They built a class of conventional 40-gun, 24-pounder armed frigates on the lines ofEndymion.They cut down three old 74-gun Ships-of-the-Line intorasées,producing frigates with a 32-pounder main armament, supplemented by 42-pounder carronades. These had an armament that far exceeded the power of the American ships. Finally,LeanderandNewcastle,1,500-ton spar-decked frigates (with an enclosed waist, giving a continuous line of guns from bow to stern at the level of the quarterdeck/forecastle), were built, which were an almost exact match in size and firepower to the American 44-gun frigates.[14]
Role
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Frigates were perhaps the hardest-worked of warship types during theAge of Sail.While smaller than aship-of-the-line,they were formidable opponents for the large numbers ofsloopsandgunboats,not to mentionprivateersor merchantmen. Able to carry six months' stores, they had very long range; and vessels larger than frigates were considered too valuable to operate independently.
Frigates scouted for the fleet, went on commerce-raiding missions and patrols, and conveyed messages and dignitaries. Usually, frigates would fight in small numbers or singly against other frigates. They would avoid contact with ships-of-the-line; even in the midst of a fleet engagement it was bad etiquette for a ship of the line to fire on an enemy frigate which had not fired first.[15]Frigates were involved in fleet battles, often as "repeating frigates". In the smoke and confusion of battle,signalsmade by the fleet commander, whoseflagshipmight be in the thick of the fighting, might be missed by the other ships of the fleet.[16]Frigates were therefore stationed to windward or leeward of the mainline of battle,and had to maintain a clear line of sight to the commander's flagship. Signals from the flagship were then repeated by the frigates, which themselves standing out of the line and clear from the smoke and disorder of battle, could be more easily seen by the other ships of the fleet.[16]If damage or loss of masts prevented the flagship from making clear conventional signals, the repeating frigates could interpret them and hoist their own in the correct manner, passing on the commander's instructions clearly.[16]For officers in the Royal Navy, a frigate was a desirable posting. Frigates often saw action, which meant a greater chance of glory, promotion, andprize money.
Unlike larger ships that were placedin ordinary,frigates were kept in service in peacetime as a cost-saving measure and to provide experience to frigate captains and officers which would be useful in wartime. Frigates could also carrymarinesfor boarding enemy ships or for operations on shore; in 1832, the frigateUSSPotomaclanded a party of 282 sailors and Marines ashore in the US Navy'sfirst Sumatran expedition.Frigates remained a crucial element of navies until the mid-19th century. The firstironcladswere classified as "frigates" because of the number of guns they carried. However, terminology changed as iron and steam became the norm, and the role of the frigate was assumed first by theprotected cruiserand then by thelight cruiser.
Frigates are often the vessel of choice in historical naval novels due to their relative freedom compared to ships-of-the-line (kept for fleet actions) and smaller vessels (generally assigned to a home port and less widely ranging). For example, thePatrick O'BrianAubrey–Maturin series,C. S. Forester'sHoratio Hornblowerseries andAlexander Kent'sRichard Bolithoseries. The motion pictureMaster and Commander: The Far Side of the Worldfeatures a reconstructed historic frigate,HMSRose,to depict Aubrey's frigate HMSSurprise.
Age of steam
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Vessels classed as frigates continued to play a great role in navies with the adoption of steam power in the 19th century. In the 1830s, navies experimented with largepaddle steamersequipped with large guns mounted on one deck, which were termed "paddle frigates".
From the mid-1840s on, frigates which more closely resembled the traditional sailing frigate were built with steam engines and screwpropellers.These "screw frigates",built first of wood and later ofiron,continued to perform the traditional role of the frigate until late in the 19th century.
Armoured frigate
[edit]From 1859, armour was added to ships based on existing frigate andship of the linedesigns. The additional weight of the armour on these firstironclad warshipsmeant that they could have only one gun deck, and they were technically frigates, even though they were more powerful than existing ships-of-the-line and occupied the same strategic role. The phrase "armoured frigate" remained in use for some time to denote a sail-equipped, broadside-firing type of ironclad. The first such ship was the revolutionary Marine Nationale wooden-hulledGloire,protected by 12 cm-thick (4.7 in) armour plates. The British response wasHMSWarriorof the Warrior-class ironclads, launched in 1860. With her iron hull, steam engines propelling the 9,137 ton vessel to speeds of up to 14 knots and rifled breechloading 110-pdr guns,Warrioris the ancestor of all modern warships.
During the 1880s, as warship design shifted from iron to steel and cruising warships without sails started to appear, the term "frigate" fell out of use. Vessels with armoured sides were designated as "battleships"or"armoured cruisers",while"protected cruisers"only possessed an armoured deck, and unarmoured vessels, including frigates and sloops, were classified as"unprotected cruisers".
Modern era
[edit]World War II
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Modern frigates are related to earlier frigates only by name. The term "frigate" was readopted during theSecond World Warby the BritishRoyal Navyto describe ananti-submarineescort vessel that was larger than acorvette(based on a mercantile design), while smaller than adestroyer.The vessels were originally to be termed "twin screw corvettes" until the Royal Canadian Navy suggested to the British re-introducing the term "frigate" for the significantly enlarged vessels. Equal in size and capability to the Americandestroyer escort,frigates are usually less expensive to build and maintain.[17]Small anti-submarine escorts designed for naval use from scratch had previously been classified assloopsby the Royal Navy, and theBlack Swan-classsloops of 1939–1945 (propelled by steam turbines as opposed to cheaper triple-expansion steam engines) were as large as the new types of frigate, and more heavily armed. 22 of these were reclassified as frigates after the war, as were the remaining 24 smallerCastle-classcorvettes.
The frigate was introduced to remedy some of the shortcomings inherent in theFlower-classcorvette design: limited armament, a hull form not suited to open-ocean work, a singleshaftwhich limited speed and maneuverability, and a lack of range. The frigate was designed and built to the same mercantile construction standards (scantlings) as the corvette, allowing manufacture by yards unused to warship construction. The first frigates of theRiver class(1941) were essentially two sets of corvette machinery in one larger hull, armed with the latestHedgehoganti-submarine weapon.
The frigate possessed less offensive firepower and speed than adestroyer,including anescort destroyer,but such qualities were not required for anti-submarine warfare. Submarines were slow while submerged, andASDICsets did not operate effectively at speeds of over 20knots(23mph;37km/h). Rather, the frigate was an austere and weatherly vessel suitable for mass-construction and fitted with the latest innovations in anti-submarine warfare. As the frigate was intended purely for convoy duties, and not to deploy with the fleet, it had limited range and speed.
It was not until the Royal Navy'sBay classof 1944 that a British design classified as a "frigate" was produced for fleet use, although it still suffered from limited speed. Theseanti-aircraftfrigates, built on incompleteLoch-classfrigate hulls, were similar to theUnited States Navy's destroyer escorts (DE), although the latter had greater speed and offensive armament to better suit them to fleet deployments. The destroyer escort concept came from design studies by theGeneral Board of the United States Navyin 1940, as modified by requirements established by a British commission in 1941[18]prior to the American entry into the war, for deep-water escorts. The American-built destroyer escorts serving in theBritishRoyal Navywere rated asCaptain-classfrigates. The U.S. Navy's twoCanadian-builtAsheville-classand 96 British-influenced, American-builtTacoma-classfrigates that followed originally were classified as "patrolgunboats"(PG) in the U.S. Navy but on 15 April 1943 were all reclassified aspatrol frigates (PF).
Modern frigate
[edit]Guided-missile role
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The introduction of thesurface-to-air missileafter World War II made relatively small ships effective for anti-aircraft warfare: the "guided-missile frigate". In the USN, these vessels were called "ocean escorts"anddesignated"DE" or "DEG" until 1975 – a holdover from the World War IIdestroyer escortor "DE". While theRoyal Canadian Navyused similar designations for their warships built in the 1950s, the BritishRoyal Navymaintained the use of the term "frigate"; in the 1990s the RCN re-introduced the frigate designation. Likewise, the French Navy refers to missile-equipped ships, up to cruiser-sized ships (Suffren,Tourville,andHorizon classes), by the name of "frégate", while smaller units are namedaviso.The Soviet Navy used the term "guard-ship" (сторожевой корабль).
From the 1950s to the 1970s, theUnited States Navycommissioned ships classed as guided-missile frigates (hull classification symbolDLG or DLGN, literally meaning guided-missiledestroyer leaders), which were actually anti-aircraft warfarecruisersbuilt ondestroyer-style hulls. These had one or two twin launchers per ship for theRIM-2 Terriermissile, upgraded to theRIM-67 StandardER missile in the 1980s. This type of ship was intended primarily to defend aircraft carriers against anti-shipcruise missiles,augmenting and eventually replacing converted World War II cruisers (CAG/CLG/CG) in this role. The guided-missile frigates also had an anti-submarine capability that most of the World War II cruiser conversions lacked. Some of these ships –BainbridgeandTruxtunalong with theCaliforniaandVirginiaclasses– werenuclear-powered(DLGN).[19]These "frigates" were roughly mid-way in size between cruisers and destroyers. This was similar to the use of the term "frigate" during the age of sail during which it referred to a medium-sized warship, but it was inconsistent with conventions used by other contemporary navies which regarded frigates as being smaller than destroyers. During the1975 ship reclassification,the large American frigates were redesignated as guided-missile cruisers or destroyers (CG/CGN/DDG), whileocean escorts(the American classification for ships smaller than destroyers, with hull symbol DE/DEG (destroyer escort)) such as theKnox-class were reclassified as frigates (FF/FFG), sometimes called "fast frigates". In the late 1970s, as a gradual successor to theKnoxfrigates, the US Navy introduced the 51-shipOliver Hazard Perry-classguided-missile frigates (FFG), the last of which was decommissioned in 2015, although some serve in other navies.[20]By 1995 the older guided-missile cruisers and destroyers were replaced by theTiconderoga-class cruisersandArleigh Burke-class destroyers.[21]
One of the most successful post-1945 designs was the BritishLeander-classfrigate, which was used by several navies. Laid down in 1959, theLeanderclass was based on the previousType 12 anti-submarine frigatebut equipped for anti-aircraft use as well. They were used by the UK into the 1990s, at which point some were sold onto other navies. TheLeanderdesign, or improved versions of it, were licence-built for other navies as well. Nearly all modern frigates are equipped with some form of offensive or defensive missiles, and as such are rated as guided-missile frigates (FFG). Improvements in surface-to-air missiles (e.g., theEurosamAster 15) allow modern guided-missile frigates to form the core of many modern navies and to be used as a fleet defence platform, without the need for specialised anti-air warfare frigates.
Modern destroyers and frigates have sufficient endurance and seaworthiness for long voyages and so are consideredblue watervessels, whilecorvettes(even the largest ones capable of carrying ananti-submarine warfarehelicopter) are typically deployed in coastal orlittoral zonesso are regarded asbrown-waterorgreen-watervessels.[22]According to Dr. Sidharth Kaushal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, describing the difference between 21st century destroyers and frigates, the larger "destroyers can more easily carry and generate the power for more powerful high-resolution radar and a larger number of vertical launch cells. They can thus provide theatre wide air and missile defence for forces such as a carrier battle group and typically serve this function". By contrast the smaller "frigates are thus usually used as escort vessels to protect sea lines of communication or as an auxiliary component of a strike group". The largest and powerful destroyers are often classified as cruisers, such as theTiconderoga-class cruisers,due to their extra armament and facilities to serve as fleet flagships.[23]
Other uses
[edit]The Royal NavyType 61 (Salisburyclass)were"air direction"frigates equipped to track aircraft. To this end they had reduced armament compared to theType 41 (Leopard-class)air-defence frigates built on the same hull. Multi-role frigates like theMEKO 200,AnzacandHalifaxclassesare designed for navies needing warships deployed in a variety of situations that a general frigate class would not be able to fulfill and not requiring the need for deployingdestroyers.[citation needed]
Anti-submarine role
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At the opposite end of the spectrum, some frigates are specialised foranti-submarine warfare.Increasing submarine speeds towards the end of World War II (seeGerman Type XXI submarine) greatly reduced the margin of speed superiority of frigate over submarine. The frigate could no longer be slow and powered by mercantile machinery and consequently postwar frigates, such as theWhitbyclass,were faster.
Such ships carry improvedsonarequipment, such as thevariable depth sonarortowed array,and specialised weapons such astorpedoes,forward-throwing weapons such asLimboand missile-carried anti-submarine torpedoes such asASROCorIkara.The Royal Navy's originalType 22 frigateis an example of a specialised anti-submarine warfare frigate, though it also hasSea Wolfsurface-to-air missiles for point defense plusExocetsurface-to-surface missiles for limited offensive capability.
Especially for anti-submarine warfare, most modern frigates have alanding deckandhangaraft to operatehelicopters,eliminating the need for the frigate to close with unknown sub-surface threats, and using fast helicopters to attack nuclear submarines which may be faster than surface warships. For this task the helicopter is equipped with sensors such assonobuoys,wire-mounted dipping sonar andmagnetic anomaly detectorsto identify possible threats, and torpedoes ordepth-chargesto attack them.
With their onboard radar helicopters can also be used to reconnoitre over-the-horizon targets and, if equipped withanti-ship missilessuch asPenguinorSea Skua,to attack them. The helicopter is also invaluable forsearch and rescueoperation and has largely replaced the use ofsmall boatsor thejackstay rigfor such duties as transferring personnel, mail and cargo between ships or to shore. With helicopters these tasks can be accomplished faster and less dangerously, and without the need for the frigate to slow down or change course.
Air defence role
[edit]Frigates designed in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the US Navy'sKnox-class frigate,West Germany'sBremen-class frigate,and Royal Navy'sType 22 frigatewere equipped with a small number of short-ranged surface-to-air missiles (Sea SparroworSea Wolf) for point defense only.
By contrast newer frigates starting with theOliver Hazard Perry-class frigateare specialised for "zone-defense"air defence,because of the major developments infighter jetsandballistic missiles.Recent examples include theDe Zeven Provinciën-classair defence and command frigate of theRoyal Netherlands Navy.These ships are armed withVL Standard Missile 2 Block IIIA,one or twoGoalkeeper CIWSsystems, (HNLMSEvertsenhas two Goalkeepers, the rest of the ships have the capacity for another one.)VL Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles,a specialSMART-Lradar and a ThalesActive Phased Array Radar(APAR), all of which are for air defence. Another example is theIver Huitfeldtclassof theRoyal Danish Navy.[25]
Further developments
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FS_Surcouf.jpg/220px-FS_Surcouf.jpg)
Stealth technologyhas been introduced in modern frigate design by the FrenchLa Fayetteclassdesign.[26]Frigate shapes are designed to offer a minimalradar cross section,which also lends them good air penetration; the maneuverability of these frigates has been compared to that of sailing ships. Examples are the Italian and FrenchHorizon classwith theAster 15andAster 30missile for anti-missile capabilities, theGermanF125andSachsen-classfrigates, theTurkishTF2000type frigates with theMK-41 VLS,theIndianShivalik,TalwarandNilgiriclasses with theBrahmos missilesystem and theMalaysianMaharaja Lelaclasswith theNaval Strike Missile.
The modernFrench Navyapplies the term first-class frigate and second-class frigate to both destroyers and frigates in service. Pennant numbers remain divided between F-series numbers for those ships internationally recognised as frigates and D-series pennant numbers for those more traditionally recognised as destroyers. This can result in some confusion as certain classes are referred to as frigates in French service while similar ships in other navies are referred to as destroyers. This also results in some recent classes of French ships such as theHorizon classbeing among the largest in the world to carry the rating of frigate. TheFrégates de Taille Intermédiaire(FTI), which means frigates of intermediate size, is a French military program to design and create a planned class of frigates to be used by the French Navy. At the moment, the program consists of five ships, with commissioningplanned from 2023 onwards.[27]
In theGerman Navy,frigates were used to replace aging destroyers; however in size and role the new German frigates exceed the former class of destroyers. The future GermanF125-class frigatesare the largest class of frigates worldwide with a displacement of more than 7,200 tons. The same was done in theSpanish Navy,which went ahead with the deployment of the firstAegisfrigates, theÁlvaro de Bazán-classfrigates. TheMyanmar Navyis producing modern frigates with a reducedradar cross sectionknown as theKyan Sittha-class frigate.Before the Kyan Sittha class, the Myanmar Navy also produced anAung Zeya-class frigate.Although the size of the Myanmar Navy is quite small, it is producing modern guided-missile frigates with the help of Russia, China, and India. However, the fleets of the Myanmar Navy are still expanding with several on-going shipbuilding programmes, including one 135 m (442 ft 11 in), 4,000-tonne frigate with thevertical missile launch systems.[28]The four plannedTamandaré-class frigatesof theBrazilian Navywill be responsible for introducing ships with stealth technology in the national navy and the Latin American region, with the first boat expected to be launched in 2024.[29][30]
Littoral combat ship (LCS)
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USS_Independence_%28LCS-2%29_at_Naval_Air_Station_Key_West_on_29_March_2010_%28100329-N-1481K-298%29.jpg/220px-USS_Independence_%28LCS-2%29_at_Naval_Air_Station_Key_West_on_29_March_2010_%28100329-N-1481K-298%29.jpg)
Some new classes of ships similar tocorvettesare optimized for high-speed deployment and combat with small craft rather than combat between equal opponents; an example is the U.S.littoral combat ship(LCS). As of 2015, allOliver Hazard Perry-classfrigates in the United States Navy have been decommissioned, and their role partially being assumed by the new LCS. While the LCS class ships are smaller than the frigate class they will replace, they offer a similar degree of weaponry while requiring less than half the crew complement and offering a top speed of over 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph). A major advantage for the LCS ships is that they are designed around specific mission modules allowing them to fulfill a variety of roles. The modular system also allows for most upgrades to be performed ashore and installed later into the ship, keeping the ships available for deployment for the maximum time.
The latest U.S. deactivation plans mean that this is the first time that the U.S. Navy has been without a frigate class of ships since 1943 (technicallyUSSConstitutionis rated as a frigate and is still in commission, but does not count towards Navy force levels).[31]The remaining 20 LCSs to be acquired from 2019 and onwards that will be enhanced will be designated as frigates, and existing ships given modifications may also have their classification changed toFFas well.[32]
Frigates in preservation
[edit]A few frigates have survived as museum ships. They are:
Original sailing frigates
[edit]- USSConstitutioninBoston,United States.Second oldest commissioned warship in the world, oldest commissioned warship afloat.[33]Active as the flagship of theUnited States Navy.
- NRPDom Fernando II e GlóriainAlmada,Portugal.
- HMSTrincomaleeinHartlepool,England.
- HMSUnicorninDundee,Scotland.
Replica sailing frigates
[edit]- Hermione,sailing replica of the 1779Hermionewhich carriedLafayetteto the United States.
- Étoile du Roy,originally namedGrand Turkwas built for the TV seriesHornblowerin 1997. She was sold to France in 2010 and renamedÉtoile du Roy.
- Russian frigateShtandart,a sailing replica of Russia's first warship, homeported inSaint Petersburg,Russia.
- HMSSurpriseinSan Diego,United States,replica of HMSRose,used in the film,Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.
Steam frigates
[edit]- HNLMSBonaireinDen Helder,Netherlands.
- Danish frigateJyllandinEbeltoft,Denmark.
- Japanese frigateKaiyō Maru,replica inEsashi,Japan.
- HMSWarriorinPortsmouth,England.
- ARAPresidente SarmientoinBuenos Aires,Argentina.
Modern era frigates
[edit]- HDMSPeder SkraminCopenhagen,Denmark.
- HMASDiamantinainBrisbane,Australia.
- TCGEge(F256), formerlyUSSAinsworthinIzmit,Turkey.
- ROKSTaedong(PF-63), formerlyUSSTacomainSouth Korea.
- ROKSUlsan(FF-951),inUlsan,South Korea.
- ROKSSeoul(FF-952),inSeoul,South Korea.
- HTMSTachin(PF-1), formerlyUSSGlendaleinNakhon Nayok,Thailand.
- HTMSPrasase(PF-2), formerlyUSSGallupinRayong Province,Thailand.
- HTMSPhutthaloetla NaphalaiinSattahip,Thailand.
- HTMSPhutthayotfa ChulalokinSattahip,Thailand.
- CNSYingtan(FFG-531)in Qingdao, China.
- CNSXiamen(FFG-515)inTaizhou,China.
- CNSJi'an(FFG-518)inWuxue,China.
- CNSSiping(FFG-544)inXingguo County,China
- CNSJinhua(FFG-534)inHengdian,China
- CNSDangdong(FFG-543)inDangdong,China
- INSGomatiinLucknow,India (Planned)
- HMSPresidentinLondon,England.
- HMSWellingtonin London, England.
- HMSAmbuscadeinGlasgow,Scotland(planned)[34]
- HNoMSNarvikinHorten,Norway.
- KDHang TuahinLumut, Malaysia.
- UBSMayuinYangon,Myanmar
Former museums
[edit]- Dominican frigateMellawas on display in theDominican Republicfrom 1998 to 2003, when she was scrapped due to her deteriorating condition.
- KDRahmatwas on display inLumut,Malaysia from 2011 to 2017. She sank at her moorings due to poor condition, and was later scrapped.
- RFSDruzhnyywas on display inMoscow,Russia from 2002 to 2016, until the museum plans fell through and was sold for scrap.
- HMSPlymouth(F126)was on display inBirkenhead,England from 1990 to 2006, when the museum that operated her was forced to close. She was later scrapped in 2012.
- CNSNanchong(FF-502) was on display inQingdao,Chinafrom 1988 to 2012, when her faulty material made preservation difficult and was later scrapped.
Operators
[edit]By country
[edit]Algerian National Navyoperates threeAdhafer-class frigatesand twoMEKO A-200ANfrigates
Argentine Navyoperates sixEspora-class frigates/corvettes
Bangladesh Navyoperates a single modifiedUlsan-classfrigate and twoHamilton-class patrol frigatesfrom the United States
Brazilian Navyoperates sixNiterói-classfrigates
Bulgarian Navyoperates threeWielingen-classfrigates purchased from Belgium
Royal Canadian Navyoperates twelveHalifax-classfrigates
People's Liberation Army Navyoperates 31Jiangkai II-class frigatesand twoJiang kai I-class frigates.
China Coast Guardoperates threeJiangwei I-class frigatestransferred from the navy
Colombian National Navyoperates fourAlmirante Padilla-classfrigates
Royal Danish Navyoperates fourThetis-classfrigates and threeIver Huitfeldt-classfrigates, twoAbsalon-classfrigates.
Ecuadorian Navyoperates twoCondell-classfrigates purchased from Chile
Egyptian Navyoperates oneMEKO A-200ENfrigate and aBlack Swan-classfrigate used as training ship
Navy of Equatorial Guineaoperates a singleWele Nzas-class frigate
French Navyoperates sixFloreal-classfrigates.
German Navyoperates fourBrandenburg-classfrigates, fourBaden-Württemberg-classfrigates and threeSachsen-classfrigates with the latter sometimes classed as destroyers.
Hellenic Navyoperates nineElli-classfrigates purchased from the Netherlands, and fourHydra-classfrigates
Indian Navyoperates 12 frigates threeShivalik-classfrigates, sixTalwar-classfrigates, and threeBrahmaputra-classfrigates.
Indonesian Navyoperates twoMartadinata-classfrigates, fiveAhmad Yani-classfrigates, purchased from the Netherlands, and threeBung Tomo-classlight frigates, purchased from the UK.
Islamic Republic of Iran Navyoperates fourMoudge-classfrigates and threeAlvand-classfrigates.
Italian Navyoperates twoThaon di Revel-class patrol frigates,fourMaestrale-classfrigates.
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Forceoperates fourMogami-classfrigates with more under construction and sixAbukuma-class frigates.
Korean People's Navyoperates twoNajin-classfrigates
Republic of Korea Navyoperates sixIncheon-classfrigates, twoUlsan-classfrigates, and eightDaegu-classfrigates.
Royal Malaysian Navyoperates twoLekiu-classfrigates
Mexican Navyoperates singleReformador-class frigate
Royal Moroccan Navyoperates threeTarik Ben Ziyad-class frigates.
Myanmar Navyoperates twoKyan Sittha-classfrigates and oneAung Zeya-classfrigate
Nigerian Navyoperates twoHamilton-class patrol frigatesfrom the United States, a singleAradu-class frigate,though its operational status is doubtful, and a singleObuma-class frigateused as training hulk.
Pakistan Navyoperates fourTughril-classfrigates (a variant of the Chinese Type 054 frigate)
Peruvian Navyoperates sevenLupo-classfrigates, with four being transferred from Italy
Peru Coast Guardoperates a singleLupo-classfrigate, transferred from the Navy
Philippine Navyoperates twoJose Rizal-classfrigates and twoMiguel Malvar-classfrigates
Portuguese Navyoperates threeVasco da Gama-classfrigates
Russian Navyoperates oneGremyashchiy-class frigates/corvettes,sevenSteregushchiy-class frigates/corvettes,threeAdmiral Gorshkov-classfrigates, threeadmiral Grigorovich-classfrigates, twoKrivak-classfrigates, twoGepard-classfrigates and twoNeustrashimyy-classfrigates.
Russian Coast Guardoperates twoKrivak-classfrigates
Royal Saudi Navyoperates fourAl Madinah-classfrigates
South African Navyoperates fourValour-classfrigates, made in Germany based on theMEKO A200design
Royal Thai Navyoperates singleBhumibol Adulyadej-classfrigate and two old frigates used as training ships, theMakut RajakumarnandPin Klao.
Turkish Naval Forcesoperates fourYavuz-classfrigates, fourBarbaros-classfrigates, and oneIstanbul-classfrigates..
Bolivarian Navy of Venezuelaoperates oneLupo-classfrigate
By class
[edit]Admiral Gorshkov-class frigatecurrent operator
[edit]Russian Navyoperates three ships
Admiral Grigorovich-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Russian Navyoperates three ships
Indian Navyis building four ships
Anzac-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Royal Australian Navyoperates eight ships
Royal New Zealand Navyoperates two ships
FREMM multipurpose frigatecurrent operator
[edit]Egyptian Navyoperates twoBergamini-classfrigates from Italy, oneAquitaine-classfrigate from France
French Navyoperates eightAquitaine-class frigates
Italian Navyoperates tenBergamini-class frigates
Royal Moroccan Navyoperates oneAquitaine-classfrigate ordered from France
Floréal-classfrigate current operator
[edit]French Navyoperates six ships
Royal Moroccan Navyoperates two ships ordered from France
Gepard-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Russian Navyoperates two ships
Vietnam People's Navyoperates four ships
Karel Doorman-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Belgian Navyoperates two ships purchased from The Netherlands
Chilean Navyoperates two ships purchased from The Netherlands
Royal Netherlands Navyoperates two ships
Portuguese Navyoperates two ships purchased from the Netherlands
Knox-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Republic of China Navyoperates six ships purchased from the US
Egyptian Navyoperates two ships purchased from the US
Mexican Navyoperates four ships purchased from the US
Koni-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Algerian National Navyoperates three ships
Bulgarian Navyoperates single ship
Libyan Navyoperates single ship
La Fayette-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Republic of China Navyoperates sixKang Ding-classfrigates, which are the Taiwanese variant of the FrenchLa Fayetteclass
French Navyoperates five ships
Royal Saudi Navyoperates threeAl Riyadh-classfrigates, which are the Saudi variant of the FrenchLa Fayetteclass
Republic of Singapore Navyoperates sixFormidable-classfrigates, these are the Singapore variant of the FrenchLa Fayetteclass
Oliver Hazard Perry-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Royal Bahrain Naval Forceoperates single ship donated from the US
Chilean Navyoperates twoAdelaide-classfrigates purchased from Australia, these are the Australian variant of the USOliver Hazard Perryclass
Republic of China Navyoperates 10Cheng Kung-classfrigates, which are the Taiwanese variant of the USOliver Hazard Perryclass
Egyptian Navyoperates four ships
Pakistan Navyoperates single ship purchased from the US
Polish Navyoperates two ships purchased from the US
Spanish NavyOperates fiveSanta María-classfrigates, these are the Spanish variant of the USOliver Hazard Perryclass
Turkish Naval Forcesoperates eightG-classfrigates purchased from the US
Petya-classfrigate current operator
[edit]Azerbaijani Navyoperates single ship
Syrian Arab Navyoperates single ship, though its operational status is doubtful
Vietnam People's Navyoperates five ships
Type 053 frigatecurrent operator
[edit]Bangladesh Navyoperates two Jianghu II-class frigates and two Jianghu III-class frigates purchased from China
People's Liberation Army Navyoperates six Jianghu-class frigates and sevenJiangwei II-class frigates
Myanmar Navyoperates two Jianghu II-class frigates purchased from China
Royal Thai Navyoperates fourChao Phraya-classfrigates and twoNaresuan-classfrigates purchased from China
Pakistan Navyoperates fourZulfiquar-classfrigates (a variant of the Chinese Type 053H3 frigate)
Sri Lanka Navyoperates a singleJiangwei I-class frigatepurchased from China
Type 22 frigatecurrent operator
[edit]Brazilian Navyoperates single ship purchased from the UK
Chilean Navyoperates single ship purchased from the UK
Romanian Naval Forcesoperates two ships purchased from the UK
Type 23 frigatecurrent operator
[edit]Chilean Navyoperates three ships purchased from the UK
Royal Navyoperates 11 ships
Disputed classes
[edit]These ships are classified by their respective nations as frigates, but are considered destroyers internationally due to size, armament, and role.
German Navyoperates threeSachsen-classfrigates and fourBaden-Württemberg-classfrigates.
Royal Netherlands Navyoperates fourDe Zeven Provinciën-classfrigates.
Royal Norwegian Navyoperates fourFridtjof Nansen-classfrigates.
Romanian Naval Forcesoperates theRomanian frigateMărășești,classified as a destroyer until 2001.
Spanish Navyoperates fiveÁlvaro de Bazán-classfrigates.
Former operators
[edit]Cuban Revolutionary Navydecommissioned its last true frigates, theKoni-classfrigate in 1998.
Dominican Navydecommissioned its lastRiver-classfrigate in 1998.
Ethiopian Navylost its entire fleet, including twoPetya-classfrigates and the training frigateEthiopia,following the independence of Eritrea in 1991.
Estonian NavydecommissionedEMLAdmiral Pitkain 2013.
Finnish Navydecommissioned its lastRiga-classfrigate in 1985.
Volksmarinedecommissioned all threeKoni-classfrigates uponGerman Reunificationin 1990.
Iraqi Navylost its only operational frigateIbn Khaldoumwhich was sunk in 2003.
Israeli Navydecommissioned its lastRiver-classfrigate in 1959.
Montenegrin Navydecommissioned both itsKotor-class frigatesin 2019.
Navy of Serbia and Montenegrotransferred its twoKotor-classfrigates toMontenegroupon their independence in 2006.
Swedish Navydecommissioned its last twoVisby-class frigatesin 1982, following defense reviews.
Ukrainian Navyoperated a singleKrivak-classfrigateHetman Sahaidachnywhich wasscuttledin 2022.
United States Navydecommissioned its lastOliver Hazard Perry-classfrigate in 2015.
National Navy of Uruguaydecommissioned its lastJoão Belo-classfrigate in 2022.
Republic of Vietnam Navytransferred its six remainingTrần Quang Khải-class frigatesto the Philippines following theFall of Saigonin 1975. The seventh ship was captured by North Vietnam and recommissioned into theVietnam People's Navy.
Future development
[edit]Steregushchiy-class frigate Algerian National Navyhas ordered threeSteregushchiy-class frigatesfrom Russia.
Royal Australian Navyhas ordered nineHunter-classfrigates. These ships are the Australian variant of theType 26 frigates,and will carry the AEGIS combat system.
Belgian Navyis planning to build twoAnti-Submarine Warfare frigatesto replace the currentKarel Doorman-classfrigates. It is a joint project with the Netherlands.
Brazilian Navyhas ordered fourTamandaré-classfrigates. These ships will replace Brazil's agingNiterói-classfrigates.
Royal Canadian Navyplans to order 15Type 26 frigatesas the design for theCanadian Surface Combatant.These ships will replace the decommissionedIroquois-classdestroyers andHalifax-classfrigates.
People's Liberation Army Navyis continuing to buildJiangkai II-class frigates.
Republic of China Navyis planning to build 10–15 new frigates to replace the agingKnoxclass andCheng Kungclass.[35]
Finnish Navyis planning to build fourPohjanmaa-classcorvettes. These vessels, despite their classification have been described as frigates by the Finnish defense ministry and lead to a debate over the classification in the Finnish Parliament.
French Navyis building fiveAmiral Ronarc'h-class frigates.
German Navyhas ordered sixF126 frigatesto replace theBrandenburg-classfrigates. Construction of the first vessel started in December 2023.
Hellenic Navyis planning to build threeBelharra-class frigatesas a part of plans for replacing its agingElli-classfrigates. There is an option for a fourth ship.[36]
Indian Navyis building a total of 11 frigates, sevenNilgiri-classfrigates and 4Talwar-class frigate.Another 8 ships of Project 17B are planned.
Indonesian Navyis currently building oneType 31 frigatewith another one planned.[37][38]Indonesia will also order sixBergamini-class frigatesand twoMaestrale-classfrigate.[39]
Italian Navyis building 16Thaon di Revel-class frigates.These vessels will replace the decommissionedLupo-classfrigates andMinerva-classcorvettes. Italy is also planning to commission two moreBergamini-class frigates.
Islamic Republic of Iran Navyis currently building four moreMoudge-classfrigates.
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Forceis currently building fourMogami-classfrigates. These ships 0will replace theAbukuma-classdestroyer escorts.
Republic of Korea Navyis currently building sixChungnam-classfrigates.
Royal Malaysian Navyis currently building sixMaharaja Lela-classfrigates and currently planning for 12 ships for the class.
Mexican Navywill commission one moreReformador-class frigate.
Myanmar Navyis constructing a new frigate which is 135 m (442 ft 11 in) long and displaces 4,000 tonnes.[28]
Royal Netherlands Navyis planning to build twoAnti-Submarine Warfare frigatesto replace the currentKarel Doorman-classfrigates. It is a joint project with Belgium.
Polish Navyis currently building threeProjekt 106 frigatesto replace its agingOliver Hazard Perry-classfrigates.[40]
Russian Navyis currently building tenAdmiral Gorshkov-classfrigates.
Royal Saudi Navyordered four upgraded versions of theFreedom-classlittoral combat ship from the United States. These ships are to replace the agingAl Madinah-classfrigates.
Spanish Navyis currently planning to build fiveF110-classfrigates. These ships will replace Spain'sSanta María-classfrigates.
Royal Thai Navyis currently building an additionalBhumibol Adulyadej-classfrigate.
Turkish Naval Forcesis currently building theIstanbul-classfrigates as a part of theMILGEM project.
Ukrainian Navywas building oneVolodymyr Velykyi-class frigate.Construction began in 2011, then suffered delays and was completely stopped in 2014. The Black Sea Shipyard responsible for the program went bankrupt in 2021, the ship was only 17% complete.[41]It was hoped that this class would help rebuild the Ukrainian Navy, which has been depleted since the capture of most of its fleet following the 2014 Russian Annexation of Crimea. The United States has offered to transfer twoOliver Hazard Perry-class frigates to Ukraine.
Royal Navyis currently building eightType 26 frigates.These ships, along with five plannedType 31 frigateswill replace theType 23 frigatescurrently in service. Additionally, fiveType 32 frigatesare also planned to supplement the Royal Navy's strength.
United States Navyis currently building 20Constellation-classfrigates. These ships are a variant of theFREMM multipurpose frigateand will replace the decommissionedOliver Hazard Perry-class frigates. As of 2024, 6 frigates have been funded.
See also
[edit]- Frigate 36,a sailboat design, named in honour of the warship class
- Udaloy-class destroyer,a destroyer design officially named Project 1155Fregat,which translates to frigate orfrigatebird
- List of escorteurs of the French Navy
- List of frigate classes
- List of frigate classes by country
- List of frigates of World War II
- United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification
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- Lavery, Brian. (1983)The Ship of the Line, Volume 1: The Development of the Battlefleet, 1650–1850.Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press,ISBN0-87021-631-7.
- Lavery, Brian. (1984)The Ship of the Line, Volume 2: Design, Construction and Fittings.Annapolis, Md.:Naval Institute Press,ISBN0-87021-953-7.
- Lavery, B. (2004)Ship,Dorling Kindersly, Ltd.ISBN1-4053-1154-1.
- Mahan, A.T. (2007)The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783,Cosimo, Inc.
- Marriott, Leo.Royal Navy Frigates 1945–1983,Ian Allan, 1983,ISBN0-7110-1322-5.
- Macfarquhar, Colin & Gleig, George (eds.), ((1797))Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature,London, Volume 17, Third Edition.
- Rodger, N.A.M.(2004).The Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815.London: Allen Lane.ISBN0-7139-9411-8.
- Sondhaus, L.Naval Warfare, 1815–1914.
- Winfield, Rif. (1997)The 50-Gun Ship.London: Caxton Editions,ISBN1-84067-365-6,ISBN1-86176-025-6.
External links
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Frigatesfrom battleships-cruisers.co.uk – history and pictures of United Kingdom frigates since World War II
- Frigatesfrom Destroyers OnLine – pictures, history, crews of United States frigates since 1963
- The Development of the Full-Rigged Ship From the Carrack to the Full-Rigger